Carbon Monoxide Values Research Articles

Co-Firing Combustion Characteristics of Woodchips and Spent Mushroom Substrates in a 400 kWth Stoker-Type Boiler

The simultaneous firing characteristics of woodchips and spent mushroom substrates (SMS) were studied in a stoker-type industrial boiler. The type of spent substrate intended for combustion consisted of oyster mushrooms. SMS from mushroom farms generally have a high water content. Dryers are therefore used for combustion. The moisture content of SMS was reduced to achieve low moisture to combust sufficiently at about 20%. First, the basic characteristics of the boiler were confirmed by conducting a woodchip combustion test under various operating loads of 30, 50, 70, and 100%. Thereafter, a simultaneous combustion test of woodchips and SMS was performed. During the experiment, exhaust gas concentrations in the boiler combustion chamber were measured, such as the temperature of oxygen (O2), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx). In addition, industrial and basic analyses were performed on woodchips and SMS. The main differences in the fuel analysis results between woodchips and SMS were ash, nitrogen, sulfur content and net calorific value. According to the analysis, the nitrogen content of SMS was 2.6%, which was 8.7 times higher than that of woodchips, and the ash content was also 14.8%, which was 18.5 times that of woodchips. As a result of the combustion experiment, the woodchip experiment revealed that the values of O2 and CO decreased and the combustion chamber temperature increased as the amount of fuel increased. Due to higher combustion temperature, thermal NOx also increased. When comparing this combustion test with the co-firing test, there was no significant difference in O2, CO, and combustion chamber temperature. However, with regard to the NOx value, the results showed a sharp increase from 64 ppm to 135 ppm. Although the NOx value increased, SMS had enough heat to be burned as fuel. Therefore, the utility of various agricultural byproducts as fuel has prospects for achieving an effective approach to energy cost reduction.

Safety assessment of charcoal usage and effects of common charcoal ignition aiders on combustion indices

Charcoal is a popular form of biofuel embraced for domestic and industrial purposes. However, the use of Charcoal has some associated challenges, such as the required charcoal pot and setting it into the fire at first by using Charcoal-Ignition-Aiders (CIA) (e.g. discarded paper, nylon, rubber, plastics, petrol, the residue of processed palm oil, maise cob, wood, and kerosene). Coupled with the chemical properties of Charcoal, the resulting gases from CIA are capable of polluting the environment with perceived Adverse-Health-Implications (AHI) on the ecosystem. Therefore, this study conducted a safety assessment of charcoal biofuel usage and the effects of common CIA on combustion indices. This study followed standard methods and the use of peculiar equipment. This study established that Charcoal is commonly used in the studied area because it is cheap, readily available and requires less technical know-how. Considering the combustion indices, using paper as a CIA generated the lowest carbon monoxide (CO) value, 28.1 ppm, with 3,434.54 ppm volatile organic compound, VOC. Compared with the ACGIH standard permissible exposure level of ≤ 30 ppm, the paper gave a lesser CO value of 28.10 ppm among all the CIA. At the same time, all the CIA recorded higher VOC compared with EPA standard permissible exposure level of ≤ 15 ppm. ANOVA analysis conducted on the socio-demographic profile of the respondents, cooking attributes of the respondents, and use of charcoal pot types by the respondents in Zone 1, Zone 2, and Zone 3 gave p-values of 0.032, 0.028, and 0.039, respectively. These imply significant differences within the zones in each of the indices. The average energy content reported for charcoals sourced from oak trees, afara, obeche, mahogany, and iroko woods is 3,2149 kJ/kg compared to the lower ones. Therefore, this study recommended using these charcoals alongside discarded paper as CIA because they are a better combination to reduce AHI.

