Carbon Pollution Research Articles

Evaluating Energy Consumption in Residential Buildings in Qatar: A Case Study on Compounds

The global urgency to cut carbon emissions and pollution is clear. Qatar, rich in fossil fuels, is shifting towards sustainability to reduce carbon emissions. This paper analyzes the energy consumption patterns in residential buildings in Qatar, categorizing them by size and ownership, and establishing energy benchmarks for each building type, offering insights to guide energy efficiency policies. By examining the building size and ownership, the study helps establish benchmarks, supporting Qatar’s sustainability goals in reducing carbon emissions. The study was conducted from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2021, utilizing data from the Qatar General Electricity and Water Corporation (KAHRAMAA). A total of 172,796 residential buildings were analyzed, with data on building characteristics and demographic information incorporated into the analysis. A quantitative analysis revealed that the building size, ownership, and demographics significantly impact energy consumption, guiding efficiency strategies. The ownership and floor area significantly impact energy consumption. A strong positive correlation (R = 0.97) was found between energy consumption (kWh) and the total built area (m2). The patterns of energy use varied across different residential building types. The findings highlight the importance of considering the ownership and building size in energy efficiency policies. Identifying specific energy use patterns supports the development of targeted strategies. This research offers valuable data on residential energy consumption in Qatar, providing a foundation for energy benchmarks. These benchmarks can guide policy decisions and strategies to enhance energy efficiency and promote sustainability in the residential sector. This study uniquely connects the ownership and building size with energy consumption patterns in Qatar, supporting the development of effective energy policies and contributing to global sustainability goals.

Agricultural carbon credits: A pathway to environmental sustainability

Climate change and ensuring food security for a rapidly growing global population are two of the biggest challenges in agriculture. To meet the commitments made in the Paris Climate Agreement, it is important to use effective methods for managing soil that can help sequester and stabilise carbon. Conservation agriculture has a huge potential to sequester carbon in plants and soil, making it a viable option for carbon trading despite its significant contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon sequestration can be achieved through sustainable practices such as adopting conservation agriculture, crop rotation, cover crop cultivation, crop residue incorporation or mulching, effective management of nutrient supply to crops, and transforming towards organic agriculture and agroforestry. These practices promote food security and environmental improvement and help mitigate global warming. Carbon pricing mechanisms are policies that impose a cost on carbon pollution, encouraging people and organisations to choose low-carbon options and reduce their emissions. Agricultural producers can benefit from carbon trading by earning extra revenue by selling their excess carbon credits to those who emit higher amounts of greenhouse gases. Carbon credit systems in agriculture are still in the early stages, so farmers may have more opportunities to participate in future carbon trading.

Achieving collaborative pollutant and carbon emissions reduction through digital governance: Evidence from Chinese enterprises

Under China's dual carbon goals, it is imperative for enterprises to effectively reduce carbon emissions while achieving pollutant reduction. This article explores the potential role of government-implemented digital governance in facilitating these objectives. Utilizing a quasi-natural experiment on digital governance, we established an analytical framework to thoroughly examine how digital governance can help Chinese enterprises realize synergistic effects in pollution control and carbon reduction. Our study reveals that digital governance significantly reduces enterprises' emissions of carbon dioxide and pollutants, with emission intensities of the carbon dioxide, air pollutant and water pollutant being decreased by approximately 6.9%, 7.3%, and 7.0%, respectively. These reductions are primarily driven by improvements in energy efficiency, the promotion of green innovation, digital transformation, and enhanced role of media. However, it is important to note that digital governance also negatively impacts overall corporate productivity and widens the digital divide between large and small-to-medium enterprises. The research results have practical significance for promoting the achievement of emission reduction goals and sustainable development for enterprises.

