Carbon Monoxide Production Research Articles

The effect of catholyte and catalyst layer binders on CO2 electroreduction selectivity

Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is an attractive technology for converting CO 2 to value-added chemicals by using renewably generated electricity. This work combines both experimental and theoretical analyses to investigate the role of different catalysts (Ag/Vu and SnO 2 /Vu), binder materials, and catholyte compositions on the selectivity of a CO 2 electrolysis cell to the two-electron CO 2 reduction products CO and formate. As a complementary effort, a 2D multi-physics transport model was developed to elucidate the fundamental processes and species concentrations in the cathode components. It was shown that the selectivity of CO 2 reduction to CO can change significantly when different catholyte compositions and binder materials are used, whereas the selectivity of CO 2 to formate is relatively stable across the conditions studied. These insights can be used to inform decisions regarding the electrode development and system design in CO 2 electrolyzers and ultimately contribute to scaling energy-efficient electrochemical CO 2 -reduction systems. • Catalyst performance can be tuned by controlling the local microenvironment • The HCO 3 − ion is likely an active proton donor for CO 2 reduction near neutral pH • On Ag catalysts, using an anion exchange binder greatly enhances CO production • In contrast to Ag, SnO 2 catalysts produce formate very consistently The motivation and challenges for increased CO 2 utilization have been laid out and discussed across the research community. While novel research has focused on catalyst development and a move toward the utilization of gas-diffusion electrodes, the fundamental interactions that govern the electrocatalytic environment, which is composed of both the electrocatalyst and ionomer binders, have been somewhat overlooked. Gaining insight into this governing process is the key to removing energy-inefficient electrolyte layers, improving product selectivity, and enabling cost-efficient industrial processes toward a CO 2 economy. While this manuscript describes both experimental and numerical results related to the role of the catalyst layer microenvironment for systems targeting the production of carbon monoxide and formate, the methodology can and should be applied to more complex systems targeting multi-carbon products. This work demonstrates that the performance of an electrocatalyst is governed by more than just its intrinsic chemical properties. More broadly, the electrocatalytic microenvironment encompasses the influence of the electrocatalyst, support, and, perhaps most critically, the local electrolyte composition. The results presented herein are designed to (1) be used in parallel with novel catalyst development efforts and (2) bring us one step closer to all-solid-state cells.

Copper-catalyzed pyrolysis of halloysites@polyphosphazene for efficient carbonization and smoke suppression

Nowadays, the underlying mechanism for the flame-retardant property derived from the metal-catalyzed pyrolysis of polyphosphazene composites is unclear, thus limiting the efficient utilization and further development of this high-performance catalytic-type flame retardants. Herein, polyphosphazenes terminated with amino (denoted as PNF) and hydroxyl (denoted as PZF) groups are coated on the surface halloysite nanotubes (HNT), thus affording [email protected] and [email protected] core-shell structures, respectively. Cu nanoparticles (2.6 ± 0.8 nm) are anchored on the surface of these two core-shell structures to generate flame retardants named as [email protected] and [email protected]–Cu. Cu nanoparticles show high catalytic thermal rearrangement of polyphosphazene for [email protected] instead of [email protected]–Cu, which is attributed to the interaction between Cu and [email protected] and a large specific surface area of [email protected] (93.5 m2/g). Compared with [email protected]–Cu, [email protected] exhibits better smoke suppression and flame retardancy for epoxy resin (EP). With 3 wt% loading of [email protected], the peak heat release rate, smoke production rate, and carbon monoxide production of the EP nanocomposite are reduced by 52.2%, 40.3% and 64.2%, respectively. This is because polyaromatic compounds generated during the pyrolysis of [email protected] promote the rapid carbonization of EP nanocomposites, resulting in the formation of structural stable char residue. Meanwhile, Cu nanoparticles can effectively reduce the release of toxic fumes and the volatilization of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during the catalytic combustion process. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation reveals that Cu nanoparticles catalyze the purification of toxic gases such as CO and NO.