Karbon Monoksit Zehirlenme Şiddeti ile Kan Parametrelerinin İlişkisi

Introduction: Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is one of the most common poisonings worldwide. Many studies have investigated the relationship between predictive parameters and CO poisoning severity. We aimed to investigate the relationship between blood parameter values with poor outcome in CO poisoning, and CO values measured in blood. Methods: This is a retrospective study. Patients who had CO levels ≥ %10 in their blood gas were included in the study. Patients were divided into 2 groups as those who required hyperbaric oxygen and those who do not. Demographic data such as age, gender of the patients, as well as CO levels in the blood gases of the patients, hemoglobin, leukocyte, neutrophil, platelet counts of the blood count, and MPV and PDW values were recorded. Also, creatinine, troponin, CRP, ALT values were recorded as well. Results: The study was conducted with 110 patients. The mean age of the patients was 46.80±18.18 years. When the parameters were examined, the median WBC count of patients with patients who required HBO therapy was 8.73[7.54-11.83], and the median WBC count of patients who did not require HBO therapy was 8.01[6.96-9.72] (p=0.038). The median lymphocyte count of patients who required HBO therapy was determined as 2.73[1.85-3.36], and this value was found to be higher than patients who did not require HBO therapy (p=0.026). Conclusion: WBC and lymphocyte counts are higher in CO poisoning patients who required hyperbaric oxygen therapy. But these two values were not found to be independent risk factors in predicting hyperbaric oxygen therapy.

Evaluation of the relationship between the level of addiction and exhaled carbon monoxide levels with neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratios in smokers

INTRODUCTIONSmoking has been reported to increase systemic inflammation. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are used as markers for systemic inflammation. In this study, the primary aim was to determine the NLR and PLR ratios in smokers. Secondly, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between the level of addiction and carbon monoxide (CO) level in the expiratory air, with these ratios.METHODSThis study was designed as a single-center, cross-sectional study. It was conducted with chronic smokers aged 18–40 years, without known health problems, visiting the smoking cessation outpatient clinic of a tertiary hospital. Sociodemographic data and smoking characteristics were collected, and exhaled CO levels were measured. Complete blood count (CBC) results were recorded, including NLR and PLR.RESULTSThe mean age of 247 patients was 31.2±6.1 years, with the majority of patients (68.4%) being male. While the mean value of CO was 11.6±5.6 ppm, 42.1% of cases had a high level of addiction. A statistically significant relationship was found between NLR and addiction levels, the CO level, and the amount of smoking in cigarettes/day and packs/year (all p=0.000). A statistically significant relationship was also found between PLR and addiction levels, CO level, cigarettes/day and packs/year (p=0.000, p=0.03, p=0.000, p=0.003, respectively).CONCLUSIONSWe found that as the level of addiction, cigarette use, and exhaled CO levels increased in smokers, NLR and PLR increased. Our data revealed that NLR and PLR may be a simple and easily assessable proxy of systemic inflammation in smokers.

Forest Fire in the Hindu Kush Himalayas: A Major Challenge for Climate Action

Forest fire has been one of the compelling issues in the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region. To promote regeneration, clearing fields for agriculture, hunting, and security reasons, local people deliberately set forests on fire. In this paper, active fire incidents, temperature, precipitation, and the changes of Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and Carbon monoxide (CO) value associated with forest fire were evaluated. The active forest fire incidents obtained from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite are supplemented by the ERA5-land dataset to see the relation between precipitation and temperature with forest fires. MODIS and Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) sensor datasets were used to see the changes in AOD and CO in the region. MODIS sensor detected more than 30,462 active fires incidents in March and April 2021 in the study areas. Shan State of Myanmar recorded the maximum number of active fire incidents which is due to the practice of shifting cultivation and minimum in Bhutan due to the awareness campaigns and technology improvement. The temperature recorded in the study sites shows an increasing trend as compared to the reference period (2010-2020). Apart from Shan and Bago of Myanmar, precipitation in the study sites is also less during the study period. AOD and CO values show prominent peaks in a fire season which coincide with days of the maximum number of fire counts inferring the influence of forest fire on air quality. Developing countries like Nepal, India, Myanmar, and Bhutan are willing to take part in climate finance and are bound to accept expensive insurance premium due to forest fire incidents. Unless forest fires are effectively managed and mitigated, achieving Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and global agendas, including United Nations Decade of Ecosystem Restoration is onerous.

Influence of Milk on Exhaled Carbon Monoxide (CO) Measurement by Portable CO Monitors.