Preface

Introduction Under the patronage of H.E. Prof. Mahad Said Ali Baawain, Minister of Labour, the University of Technology and Applied Sciences (UTAS) - Suhar, Oman, has hosted the Second International Conference on Environmental Science and Engineering for Sustainable Development (ESESD 2024) on March 6th and 7th, 2024, continuing the event’s successful first iteration, which was held in March 2022. The conference provided an excellent forum for exchanging knowledge and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications among academicians, industry professionals, researchers, and students, who have presented their latest research outcomes, as well as solidifying networks. Prominently, the attendees have discussed how to use scientific ideas and cutting-edge technology to explore potential novel, sustainable solutions to pressing environmental problems and to foster new partnerships in various fields include, but not exclusive to: Carbon Neutrality, Pollution and Carbon Emission Management, Renewable Energy, Circular economy, Applications of Nanotechnology to Serve Environmental Issues, Materials Science and its Applications for Sustainability, Engineering Design to Serve Sustainability Purposes, AI and IoT Applications in Environment and Sustainable Development, Biological and Environmental Sciences in Sustainable Development, Human Behaviour and Societal Influences on Environmental Sustainability. The conference was organized in hybrid modes of both physical and virtual via online, in a way that enabled a broad spectrum of participation from more than 8 countries and different regions of the Sultanate of Oman. 146 abstracts were submitted to the conference. 71 abstracts were accepted for oral presentation in addition to 25 accepted for poster presentation, cf. the figures below. Furthermore, the conference privileged to have informative five plenary lectures, and three invited Speeches in its programme, as detailed below. List of Figures, Conference Programme, Conference Committee and Sponsors are available in this Pdf.

Mobile laboratory measurements of air pollutants in Baltimore, MD elucidate issues of environmental justice

ABSTRACT The City of Baltimore, MD has a history of problems with environmental justice (EJ), air pollution, and the urban heat island (UHI) effect. Current chemical transport models lack the resolution to simulate concentrations on the scale needed, about 100 m, to identify the neighborhoods with anomalously high air pollution levels. In this paper we introduce the capabilities of a mobile laboratory and an initial survey of several pollutants in Baltimore to identify which communities are exposed to disproportionate concentrations of air pollution and to which species. High concentrations of black carbon (BC) stood out at some locations – near major highways, downtown, and in the Curtis Bay neighborhood of Baltimore. Results from the mobile lab are confirmed with longer-term, low-cost monitoring. In Curtis Bay, higher concentrations of BC were measured along Pennington Ave. (mean [5th to 95th percentiles] = 2.08 [2.0–10.9] μg m−3) than along Curtis Ave. just ~ 150 m away (0.67[0.1 – 1.8] μg m−3). Other species, including criteria pollutants ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), showed little gradient. Observations with high spatial and temporal resolution help isolate the mechanisms leading to locally high pollutant concentrations. The difference in BC appears to result not from heavier truck traffic or slower dispersion but from the interruptions in traffic flow. Pennington Ave. has three stoplights while Curtis Ave. has none. As heavy-duty diesel-powered vehicles accelerate, they experience turbo-lag and the resulting rich air-fuel mixture exacerbates BC emissions. Immediate mediation might be achieved through smoother traffic flow, and the long-term solution through replacing heavy-duty trucks with electric vehicles. Implications: We present results documenting the locations within Baltimore of high concentrations of Black Carbon pollution and identify the likely source – diesel exhaust emissions exacerbated by stop-and-go traffic and associated turbo-lag. This suggests solutions (smoother traffic, retrofit particulate filters, replacement of diesel with electric vehicles) that would enhance Environmental Justice (EJ) and could be applied to other cities with EJ problems. Synopsis: This paper presents observations of atmospheric black carbon aerosol showing impacts on environmental justice, then identifies causes and suggests solutions.

Scale matters: How spatial resolution impacts remote sensing based urban green space mapping?