Моніторинг вмісту в крові карбоксигемоглобіну для оцінки тяжкості травматичного шоку та реперфузійних ушкоджень (аналітичний огляд з результатами власних спостережень)

Монооксид вуглецю — природний метаболіт організму. В організмі СО утворюється в процесі роботи ферменту гемоксигенази 1 та 2 із зруйнованого гемоглобіну. Цей процес зумовлює утворення деякої кількості карбоксигемоглобіну у здорових осіб, навіть якщо СО не надходить до організму ззовні в процесі дихання. СО виконує функції сигнальної молекули, модулюючи стан тонусу серцево-судинної системи, пригнічує та сприяє зворотному розвитку порушень, що викликані запальною відповіддю, та може відігравати важливу роль як потенційний терапевтичний агент. З іншого боку, СО при взаємодії з гемоглобіном утворює карбоксигемоглобін та витісняє кисень із зв’язки з гемоглобіном, що веде до неспроможності доставки кисню тканинам. Окрім цього, СО також зв’язується із міоглобіном та мітохондріальною цитохромоксидазою. Тривала присутність у крові значної кількості СО викликає серйозні ушкодження міокарда та центральної нервової системи. Отже, надмірна ендогенна продукція СО та надмірне утворення карбоксигемоглобіну можуть відігравати значну роль у тканинному пошкодженні та формуванні поліорганної дисфункції. Окрім гему, що звільнюється при руйнуванні гемоглобіну, джерелом продукції ендогенного СО та, у свою чергу, карбоксигемоглобіну можуть бути компоненти зруйнованих клітинних мембран та мітохондріальні ферменти, що містять гем. Клітинні ушкодження, що мають місце в умовах травматичного шоку, наслідки ішемії/реперфузії, геморагічне просочення тканин, гемотрансфузії та інтенсивне утворення агресивних вільних радикалів ведуть до зазначених подій. На сьогодні більшість дослідників розглядає продукцію СО та карбоксигемоглобіну при критичних станах як компенсаторний механізм, що забезпечує цитопротекцію та зростання виживаності хворих. Ми вивчили результати досліджень, що стосуються оцінки інтенсивності продукції СО, вмісту в крові карбоксигемоглобіну та вмісту СО в повітрі, що видихається, у пацієнтів в критичних станах та порівняли ці результати із даними власних спостережень. В іноземних джерелах наведено концентрації карбоксигемоглобіну в крові, що в більшості випадків не перевищували 4 %. У нашому дослідженні вивчались пацієнти із політравмою та крововтратою на ранньому госпітальному етапі. Оцінювалися показники центральної гемодинаміки, а також сатурація капілярної крові киснем, перфузійний індекс та вміст у крові карбоксигемоглобіну за допомогою технології компанії «Masimo». Усі постраждалі надходили до клініки з нормальним вмістом карбоксигемоглобіну в крові. Патологічне зростання концентрації карбоксигемоглобіну спостерігалося в процесі реперфузії. Швидка рідинна ресусцитація, застосування гіпертонічних розчинів та адреналіну сприяли зростанню артеріального тиску, перфузійного індексу та концентрації карбоксигемоглобіну. Наступне за реперфузією зростання концентрації в крові карбоксигемоглобіну було тим більшим, чим більш тяжким був перебіг шоку. Реінфузія крові також сприяла збільшенню концентрації карбоксигемоглобіну в крові. Високі показники концентрації карбоксигемоглобіну в крові постраждалих із травматичним шоком у період реперфузії закономірно викликають питання про його роль у формуванні мітохондріальної дисфункції при травматичній хворобі.

Endogenous Carboxyhemoglobin Level Variation in COVID-19 and Bacterial Sepsis: A Novel Approach?