A portable breath carbon monoxide (CO) monitor has a high cross-sensitivity to hydrogen (H2). This study examined the influences of H2 after consuming milk on the detected CO values using three types of portable CO monitors. Exhaled breath from seven participants (four healthy nonsmokers and three smokers with otherwise unknown comorbidities) was collected in sampling bags. The participants then consumed 200 mL of milk, and the exhaled breath of each was collected in separate bags every 30 minutes until 9 hours later. CO and H2 in the bag were measured using a gas chromatograph as a reference analyzer, and CO was also measured using three types of portable CO monitors. After consuming milk, H2 levels were significantly higher, and CO levels were not significantly elevated as measured by the reference analyzer. However, CO levels in monitors A and B were significantly elevated, even though participants did not smoke. The H2 levels in the reference analyzer significantly increased and reached a maximum 4.5 hours after consuming milk. The difference in CO levels between the reference analyzer and each monitor increased significantly after 5 or 5.5 hours. This study suggested that the breath CO monitors with a cross-sensitivity to H2 responded to H2 as CO in the exhaled gas and measured higher than actual values after milk consumption. The extent of the influence of H2 differed depending on the type of CO monitor. It is necessary to consider milk consumption when assessing the smoking status of people using portable CO monitors.

Ambient Air Quality Assessment in Karachi, Sindh Pakistan

Pakistan’s urban air pollution is amongst the utmost severity in the world that causes acute damage to the economy and human health. This study was designed for the assessment of ambient air quality in different areas of Karachi. The data were collected as pre-monsoon and post-monsoon season from main industrial zones of Karachi, S.I.T.E area, North Karachi industrial area, Korangi industrial area and Landhi industrial area in the year of 2017-2019. These zones are also a blend of industrial, residential, commercial and heavy traffic zones with dense populations. Ambient air data were collected for different pollutants like Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) and Particulate Matters (TSPM, PM10 and PM2.5). It is observed that in pre-monsoon, there is quite high intensity of particulate matter (TSPM, PM10 & PM2.5) present in the air, whereas CO and NO2 values found in all four zones are moderate in the air samples as prescribed by Sindh Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) standards. It is observed specifically in Landhi, S.I.T.E Area and Korangi industrial area which are more prone to the exposure of these pollutants. In post-monsoon, the intensity of particulate matters (TSPM, PM10 & PM2.5), CO and NO2 values in all four zones are less to moderate than the values of pre-monsoon due to the seasonal effects. Study data shows that three major zones; Landhi, Korangi and S.I.T.E. industrial areas are at a high exposure to gases and other toxic elements. North Karachi is at the least risk because of having a small scale of industries present. The PM10 & PM2.5 levels average about 2 - 3-fold greater than the SEPA standards. High levels of ambient air pollutants cause severe health problems and chronic diseases on human health. Therefore the implementation of rules and regulations regarding ambient air pollutants should be more rigorous. .

Оценка качества воздуха (окись углерода) в мегаполисе Стамбул

Air pollution is one of the important environmental problems that affect people directly or indirectly socio-economically. The quality of the air we breathe affects our health, safety, comfort and sustainable life. One of the major air pollutants in city centers is carbon monoxide (CO) emission from vehicles. Inhalation of high concentrations is a health hazard. In this study CO measurement values between the hours of 2016 and 2020 were analyzed in terms of air quality in Istanbul, which is Turkey and Europe's largest in terms of population, while the 15 largest mega city in the world It was taken into consideration that the data of 19 different stations would be appropriate after the data was first passed through quality control in terms of method. Atmospheric CO varies in time and space scales depending on both the amount of emission and meteorological conditions. In order to see the change in time oscillation about city air pollution, the CO air quality data of the last 5 years, as well as human activities in some months of 2020, have changed within the framework of the Covid-19 pandemic measures, so the previous 2016- 2019 values were compared with the data of 2020. As a result of the analyzes obtained, it has been revealed that atmospheric CO values in Istanbul show significant variation in time and space scales.

Pengaruh minyak zippo pada kecepatan rambatan api dan residu dari komposit epoksi dengan penguat serat jute

This study investigated the rate of flame propagation and residue quality of epoxy composite with jute fiber reinforcement. Three layer of jute fibers were stacked as reinforcement of composites. It was manufactured by the injection method (vacuum assisted injection, VARI). In this study, the zippo oil as flame trigger was added on the specimen. This study aims to investigate the effects of zippo oil on the rate of flame propagation and residue of composites. The flame rate testing was based on ASTM D 635 standard, with repetitions of 5 times for each sample that conducted inside of the combustion chamber. Test results obtained in addition to carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) are carbon monoxide (CO) and methane (CH 4 ), as well as dust particles (PM10). The result of measuring the flame propagation rate with zippo fuel is 0.23 mm/s, while composite without zippo oil is 0.17 mm/s. Furthermore, CO 2 residue with zippo oil addition is 1.55% and without zippo oil is 1.57%, respectively. Meanwhile, residual test results for contaminants such as carbon monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH 4 ) from composites with the addition of zippo oil were 0.006 % and 0.008% respectively. In additional, the remaining composite burned without zippo oil has an equal value of CO and methane about 0.002%. The conclusion shows that there was an increase of flame propagation rate and residual value produced after the addition of zippo oil, and that pollutant residues exceeded threshold value.