Urban green spaces (UGS) provide ecological and habitat benefits such as carbon sequestration, oxygen production, humidity increase, noise reduction, and pollution absorption. UGS maps derived from remote sensing images serve as the fundamental data for urban planning and carbon sequestration assessments. However, the spatial resolution of remote sensing image and the pattern of urban structures significantly influence UGS mapping, making it challenging to obtain accurate UGS maps. To investigate the impact of spatial resolution on UGS mapping, this study utilized five different spatial resolution datasets: Gaofen2 (1 m, 4 m), Sentinel2 (10 m), and Landsat8 (15 m, 30 m). Random forest, LightGBM, and support vector machine were employed to map UGS, and the accuracies of UGS maps at different spatial resolutions were compared. Subsequently, the spatial distribution patterns of uncertainties in UGS maps were analyzed from both overall and urban functional zone perspectives. Furthermore, the uncertainty analysis of UGS mapping was conducted considering different landscape patterns in urban functional zones. The results indicate: (1) UGS map varies at different spatial resolution. Higher uncertainties associated with coarser spatial resolutions. Medium and coarse spatial resolution images inadequately capture the fine-grained distribution of urban green spaces. (2) Uncertainty in UGS mapping at different spatial resolutions is generally consistent in spatial distribution. From a functional zoning perspective, the accuracy of green space mapping over non-natural zones is sensitive to spatial resolution. (3) The distribution pattern of UGS patches affects the accuracy of UGS mapping. Uncertainty can be reduced in UGS mapping at medium and coarse spatial resolutions based on UGS landscape pattern indices by multiple linear regression, random forest and LightGBM model. This study comprehensively reveals that uncertainties in mapping UGS from multi-spatial resolution remote sensing images vary across urban functional zones and landscape pattern indices, and it is the first attempt to propose methods for UGS area correction based on landscape pattern indices. The results of this study will facilitate the application of remote sensing data at different spatial resolutions in urban areas.

A research on the construction path of ecological city under the concept of carbon neutrality—A case study of Chinese city

<p class="GTC-Norm" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 120%; margin: 12.0pt 0cm 6.0pt 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: windowtext;">Under China’s ambitious goal of peaking carbon dioxide emissions by 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality by 2060, we should re-examine the way of urban development, study the key to carbon pollution, change the original urban renewal path, and seek energy-saving and emission reduction. Therefore, this paper takes Xiamen City as an example, through questionnaire survey, mathematical statistics analysis and other methods, combined with the practice of low-carbon city and ecological civilization construction in Xiamen City, this paper makes an in-depth analysis of carbon pollution problems such as transportation carbon emissions, domestic waste disposal carbon emissions and industrial waste carbon emissions in Xiamen City, and puts forward the urban renewal path of Xiamen City to effectively reduce carbon emissions based on the concept of carbon neutrality, which provides a low-carbon plan for Xiamen City</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">’</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: windowtext;">s urban renewal and is of great significance for Xiamen City to achieve the dual-carbon goal.</span></p>

Retraction Note: How does financial decentralization synergies carbon reduction and pollution control in China?

Retraction Note: How does financial decentralization synergies carbon reduction and pollution control in China?

Enhanced lipid production of Auxenochlorella pyrenoidosa using biochar-pretreated tobacco industry wastewater

Tobacco industry wastewater, containing high levels of nicotine, organic carbon, dyes, and other pollutants, presents significant environmental and health challenges. This study evaluates the combined application of wood-derived biochar and microalgal biorefineries for effective treatment of this wastewater. A 3 % biochar dosage was determined to be optimal, achieving complete nicotine removal, enhancing wastewater transmittance from 12.29 % to 88.8 %, and reducing chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels by 87.7 % to 1757.3 mg/L, creating conditions favorable for the growth of Auxenochlorella pyrenoidosa. The pretreatment preserved key nutrients, such as sugars, total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP), which supported enhanced microalgal photosynthesis and led to significant increases in biomass and lipid accumulation, particularly in unsaturated fatty acids. This shift in lipid composition contributed to a significant reduction in the cold filter plugging point value, improving the suitability of microalgae-derived biodiesel for use in cold climates. Transcriptomic analysis revealed upregulation of pathways involved in photosynthesis, carbon fixation, and fatty acid biosynthesis, while downregulation of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle minimized acetyl-CoA consumption, further promoting lipid synthesis. This integrated approach not only effectively detoxifies tobacco industry wastewater but also converts it into valuable biofuels, offering a promising and sustainable strategy for waste management and biofuel production.

Factors influencing the coupled and coordinated development of cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt: A focus on carbon reduction, pollution control, greening, and growth

Atmospheric pollutants PM2.5 and CO2 share similar sources and impact mechanisms. Green innovations and urban greening significantly reduce these pollutants while promoting economic growth. However, the synergies and trade-offs between carbon reduction, pollution control, green expansion, and economic growth remain understudied. This paper examines 110 cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB), China's premier green development site, as a unified system. Using fractional-order synthesis analysis, this paper constructs an assessment indicator system and measures synergy with a coupled coordination degree model. The driving factors are explored using a system-generalized method of moments estimation. The findings indicate that most cities in the YREB are at an intermediate coordination stage. The coupling of greening with carbon reduction, pollution control, and growth has a low degree, highlighting an urgent need to strengthen greening efforts. Key drivers include the digital economy, advanced industrial structure, innovative talent aggregation, infrastructure construction, financial investment, and marketization. The digital economy significantly influences all regions of the Yangtze River. Notable heterogeneity exists in the impact of other drivers across different regions. These results offer valuable policy insights for managing carbon emissions and pollutants, contributing to sustainable urban development.