Background: The increased production of carbon monoxide (CO) in sepsis has been proven, but the blood level variations of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) as a potential evolutionary parameter of COVID-19 and sepsis/septic shock have yet to be determined. This study aims to evaluate the serum level variation of COHb as a potential evolutionary parameter in COVID-19 critically ill patients and in bacterial sepsis. Materials and method: A prospective and observational study was conducted on two groups of patients: the bacterial sepsis group (n = 52) and the COVID-19 group (n = 52). We followed paraclinical parameters on Day 1 (D1) and Day 5 (D5) of sepsis/ICU admission for COVID-19 patients. Results: D1 of sepsis: statistically significant positive correlations between: COHb values and serum lactate (p = 0.024, r = 0.316), and total bilirubin (p = 0.01, r = 0.359). In D5 of sepsis: a statistically significant positive correlations between: COHb values and procalcitonin (PCT) (p = 0.038, r = 0.402), and total bilirubin (p = 0.023, r = 0.319). D1 of COVID-19 group: COHb levels were statistically significantly positively correlated with C-reactive protein CRP values (p = 0.003, r = 0.407) and with PCT values (p = 0.022, r = 0.324) and statistically significantly negatively correlated with serum lactate values (p = 0.038, r = −0.285). Conclusion: COHb variation could provide rapid information about the outcome of bacterial sepsis/septic shock, having the advantages of a favorable cost-effectiveness ratio, and availability as a point-of-care test.

Boosting Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction on Atomically Dispersed Nickel Catalyst.

Single-atom catalysts (SACs) with metal–nitrogen (M–N) sites are one of the most promising electrocatalysts for electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction (ECO2R). However, challenges in simultaneously enhancing the activity and selectivity greatly limit the efficiency of ECO2R due to the improper interaction of reactants/intermediates on these catalytic sites. Herein, we report a carbon-based nickel (Ni) cluster catalyst containing both single-atom and cluster sites (NiNx-T, T = 500–800) through a ligand-mediated method and realize a highly active and selective electrocatalytic CO2R process. The catalytic performance can be regulated by the dispersion of Ni–N species via controlling the pyrolysis condition. Benefitting from the synergistic effect of pyrrolic-nitrogen coordinated Ni single-atom and cluster sites, NiNx-600 exhibits a satisfying catalytic performance, including a high partial current density of 61.85 mA cm−2 and a high turnover frequency (TOF) of 7,291 h−1 at −1.2 V vs. RHE, and almost 100% selectivity toward carbon monoxide (CO) production, as well as good stability under 10 h of continuous electrolysis. This work discloses the significant role of regulating the coordination environment of the transition metal sites and the synergistic effect between the isolated single-site and cluster site in enhancing the ECO2R performance.

Solar bipolar cell facilitating carbon dioxide for efficient coproduction of electricity and syngas

Herein, a novel solar system is first reported for the efficient generation of syngas and electricity by feeding solar energy plus carbon dioxide into a solar bipolar cell. The solar bipolar cell, fully driven by solar energy, is a rechargeable cycle system to realize the highly efficient co-production of electricity and syngas. The solar bipolar cell consists of hydroxide molten Cell (Ⅰ) for hydrogen production and carbonate molten Cell (Ⅱ) for carbon monoxide production, simultaneously plus the a generation of rechargeable electricity. Due to the combined utilization of solar thermal and electric effect, the solar system can charged/recharged by the potential difference of the cyclic redox reaction. The system could store electric energy (Charge) and generate syngas under solar and then release electric energy (Discharge) and syngas during not input of solar energy. The charge-discharged processes could be operated circularly for a release of fuel. The results demonstrated that the solar bipolar cell presented an overall maximum Coulomb efficiency of 85% at 450/800 °C. This work provides a new route to design a system which combines the renewable energy with the undesirable carbon dioxide for the clean and pollution-free discharged products.

Collisional energy transfer in the CO-CO system.