Oral Mucosal Lesions' propensity as an Outcome Eventuated by Exhaled Carbon Monoxide (CO) Levels and Nicotine Dependency.

Objective:This study aims to assess the correlation of exhaled CO and nicotine dependence with the occurrence of oral mucosal lesions while also taking into consideration socio-demographic, clinical and anthropometrical characteristics of participants. Methods:An observational cross-sectional study was carried out among smokers who visited the tobacco cessation center at Tertiary Care Dental Hospital in Goa, India. An intra-oral soft tissue examination for detecting presence of oral mucosal lesions followed by a questionnaire-based interview for the measurement of exposure, sociodemographic factors, body mass index, cooking habits and nicotine dependence was conducted. The exhaled CO levels were measured with a CO breath analyzer. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS version 20.0 Descriptive statistics were calculated and multivariable analysis was done to assess the association of different variables with oral mucosal lesions and carbon monoxide levels. p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results:Of the 173 subjects enrolled in the study, 69.36% were without any lesions while 30.63% were diagnosed with some lesion. In the regression analysis, the variables of physical activity (present vs absent OR: 5.808), exhaled CO levels (OR: 1.098) and nicotine dependence (mild vs moderate OR: 6.518) were significant risk factors influencing the presence of oral mucosal lesions. Usage of both cigarettes and bidis by smokers exhibited highest mean exhaled CO values of 19.67±1.506 ppm. Exhaled CO levels were significantly higher in smokers who were overweight (14.96±9.14 ppm), physically inactive (13.98±8.26 ppm), highly nicotine dependent (20.67±8.30) and used coal for cooking (12.55±8.17). Conclusion:A robust correlation between exhaled CO levels, nicotine dependence and incidence of oral mucosal lesions was established. The multifactorial tenacity of exhaled CO which is affected by smoked tobacco as well as variables such as physical activity, BMI, cooking habits and type of smoking habit should be noted.

Examining land surface temperature and relations with the major air pollutants: A remote sensing research in case of Tehran

BackgroundUrban air pollution is a dynamic mixture of Land Surface Temperature (LST), gases, particulate matter with daily and seasonal changes due to anthropogenic activities, Land-use Land-cover (LULC) transformations, and climatic conditions. The relationship between urban biophysical and thermal conditions, and LULC is generally known; however, the absence of a dense network of land-based meteorological stations is an obstacle to the comparison of LST to Major Air Pollutants (MAP). MethodThis research proposes investigation of the relationships between LST derived by Sentinel-3 SLSTR, MAP derived by Sentinel-5 Precursor, and air pollution monitoring system stations in Tehran province, Iran. The method is designed in a moving average model with the use of a Python application programming interface, geographical information system, and remote sensing. ResultThe mean concentration of the Particulate Matter (PM), Sulfur Dioxide (SO₂), and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂) are mainly in the Tehran metropolis and the core urban area. A negative correlation was noted between the PM₂.₅, SO₂, NO₂, and altitude. Additionally, increased altitude negatively affects LST, Carbon Monoxide (CO), and Ozone (O₃) values; whereas, CO and O₃ have positive correlations with LST, representing the mutual impacts of LST, CO, and O₃ values in Tehran province.

Exhaust gas recirculation effect on the performance of a CRDI diesel engine fuelled with linseed biodiesel/diesel blend through response surface methodology

Biodiesel such as linseed oil can be derived from the feedstock of vegetables without disturbing supplies of food and the ecosystem. An experimental and comparative analysis was carried out to explore the effect of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and fuel injection pressure (FIP) on the emissions and efficiency of a CRDI diesel engine fuelled with linseed biodiesel/diesel blend. The engine characteristics were calculated using variable EGR (up to 14%) and adjustment of the injection pressure (up to 600 bar) under various load conditions. Multiple regression models were generated to evaluate responses such as Carbon monoxide (CO), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), hydrocarbon (HC), Brake power (BP), and Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) using response surface methodology (RSM). For all blends, a combination of FIP and EGR was employed and their impact was evaluated by plotting response surface contour. In RSM, the desirability approach is used to maximize the performance and minimize the emissions parameters of the engine. Linseed/diesel blend ratio 18.3%, FIP 576.76 bar, EGR 7.07%, and load 5.76 kg were estimated to be optimum for the tested engine. From this methodology, it was found that the optimal value of BTE, BP, HC, NOx, and CO is 19.55%, 1.758 kW, 16.7534 ppm, 505.56 ppm, and 0.0676% respectively.