Integrating System Perspectives to Optimize Ecosystem Service Provision in Urban Ecological Development

System-based approaches are critical for addressing the complex and interconnected nature of urban ecological development and restoration of ecosystem services. This study adopts a system perspective to investigate the spatiotemporal drivers of key ecosystem services, including carbon sequestration, water conservation, sediment reduction, pollution mitigation, and stormwater regulation, within the Yangtze River Delta Eco-Green Integrated Development Demonstration Area (YRDDA) from 2000 to 2020. We propose a novel framework for defining enhanced-efficiency ecosystem service management regions (EESMR) to guide targeted restoration. Our analysis revealed the complex interplay of 11, 9, 6, 6, and 10 driving factors for selected ecosystem services, highlighting the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of these drivers. By overlaying these key factors, we identified high-efficiency restoration priority areas for EESMR that ensure high returns on investment and the efficient restoration of ecosystem functions. This system-oriented approach provided critical spatial guidance for integrated ecological restoration, green development, and eco-planning. These findings offer valuable insights for policymakers and planners in the Yangtze River Delta and other rapidly urbanizing regions, supporting the formulation of effective land-use policies that balance environmental sustainability and urban growth.

Techno-economic-environmental analysis based on life cycle carbon accounting and pollutants audit for cleaner production of electrolytic manganese

The electrolytic manganese metal (EMM) industry faces significant environmental challenges, including substantial resource and energy consumption, severe pollution, and high CO2 emissions. This study introduced a novel approach for developing collaborative strategies aimed at mitigating pollutants and CO2 emissions. Through the implementation of life cycle carbon accounting and critical pollutant audits, a process enhancement program incorporating 17 advanced technologies was developed. Aligned with the principles of cleaner production, this project effectively mitigates the environmental burden at the source and offers viable solutions for addressing prominent emissions, such as manganese residue and acid fog. Furthermore, the marginal abatement cost curves demonstrate the economic practicality and applicability of these measures. This study provides a strategic blueprint for achieving sustainable green development in China’s EMM industry and offers valuable guidelines for formulating relevant environmental policies.

Illuminating the path to decarbonization: Nuclear energy consumption, clean energy production, and sustainable fuel production for long-term development

The global concern over carbon emissions has necessitated a deep understanding of energy use and air pollution. The fossil fuel- and nuclear-dependent Russian economy is an exciting exception. It examined how nuclear energy consumption (NEC), electricity generation, R&D investment, clean energy production technology, e-commerce penetration, capital creation, and carbon pollution affect the Russian economy. Short- and long-term interactions between these variables are assessed using the ARDL-Bound testing model for 1995Q1–2020Q4. The results show that NEC negatively correlates with CO2 emissions. The study also supports the inverted U-shaped Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, showing a positive and significant relationship between clean power production technology and CO2 emissions and a negative and significant relationship between square clean alternative energy innovation and CO2 emissions. Scientific and technical expenditures, fossil fuel coal liquefaction, and investment all negatively and statistically significantly affect CO2 emissions. However, the analysis implies that e-commerce increases CO2 emissions. These findings highlight the need for significant R&D investment to create precise and realistic ways to decrease carbon emissions and protect the environment in accordance with COP 26 targets. These findings have significant implications for the Russian economy, showing that improving energy sources and investing more in R&D may reduce carbon emissions.