An accurate determination of the physical conditions in astrophysical environments relies on the modeling of molecular spectra. In such environments, densities can be so low (n ≪ 1010 cm−3) that local thermodynamical equilibrium conditions cannot be maintained. Hence, radiative and collisional properties of molecules are needed to correctly model molecular spectra. For comets at large heliocentric distances, the production of carbon monoxide (CO) gas is found to be larger than the production of water, so that molecular excitation will be induced by collisions with CO molecules. This paper presents new scattering calculations for the collisional energy transfer in CO–CO collisions. Using the quantum coupled states approach, cross sections and rate coefficients are provided between the first 37 rotational states of the CO–CO system. Cross sections were calculated for energies up to 800 cm−1, and excitation rate coefficients were derived for temperatures up to 100 K. In comparison with data available in the literature, significant differences were found, especially for the dominant transitions. Due to the high cost of the calculations, we also investigated the possibility of using an alternative statistical approach to extend our calculations both in terms of rotational states and temperatures considered. The use of these new collisional data should help in accurately deriving the physical conditions in CO-dominated comets.

Upcycling the carbon emissions from the steel industry into chemicals using three metal oxide loops

A new combined chemical looping process makes use of any gas stream containing CO2 and fuel to produce carbon monoxide without external energy input. Carbon monoxide can be used for producing a variety of carbon-based products.

Industrial Carbon Monoxide Production by Thermochemical Co2 Splitting – a Techno-Economic Assessment

Industrial Carbon Monoxide Production by Thermochemical Co2 Splitting – a Techno-Economic Assessment

Selective photocatalytic aerobic oxidation of methane into carbon monoxide over Ag/AgCl@SiO2.

Design of active catalysts for chemical utilization of methane under mild conditions is of great importance, but remains a challenging task. Here, we prepared a Ag/AgCl with SiO2 coating (Ag/AgCl@SiO2) photocatalyst for methane oxidation to carbon monoxide. High carbon monoxide production (2.3 μmol h−1) and high selectivity (73%) were achieved. SiO2 plays a key role in the superior performance by increasing the lifetime of the photogenerated charge carriers. Based on a set of semi in situ infrared spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance, and electronic property characterization studies, it is revealed that CH4 is effectively and selectively oxidized to CO by the in situ formation of singlet 1O2via the key intermediate of COOH*. Further study showed that the Ag/AgCl@SiO2 catalyst could also drive valuable conversion using real sunlight under ambient conditions. As far we know, this is the first work on the application of SiO2 modified Ag/AgCl in the methane oxidation reaction.

Carbonization of Coconut Shell Biomass in a Downdraft Reactor: Effect of Temperature on the Charcoal Properties

Considering the value of coconut shell biomass as renewable fuels in homes and commercial industries, its effectiveness as a biomass resource has been overlooked by our rural citizens and researchers. Carbonization experiments of coconut shell biomass were conducted in a downdraft carbonization reactor (750 mm height and 67 mm diameter) to determine the effect of temperature (250 to 600 °C, in 50 °C intervals) on the charcoal properties. This was to address the problems of traditional charcoal production methods that include; low yield, environmental pollution, unregulated temperature, and poor quality properties. Yet the scarcity of this information hampers efforts for efficient commercial production. The coconut shell biomass was obtained from a local shop in Malaysia. It was heated in the reactor at a fixed residence time of 60 min and a particle size of 5 mm with nitrogen as a carrier gas. The relationship between temperature and the properties of coconut shell charcoal has been ascertained by the findings of this analysis. The relatively high the temperature, the better the charcoal quality, but the lowest the charcoal yields, since the secondary pyrolysis reaction expends charcoal. It was noted that, up to a final temperature of 500 °C, the yield reduction was rapid; after that, it was slower at 550 °C and almost stable at 600 °C. According to the charcoal’s proximate analysis, the calorific value, fixed carbon content, carbon content and ash content increased with temperature. Whereas, the charcoal density, volatile matter, moisture content, and conversion efficiencies decrease with temperature. The presence of nitrogen gas appears to have reduced combustion reactions that promote the formation of carbon dioxide (CO2). The methods produce the least amount of air pollutants (96 g carbon monoxide (CO), 167 g CO2, and 64 g methane (CH4) per 1 kg of charcoal production). The type of biomass and carbonization kiln has an impact on the production of CO, CO2, and CH4. Thus, the carbonization reactor used in this study has the potentials to produce an eco-friendly charcoal with superior quality properties that can assist in reducing environmental pollution, by proper selections of carbonization temperature.