Evaluating Carbon Monoxide and Aerosol Optical Depth Simulations from CAM-Chem Using Satellite Observations

The scope of this work was to evaluate simulated carbon monoxide (CO) and aerosol optical depth (AOD) from the CAM-chem model against observed satellite data and additionally explore the empirical relationship of CO, AOD and fire radiative power (FRP). The simulated seasonal global concentrations of CO and AOD were compared, respectively, with the Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) and the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite products for the period 2010–2014. The CAM-chem simulations were performed with two configurations: (A) tropospheric-only; and (B) tropospheric with stratospheric chemistry. Our results show that the spatial and seasonal distributions of CO and AOD were reasonably reproduced in both model configurations, except over central China, central Africa and equatorial regions of the Atlantic and Western Pacific, where CO was overestimated by 10–50 ppb. In configuration B, the positive CO bias was significantly reduced due to the inclusion of dry deposition, which was not present in the model configuration A. There was greater CO loss due to the chemical reactions, and shorter lifetime of the species with stratospheric chemistry. In summary, the model has difficulty in capturing the exact location of the maxima of the seasonal AOD distributions in both configurations. The AOD was overestimated by 0.1 to 0.25 over desert regions of Africa, the Middle East and Asia in both configurations, but the positive bias was even higher in the version with added stratospheric chemistry. By contrast, the AOD was underestimated over regions associated with anthropogenic activity, such as eastern China and northern India. Concerning the correlations between CO, AOD and FRP, high CO is found during March–April–May (MAM) in the Northern Hemisphere, mainly in China. In the Southern Hemisphere, high CO, AOD, and FRP values were found during August–September–October (ASO) due to fires, mostly in South America and South Africa. In South America, high AOD levels were observed over subtropical Brazil, Paraguay and Bolivia. Sparsely urbanized regions showed higher correlations between CO and FRP (0.7–0.9), particularly in tropical areas, such as the western Amazon region. There was a high correlation between CO and aerosols from biomass burning at the transition between the forest and savanna environments over eastern and central Africa. It was also possible to observe the transport of these pollutants from the African continent to the Brazilian coast. High correlations between CO and AOD were found over southeastern Asian countries, and correlations between FRP and AOD (0.5–0.8) were found over higher latitude regions such as Canada and Siberia as well as in tropical areas. Higher correlations between CO and FRP are observed in Savanna and Tropical forests (South America, Central America, Africa, Australia, and Southeast Asia) than FRP x AOD. In contrast, boreal forests in Russia, particularly in Siberia, show a higher FRP x AOD correlation than FRP x CO. In tropical forests, CO production is likely favored over aerosol, while in temperate forests, aerosol production is more than CO compared to tropical forests. On the east coast of the United States, the eastern border of the USA with Canada, eastern China, on the border between China, Russia, and Mongolia, and the border between North India and China, there is a high correlation of CO x AOD and a low correlation between FRP with both CO and AOD. Therefore, such emissions in these regions are not generated by forest fires but by industries and vehicular emissions since these are densely populated regions.

Effect of Preheating Temperature and Fuel Properties on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Engine

The homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine is the promising technology to reduce the pollutants without affecting its performance and it is also proved by the many studies. This study investigates the performance and emission characteristics of HCCI engine fuelled with diesel –waste cooking oil (WCO) blends and also analysed the effect of air temperature and fuel properties on HCCI engine combustion. The experimental investigation was conducted with single cylinder DI diesel engine and it was slightly modified to port injection system for premixing the charge. The electric air heater was adopted in suction pipe to preheat the inlet air. The experimental investigation conducted in two phases, in the first phase the conventional DI diesel engine was tested with different fuel blends such as B25, B50, B75 and B100 and notes the readings. In the next phase, HCCI engine was operated with same blend ratios. During the experimentation on HCCI engine, the suction air temperature was varied between 40⁰C to 90⁰C. From the experimental results, it was found that the HCCI engine has emitted low NOx and smoke emissions at 80⁰C of air temperature for all the blends. Whereas the HCCI engine emitted more carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions due to lean mixture causes misfiring in the chamber. In addition, it is also noted that the value of CO and HC has been varied with diesel –WCO blends. The specific fuel consumption (SFC) is increased for diesel and biodiesel fuel in HCCI engine compared to compression ignition (CI) engine

Evaluation of the relationship between the level of addiction and exhaled carbon monoxide levels with QT dispersion in smokers.