Megacity pathways in China under the dual carbon goal: The case of Shanghai

The pathways to achieving carbon neutrality at the city level are diverse due to varying energy supply and demand conditions. Shanghai faces obstacles such as limited land resources, high costs of renewable energy technologies, and instability of renewable energy. These challenges hinder the city’s efforts to achieve carbon peak and carbon neutrality (dual carbon). Therefore, Shanghai must identify and optimize its development path for renewable energy under the dual carbon goal. We employed the Low Emissions Analysis Platform-Shanghai (LEAP-SH) model to simulate the impact of policies, such as industrial upgrading, energy efficiency improvement, energy structure optimization, increased technical innovation on energy, and ecological restoration, on the carbon emission pathways from 2022 to 2060 using five different scenarios. Our results indicate that Shanghai has the potential to achieve carbon neutrality in 2059 by promoting carbon reduction, pollution control, and green expansion. Moreover, we determined that the manufacturing industry; power generation industry; and transportation, storage, and mail services are the three major sectors for emission reduction under the dual carbon goal. Furthermore, the capacity and output of coal-fired power plants will be gradually replaced by offshore wind power in the dual carbon pathway. Finally, this study proposes countermeasures and suggestions for Shanghai to attain the dual carbon goal and high-quality development.

Driving effect of digital government policy on synergy in corporate pollution reduction, carbon reduction, and green expansion

This study constructs an index on synergy of corporate carbon reduction, pollution reduction, and green expansion (PCG), and uses a difference in difference model to test the impact of digital government (DGO) on PCG. Results show that DGO significantly promotes PCG, and compared to companies without DGO, DGO can lead to a 2.4% increase in PCG. And, DGO may promote PCG by increasing environmental information disclosure, environmental subsidies and environmental regulations. In the heterogeneity, DGO has a higher promoting effect on PCG in eastern enterprises, heavily polluting industries, and state-owned enterprises. Furthermore, digital financial support, media supervision, and public participation will promote the positive effect of DGO on PCG. This study aims to provide implications for promoting PCG and empirical reference for promoting DGO.

Durability Performance of CGF Stone Waste Road Base Materials under Dry-Wet and Freeze-Thaw Cycles.

The disposal of stone waste derived from the stone industry is a worldwide problem. The shortage of landfills, as well as transport costs and environmental pollution, pose a crucial problem. Additionally, as a substitute for cement that has high carbon emissions, energy consumption, and pollution, the disposal of stone wastes by utilizing solid waste-based binders as road base materials can achieve the goal of "waste for waste". However, the mechanical properties and deterioration mechanism of solid waste-based binder solidified stone waste as a road base material under complex environments remains incompletely understood. This paper reveals the durability performance of CGF all-solid waste binder (consisting of calcium carbide residue, ground granulated blast furnace slag, and fly ash) solidified stone waste through the macro and micro properties under dry-wet and freeze-thaw cycling conditions. The results showed that the dry-wet and freeze-thaw cycles have similar patterns of impacts on the CGF and cement stone waste road base materials, i.e., the stress-strain curves and damage forms were similar in exhibiting the strain-softening type, and the unconfined compressive strengths all decreased with the number of cycles and then tended to stabilize. However, the influence of dry-wet and freeze-thaw cycles on the deterioration degree was significantly different; CGF showed excellent resistance to dry-wet cycles, whereas cement was superior in freeze-thaw resistance. The deterioration grade of CGF and cement ranged from 36.15 to 47.72% and 39.38 to 47.64%, respectively, after 12 dry-wet cycles, whereas it ranged from 57.91 to 64.48% and 36.61 to 40.00% after 12 freeze-thaw cycles, respectively. The combined use of MIP and SEM confirmed that the deterioration was due to the increase in the porosity and cracks induced by dry-wet and freeze-thaw cycles, which in turn enhanced the deterioration phenomenon. This can be ascribed to the fact that small pores occupy the largest proportion and contribute to the deterioration process, and the deterioration caused by dry-wet cycles is associated with the formation of large pores through the connection of small pores, while the freeze-thaw damage is due to the increase in medium pores that are more susceptible to water intrusion. The findings provide theoretical instruction and technical support for utilizing solid waste-based binders for solidified stone waste in road base engineering.