Carbon monoxide production using a steel mill gas in a combined chemical looping process

Up to 9% of the global CO2 emissions come from the iron and steel industry. Here, a combined chemical looping process to produce CO, a building block for the chemical industry, from the CO2-rich blast furnace gas of a steel mill is proposed. This cyclic process can make use of abundant Fe3O4 and CaO as solid oxygen and CO2 carriers at atmospheric pressure. A proof of concept was obtained in a laboratory-scale fixed bed reactor with synthetic blast furnace gas and Fe3O4/CaO = 0.6 kg/kg. CO production from the proposed process was investigated at both isothermal conditions (1023 K) and upon imposing a temperature program from 1023 to 1148 K. The experimental results were compared using performance indicators such as CO yield, CO space time yield, carbon recovery of the process, fuel utilisation, and solids’ utilisation. The temperature-programmed CO production resulted in a CO yield of 0.056 ± 0.002 mol per mol of synthetic blast furnace gas at an average CO space time yield of 7.6 mmol kgFe−1 s−1 over 10 cycles, carbon recovery of 48% ± 1%, fuel utilisation of 23% ± 2%, and an average calcium oxide and iron oxide utilisation of 22% ± 1% and 11% ± 1%. These experimental performance indicators for the temperature-programmed CO production were consistently better than those of the isothermal implementation mode by 20% to 35%. Over 10 consecutive process cycles, no significant losses in CO yield were observed in either implementation mode. Process simulation was carried out for 1 million metric tonnes per year of equivalent CO2 emissions from the blast furnace gas of a steel mill to analyse the exergy losses in both modes of operation. Comparison of the exergy efficiency of the temperature-programmed process to the isothermal process showed that the former is more efficient because of the higher CO concentration achievable, despite 20% higher exergy losses caused by heat transfer required to change temperature.

The spontaneous electrochemical reduction of gaseous CO2 using a sacrificial Zn anode and a high-surface-area dendritic Ag-Cu cathode

Carbon dioxide (CO2) has been considered as a green-house gas that causes environmental problems of global warming. On the other hand, the CO2 is a sustainable carbon feedstock, which can be used for the production of value-added products. With rising levels of CO2 in atmosphere, methods capable of converting CO2 into value-added products have become more important. Among several methods, the electrochemical CO2 reduction has attracted much interest because it can alter CO2 to other useful compounds even at relatively low temperatures. In most previous works, the electrochemical reduction of CO2 has occurred only when the cathodic overpotential has been applied in aqueous electrolyte system. In such a system, the continuous electric power has to be supplied and the amount of CO2 delivery has been also limited. In this work, we have designed the gaseous CO2 reduction system using sacrificial zinc anode and dendritic silver-copper cathode. Considering that the standard reduction potential of zinc is further negative than that of CO2, the system has been operated spontaneously, in which the Zn electrode is readily oxidized to Zn(OH)42- ion and gaseous CO2 is reduced. During the spontaneous operation of the system, the power density of 14.97 mW/cm2 has been obtained with the production of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons such as CH4, C2H4, and C2H2.

MOF-derived strategy to obtain CuCoOx functionalized HO-BN: A novel design to enhance the toughness, fire safety and heat resistance of bismaleimide resin