INTRODUCTIONSmoking increases the risk of arrhythmia. QT dispersion (QTd) is an important indicator for the determination of ventricular arrhythmia. In this study, we aimed to determine the arrhythmia risk by evaluating QTd in smokers and to assess the relationship between the level of nicotine addiction and carbon monoxide (CO) level in the expiratory air.METHODSThis study was designed as a single-center, cross-sectional study. Among the chronic smokers referred to the Smoking Cessation Clinic of a tertiary hospital between October 2019 and January 2020, all those who had no risk factors for cardiac arrhythmias, except smoking, were included in the study. Sociodemographic data and smoking characteristics of the participants were collected and exhaled CO levels were measured. QT intervals were measured in all leads by using a 12-lead standard electrocardiogram (ECG), and heart rate corrected QT (QTc) intervals, QT dispersion (QTd), and corrected QT dispersion (QTcd) were calculated.RESULTSThe mean age of the 250 patients was 37.2±9.3 years and the majority of patients (65%) were male. The mean amount of smoking was 25.74±16.03 packs/year and the mean value of CO was 12.36±7.06 ppm. The mean QTd was 23.83±13.12 ms, and the mean QTcd was 26.63±15.02 ms. A statistically significant relationship was found between QTd and QTcd and level of addiction, consumption of sticks/day and packs/year, and exhaled CO values (all p<0.001).CONCLUSIONSIt was found that as the level of addiction, cigarette use amount, exhaled CO levels, and BMI increased in smokers, QT dispersion and arrhythmia risk increased.

Determining of optimum composition of water-fuel mixture for a spark-ignition internal combustion engine with electronic control

The relevance of the study is stipulated by the necessity for determining of optimum composition of water-fuel mixture (WFM) for a spark-ignition internal combustion engine with electronic control. The objective of the study is the determining of the optimum composition of water-fuel mixture (WFM) during the operation of a VAZ-21114 engine which allows for the best quantitative performance specifications. For this purpose, an experimental test fixture was developed, consisting of a KI-2139 electrical brake bench with a pendulum arm machine and an “AVTOTEST-02.03” 5-component gas analyzer, with equipment for bench testing in accordance with the requirements of GOST 14846-81 “Automotive engines. Bench test methods”. As a result, for the first time, optimum quantitative WFM composition was obtained for operation of VAZ-21114 spark-ignition engine with electronic control providing for the best quantitative performance specifications. The analysis of the obtained data demonstrates lowering of the concentration of toxic exhaust gas (EG) components of the engine, specific effective (ge ) and hourly (Gm ) fuel consumption rate, as well as the EG temperature (Toe ) during its operation by the external rpm vs. load curve within the utilization range of WFM with 0 to 12% water content. At water content growth in the WFM from 12 to 20%, a growth of carbon monoxide (CO) and unburnt hydrocarbons (CH) in the EG is observed, as well as a growth of ge and Gm . The minimum quantitative values of the parameters CO, CH, NOx, Toe, ge and Gm were: 6.0 and 1.65% of CO at water content in WFM of 10 and 13%, respectively; 173 and 142.5 ppm of CH at 10% water content in WFM; 113 and 215 ppm of NOx and Toe 650 and 730 К at up to 20% water content in WFM; ge 330 and 303 g/kWh at 12.5 and 11.5% water content in WFM, respectively, Gm 6.5 kg/h at 11.5% water content in WFM. The maximum quantitative value of the effective engine power Ne of 44.2 kW was obtained with WTM with 20% water content. The obtained results demonstrate that, for the operation of a spark-ignition type VAZ-21114 engine with electronic control, the WTM should contain 9…12% water as an optimum providing for achievement of the best quantitative performance values.