Low-density, water-repellent, and thermally insulating cellulose-mycelium foams

This work explored whether partial cellulose bioconversion with fungal mycelium can improve the properties of cellulose fibre-based materials. We demonstrate an efficient approach for producing cellulose-mycelium composites utilizing several cellulosic matrices and show that these materials can match fossil-derived polymeric foams on water contact angle, compression strength, thermal conductivity, and exhibit selective antimicrobial properties. Fossil-based polymeric foams commonly used for these applications are highly carbon positive, persist in soils and water, and are challenging to recycle. Bio-based alternatives to synthetic polymers could reduce GHG emissions, store carbon, and decrease plastic pollution. We explored several fungal species for the biofabrication of three kinds of cellulosic-mycelium composites and characterized the resulting materials for density, microstructure, compression strength, thermal conductivity, water contact angle, and antimicrobial properties. Foamed mycelium-cellulose samples had low densities (0.058 – 0.077 g/cm3), low thermal conductivity (0.03 – 0.06 W/m∙K at + 10 °C), and high water contact angle (118 – 140°). The recovery from compression of all samples was not affected by the mycelium addition and varied between 70 and 85%. In addition, an antiviral property against active MS-2 viruses was observed. These findings show that the biofabrication process using mycelium can provide water repellency and antiviral properties to cellulose foam materials while retaining their low density and good thermal insulation properties.Graphical

Planning for Introducing Electric Buses Based on Ecological and Financial Impacts

The transition from fossil fuel-powered buses to electric buses has emerged as a central concern in recent years. Governments worldwide are urging this shift in major urban centers as a strategic response to ecological challenges, particularly issues related to pollution and carbon emissions. The primary impediment to the electrification transition lies in real-world financial constraints. Consequently, comprehending both the ecological benefits and financial intricacies of transitioning bus fleets is paramount.In the initial section of this paper, we formulate a mathematical model to assess the reduction in carbon emissions and pollution resulting from a complete transition of the bus fleet. This model is then applied to the city of Sendai, Japan. By comparing the carbon dioxide and emission gases released by conventional buses with those emitted by electric buses, we can discern the impact of employing electric buses on the urban ecological environment.Moving on to the second section, we present a mathematical model delineating the financial aspects of the transition. We use Sendai as a real-world exemplar for our model. The economic model is categorized into expenditures and revenues. Expenditures encompass the acquisition of electric buses, maintenance costs, and carbon taxes. On the income side, we consider bus fares, revenue from bus advertising, the budget of the bus company, and government subsidies. By subtracting expenditures from revenues, we can ascertain the financial ramifications of transitioning to electric buses.Following the evaluation from both ecological and financial perspectives of the bus fleet's electric transition, a third model is constructed mathematically to address the optimal planning solution for a city aiming to fully electrify its bus fleet within a decade. The objective is to achieve cost-efficiency: to be the most economical while meeting ecological goals. Finally, the cities of Sendai, Kunshan, and Nashville serve as subjects for our model, each providing a tailored solution to the transition planning.

The impact of CO2 emission synergy on PM2.5 emissions and a dynamic analysis of health and economic benefits: A case study of China's transportation industry

PM2.5 is the primary pollutant that worsens air quality and has many adverse effects on human health and the social economy. Measures to reduce CO2 can synergistically reduce PM2.5. This paper focuses on the transportation industry in China, which has high carbon and high pollution emissions. It initially evaluates the synergistic effect of CO2 emissions and the impact of other socio-economic drivers on PM2.5 emissions. Subsequently, it provides a comparative analysis of the projected trajectories of PM2.5 emissions, along with the associated health and economic repercussions, across three scenarios from 2021 to 2030. The results show that: (1) The synergy effect of CO2 reduction emerges as the primary driver for mitigating PM2.5 emissions, whereas economic growth stands as the primary contributor to their escalation. (2) Both the green development (GD) scenario and the technological breakthrough (TB) scenario forecast a continuous decline in PM2.5 in 2021–2030. By 2030, the GD and TB scenarios forecast a reduction of 32,000 and 39,500 tonnes of PM2.5, respectively, compared to the business-as-usual (BAU) scenario. (3) By 2030, in contrast to the BAU scenario, premature deaths will be reduced by 39.55%, and economic losses will be reduced by 234.738 billion CNY in the GD scenario; premature deaths will be reduced by 50.04%, and economic losses will be reduced by 263.107 billion CNY in the TB scenario.

5+ years trend in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and black carbon (BC) pollution in Accra, Ghana

5+ years trend in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and black carbon (BC) pollution in Accra, Ghana