In this work, the MOF-derived strategy was used to generate copper-cobalt metal oxide (CuCoOx) in situ on the surface of hydroxylated boron nitride (HO-BN), and a new type of nano-hybrid (HO-BN@CuCoOx) was obtained. Then, HO-BN@CuCoOx was dispersed in the bismaleimide resin (BMI) matrix in the form of a layered structure, forming a strong interface interaction. The results of the cone calorimeter test exhibited that the fire hazard and toxic smoke release of BMI nanocomposites containing 2 wt% HO-BN@CuCoOx were effectively suppressed, such as a 37.2% reduction in total heat release rate (THR), a 38.5% reduction at peak heat release rate (PHRR), 24.3% decrease in total smoke production (TSP) and 62.2% decrease in peaks of carbon monoxide (CO) production rate. Compared with previous studies, higher filling efficiency was achieved. In addition, BMI/HO-BN@CuCoOx 0.5 achieved an 80% increase in impact strength, revealing excellent toughness. In particular, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of BMI/HO-BN@CuCoOx 0.5 reached 330 °C, an increase of 49 °C compared to the pure sample, which increased the potential for application in extreme environments. Therefore, the developed new BMI/HO-BN@CuCoOx nanocomposites expanded the application potential of BMI in the high-end field.

Three-Dimensional Simulation Analysis of the Effect of Hydrous Ethanol and Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Combustion and Emissions

Abstract To analyze the influence of hydrous ethanol on the performance of the direct-injection engine, the three-dimensional simulation is carried out by using converge software coupled with the combustion mechanism of hydrous ethanol gasoline and the soot model. The combustion and soot generation characteristics of a direct-injection gasoline engine burning hydrous ethanol gasoline using exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) technology are investigated. It is found that the increase of the blending ratio of the hydrous ethanol can accelerate the flame propagation speed, shorten the combustion duration, and improve the combustion isovolumetric. The nucleation and growth of soot are jointly controlled by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the small molecular components such as C2H2. The oxygen content properties and high reactive OH of the hydrous ethanol-containing gasoline inhibit soot formation. Compared with pure gasoline, the carbon soot precursor mass is reduced by 60%, 54.5%, 73.3%, and 52.4% for 20% anhydrous ethanol blended with gasoline, A1, A2, A3, and A4, respectively, and the carbon soot mass is reduced by 63.6% and the carbon soot volume density is reduced by 40%. The introduction of EGR exhaust reduces the burning rate and leads to an increase in the production of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, and soot. However, the combination of EGR with hydrous ethanol gasoline can significantly improve the engine combustion environment and significantly reduce soot and PAHs concentrations. The impact of EGR also includes the ability to reduce combustion chamber temperatures and reduce NOx emissions from hydrous ethanol gasoline by 75%.

Fabrication of hollow carbon spheres modified by molybdenum compounds towards toxicity reduction and flame retardancy of thermoplastic polyurethane

AbstractThis article mainly studied novel hollow carbon microspheres modified with molybdenum compounds for flame retardancy and toxicity reduction in thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) elastomer. The structure of hollow carbon spheres (HCS) was investigated by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy‐energy‐dispersive spectrometer, respectively. The specific molybdenum compounds on the surface of HCS were further investigated by X‐ray diffraction. The flame retardancy and toxicity reduction of hollow carbon microsphere in TPU composites were studied by cone calorimeter, thermogravimetric analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and so forth. The result shows that HCS modified by molybdenum compounds (MOH) can reduce fire hazards and toxic release of TPU during combustion. For example, under the same load, the peak heat release rate of TPU/MOH composite decreased by 63.39%, that of TPU composite prepared by modified HCS with ammonium molybdate (TPU/AMH) decreased by 52.89%, and that of TPU composite prepared by introducing acidulated carbonized HCS (TPU/CAH) decreased by 40.73%, compared with that of pure TPU. The peak smoke production rate (pSPR), peak carbon monoxide production (pCOP), and peak carbon dioxide production (pCO2P) of TPU/MOH composite decreased by 52.34%, 72.4%, and 68.3%, respectively. Therefore, there is a novel strategy to incorporate modified HCS to TPU, facilitating its widely promising applications in TPU.