Separation and analysis method of overlapping absorption spectra with cross interference in gas mixture measurement

The interference between overlapping gas absorption lines often occurs in the measurement of multi-component gas mixture with using tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS). This is also the main problem of the technology in some applications. For instance, in the early application of multi-component gas mixture measurement in coal mines, we found that the absorption lines of carbon monoxide (CO) and methane (CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;) seriously overlapped. The absorption signal of trace CO gas was annihilated and could not be effectively demodulated, especially in the presence of high concentration of CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;. This problem could not be solved just by accurately selecting the spectral lines due to the band absorption of CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;. Therefore, in this paper, we introduce the support vector regression (SVR) model to deal with the interference between CO and CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; absorption lines. The spectral signals of 14 groups of mixed gases with different concentrations of CO and CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; are used as the training sets, and the five-fold cross-validation is adopted to prevent the model from overfitting. After 15 iterations in 30 seconds, the optimal regression model of CO and CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; can be obtained respectively. Furthermore, it is worth noting that based on the experimental data, the linear kernel function is selected to construct the two gas SVR models, and the parameters of the SVR models are optimized by the sequential minimal optimization(SMO) algorithm. With the assistance of the SVR models, the absorption spectra of the two gases can be demodulated effectively, and finally the accurate measurement results are obtained. The measurement results show that the absolute error of trace CO and CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; concentration(volume fraction of gas) are less than 2 × 10&lt;sup&gt;–6&lt;/sup&gt; and 0.2 × 10&lt;sup&gt;–2&lt;/sup&gt; respectively. Meanwhile, the correlation coefficient between the measured values and the actual values of CO and CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; are 0.998 and 0.9995, respectively. In addition, the dynamic stability for each of the two regression models is fully verified by the experiment of the inflation process. Consequently, this method can eliminate the interference between the overlapping spectra, and can fully meet the requirements for accurately measuring the gas mixture. We hope that the SVR model can provide an effective solution for the real-time monitoring of multi-component gas mixture, and thus greatly improving the adaptability of TDLAS technology in the future.

Egzersiz Testinin Ekshale Karbon Monoksit Oranı Üzerindeki Akut Etkisi

Objective: The aim of this study is to analyze the acute effect of exercise on the rate of exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) in healty young smokers. Material and Methods: Twenty four male smokers were included in the study. Pulmonary functions of the participants were evaluated by spirometer forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV1/FVC, peak flow rate (PEF) and forced expiratory flow at 25 to 75% of FVC (FEF 25%-75%). Exercise testing was performed by using bicycle ergometer. Maximal load, maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max), rest and maximal heart rate were recorded. CO levels before and after the test were mesured with portable breath CO monitor. CO levels and changes were assessed and compared on the exercise test day and rest day (without exercise test). Results: 25% of the participants have dyspnea, 20.8% have cough and 50% have sputum complaints. The results of the pulmonary function test and exercise test of young healthy smokers are as follows: % FEV1=89.7±9.9, % FEV1/FVC=87.4±8.2, % PEF=77.4±9.5, mean rest heart rate=94.8±9.8 bpm, mean maximal heart rate=170.3±9.7 bpm and mean VO2max=30.9±6.5 mL/min/kg. There is a statistically significant difference between the first and the second CO values of the participants measured on both days (p<0.001). There is a significant difference between the mean change of CO on the exercise test day and rest day (p<0.001). Conclusion: Our results show that smoking causes respiratory symptoms, impaired cardiopulmonary responses to exercise and increased CO level and exercise increases to the exhaled CO rate in young and healthy male.

Mobile, Remote, and Individual Focused: Comparing Breath Carbon Monoxide Readings and Abstinence Between Smartphone-Enabled and Stand-Alone Monitors.