Oxygen-controlled photo-reforming of biopolyols to CO over Z-scheme CdS@g-C3N4

<h2>Summary</h2> Photocatalytic carbon monoxide (CO) production from biomass is a sustainable route for achieving the carbon-neutral goal, but the current catalytic activity is low. One of the reasons is that the reaction is thermodynamically unfavorable (ΔG >0) in inert atmosphere. The reaction can be transformed into thermodynamically favorable (ΔG <0) in an oxygen-rich atmosphere but it leads to the deep degradation to CO₂. Targeting this problem, we herein report an oxygen-controlled photo-reforming process to convert biomass-derived polyols into CO at room temperature. A CdS@g-C₃N₄ composite shows 48% yield of CO from glycerol in an appropriate O₂ atmosphere, which is 13-fold of that in inert atmosphere. The Z-scheme heterojunction and core-shell structure of CdS@g-C₃N₄ not only efficiently promote charge separation and the enrichment of photogenerated electrons on the g-C₃N₄ shell but also facilitate the adsorption and activation of dioxygen. This study provides a new oxidative photo-reforming strategy to produce CO from biomass under mild conditions.

Perancangan Sistem Fire Alarm Kebakaran Pada Gedung Laboratorium XXX

Abstract&#x0D; &#x0D; Fire is a phenomenon that occurs when a material reaches a critical temperature and reacts chemically with oxygen (for example) producing heat, flame, light, smoke, water vapor, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, or other products and effects. Fires can occur anywhere, be it in office buildings, residences or public facilities. As for other than in public areas, fires often occur, both in rooms and laboratories, the triggers are almost the same due to negligence and not being careful in using flammable tools. For this reason, the need for a fire detector with a detector system using an alarm so that once a fire occurs, all those in the building can find out through the detector with an alarm sound as a fire marker. In order to reduce casualties, the need for a sprinkler system to extinguish the fire, and can assist the officers or authorities in the building as soon as possible. From the above problems, this research will determine how many detectors and sprinklers are needed, as well as how much water volume, pump power, and ground water tank are needed. This type of research is quantitative research by direct observation of the object under study, then researchers measure the room one by one using a building meter. From the calculation results by taking a sample on the 1st floor, the number of detectors needed is 10 smoke detectors and 3 heat detectors, the number of sprinklers is 47, the volume of water needed is 846 m3, the pump power and ground water tank needed are hydraulic power. pump (HHP) 3,28621 kW, pump shaft power (BHP) 4.38 kW, pump electric power (P) 6 kW, diesel pump (PpD) 4 HP, jocky pump (PJk) 0.6 kW, capacity GWT ( QGWT) 44 m3.

Carbon Monoxide in Renal Physiology, Pathogenesis and Treatment of Renal Disease.

Carbon monoxide (CO) is one of the endogenous gaseous messengers or gasotransmitters, and is a paramount mediator in physiological and disease conditions. In this review, we focus on the functions of CO in normal and pathological renal physiology. We discuss endogenous renal CO production and signaling in the normal kidney, the characteristic of CO-releasing molecules (CORMs) modalities, and outline its regulatory functions in renal physiology. This article summarizes the mechanisms as well as the effect of CO in the evolving field of renal diseases. We predict numerous innovative CO applications forevolvingcutting-edge scholarly work in the future.

Prediction of concentration of toxic gases produced by detonation of commercial explosives by thermochemical equilibrium calculations

An adverse effect resulting from explosive mine blasts is the production of toxic nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2) and carbon monoxide (CO). The empirical measurements of the concentration of toxic gases showed that it depends not only on the composition of an explosive and properties of its ingredients but also on several other parameters, such as volume of blasting chamber, explosive charge mass and design, confinement characteristics, surrounding atmosphere, etc. That explains why measured concentrations of toxic gases reported in literature significantly differ.In this paper, we discuss the possibility of theoretical prediction of the concentration of toxic gases by thermochemical equilibrium calculation applying two models: ideal detonation model and deflagration model. It can be demonstrated that thermochemical calculations can provide a good estimation of the measured concentrations and reproduce experimentally obtained effects of additives on the production of toxic gases. It was also found that the ideal detonation model applies to heavily confined explosive charges, while the deflagration model is more suitable for low detonation velocity explosives with light confinement.