Newly available, smartphone-enabled carbon monoxide (CO) monitors are lower in cost than traditional stand-alone monitors and represent a marked advancement for smoking research. New products are promising, but data are needed to compare breath CO readings between smartphone-enabled and stand-alone monitors. The purpose of this study was to (1) determine the agreement between the mobile iCO (Bedfont Scientific Ltd) with two other monitors from the same manufacturer (Micro+ pro and Micro+ basic) and (2) determine optimal, monitor-specific, cotinine-confirmed abstinence cutoff values. Adult (≥18) smokers (n = 26) and nonsmokers (n = 21) provided three breath CO samples (using three different monitors) in each of 10 sessions, and urine cotinine was measured for gold standard determination of abstinence. CO comparisons (N = 437) were analyzed using regression-based Bland-Altman Analysis of Agreement; receiver operating characteristics curves were used to determine optimal abstinence cutoffs. Bland-Altman analyses indicated that the iCO monitor provided higher CO results than both Micro+ monitors. Sensitivity and specificity analyses showed that the optimal CO cutoff for determining abstinence was <3 ppm for the Micro+ pro (88% sensitivity, 93% specificity) and Micro+ basic (83% sensitivity, 98% specificity), but was higher for the iCO (<6 ppm; 73% sensitivity, 100% specificity). Relative to both Micro+ monitors, the smartphone-enabled iCO provided systematically higher CO values and required a higher cutoff to reliably determine smoking abstinence. This does not indicate that CO values obtained using the iCO are not valid; instead, these results suggest that monitor-specific abstinence cutoffs are needed to ensure accurate bioverification of smoking status. Results from this study indicate that CO values from the smartphone-enabled iCO should not be used interchangeably with the stand-alone Micro+ pro and Micro+ basic, particularly when lower CO values (<10 ppm) are critical (ie, determination of abstinence vs confirming smoking status for study inclusion). Optimal CO cutoffs recommended for determining abstinence on Micro+ and iCO monitors are at <3 and <6 ppm, respectively.

Assessment of a Personal Interactive Carbon Monoxide Breath Sensor in People Who Smoke Cigarettes: Single-Arm Cohort Study.

BackgroundTobacco use is the leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality. Existing evidence-based treatments are underutilized and have seen little recent innovation. The success of personal biofeedback interventions in other disease states portends a similar opportunity in smoking cessation. The Pivot Breath Sensor is a personal interactive FDA-cleared (over-the-counter) device that measures carbon monoxide (CO) in exhaled breath, enabling users to link their smoking behavior and CO values, and track their progress in reducing or quitting smoking.ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to assess the Pivot Breath Sensor in people who smoke cigarettes, evaluating changes in attitudes toward quitting smoking, changes in smoking behavior, and use experience.MethodsUS adults (18-80 years of age, ≥10 cigarettes per day [CPD]) were recruited online for this remote 12-week study. Participants completed a screening call, informed consent, and baseline questionnaire, and then were mailed their sensor. Participants were asked to submit 4 or more breath samples per day and complete questionnaires at 1-4, 8, and 12 weeks. Outcomes included attitudes toward quitting smoking (Stage of Change, success to quit, and perceived difficulty of quitting), smoking behavior (quit attempts, CPD reduction, and 7-, 30-day point prevalence abstinence [PPA]), and use experience (impact and learning).ResultsParticipants comprised 234 smokers, mean age 39.9 (SD 11.3) years, 52.6% (123/234) female, mean CPD 20.3 (SD 8.0). The 4- and 12-week questionnaires were completed by 92.3% (216/234) and 91.9% (215/234) of participants, respectively. Concerning attitude outcomes, at baseline, 15.4% (36/234) were seriously thinking of quitting in the next 30 days, increasing to 38.9% (84/216) at 4 weeks and 47.9% (103/215) at 12 weeks (both P<.001). At 12 weeks, motivation to quit was increased in 39.1% (84/215), unchanged in 54.9% (118/215), and decreased in 6.0% (13/215; P<.001). Additional attitudes toward quitting improved from baseline to 12 weeks: success to quit 3.3 versus 5.0 (P<.001) and difficulty of quitting 2.8 versus 4.3 (P<.001). Regarding smoking behavior, at 4 weeks, 28.2% (66/234) had made 1 or more quit attempts (≥1 day of abstinence), increasing to 48.3% (113/234) at 12 weeks. At 4 weeks, 23.1% (54/234) had reduced CPD by 50% or more, increasing to 38.5% (90/234) at 12 weeks. At 12 weeks, CPD decreased by 41.1% from baseline (P<.001), and 7- and 30-day PPA were 12.0% (28/234) and 6.0% (14/234), respectively. Concerning use experience, 75.3% (171/227) reported the sensor increased their motivation to quit. More than 90% (>196/214) indicated the sensor taught them about their CO levels and smoking behavior, and 73.1% (166/227) reported that seeing their CO values made them want to quit smoking.ConclusionsUse of the Pivot Breath Sensor resulted in a significant increase in motivation to quit, a reduction in CPD, and favorable quit attempt rates. These outcomes confer increased likelihood of quitting smoking. Accordingly, the results support a role for biofeedback via personal CO breath sampling in smoking cessation.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT04133064; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04133064