Reduction In Carbon Monoxide Emissions Research Articles

Lignin Use in Enhancing the Properties of Willow Pellets

Shrub willow (Salix spp.) is an emerging lignocellulosic biomass utilized in fuel pellets as an energy source. However, improvements are needed to increase the efficacy of pellets in areas such as the energy content, durability, and hazardous carbon monoxide emissions. This study examined the effect of utilizing lignin as an additive on willow pellet properties. Two types of lignin were used in individual treatments: lignin recovered from the hot water extraction of willow (RecL) and commercial softwood kraft lignin (ComL). A statistical analysis of the ash content, energy content, bulk density, durability, pellet length, moisture absorption, and carbon monoxide emissions for the pellets with and without the addition of RecL or ComL lignin was conducted. The observed significant reduction in carbon monoxide emissions from RecL pellets was an important effect of the lignin addition. There were also significant increases in the energy content, bulk density, and durability of lignin-added pellets. While the production of carbon monoxide via pellets continues to be explored, lignin can be utilized as an additive to reduce carbon monoxide emissions and simultaneously improve other pellet properties.

Global, regional, and national mortality due to unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning, 2000–2021: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning is a largely preventable cause of death that has received insufficient attention. We aimed to conduct a comprehensive global analysis of the demographic, temporal, and geographical patterns of fatal unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning from 2000 to 2021. As part of the latest Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD), unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning mortality was quantified using the GBD cause of death ensemble modelling strategy. Vital registration data and covariates with an epidemiological link to unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning informed the estimates of death counts and mortality rates for all locations, sexes, ages, and years included in the GBD. Years of life lost (YLLs) were estimated by multiplying deaths by remaining standard life expectancy at age of death. Population attributable fractions (PAFs) for unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning deaths due to occupational injuries and high alcohol use were estimated. In 2021, the global mortality rate due to unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning was 0·366 per 100 000 (95% uncertainty interval 0·276-0·415), with 28 900 deaths (21 700-32 800) and 1·18 million YLLs (0·886-1·35) across all ages. Nearly 70% of deaths occurred in males (20 100 [15 800-24 000]), and the 50-54-year age group had the largest number of deaths (2210 [1660-2590]). The highest mortality rate was in those aged 85 years or older with 1·96 deaths (1·38-2·32) per 100 000. Eastern Europe had the highest age-standardised mortality rate at 2·12 deaths (1·98-2·30) per 100 000. Globally, there was a 53·5% (46·2-63·7) decrease in the age-standardised mortality rate from 2000 to 2021, although this decline was not uniform across regions. The overall PAFs for occupational injuries and high alcohol use were 13·6% (11·9-16·0) and 3·5% (1·4-6·2), respectively. Improvements in unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning mortality rates have been inconsistent across regions and over time since 2000. Given that unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning is almost entirely preventable, policy-level interventions that lower the risk of carbon monoxide poisoning events should be prioritised, such as those that increase access to improved heating and cooking devices, reduce carbon monoxide emissions from generators, and mandate use of carbon monoxide alarms. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Physical properties, engine performance, and exhaust emissions of waste fish oil biodiesel/bioethanol/diesel fuel blends

In the current study, the physicochemical, engine performance, and exhaust emission of different ternary fuel blends containing waste fish oil (WFO) biodiesel, bioethanol, and petro-diesel have been investigated. WFO Biodiesel was prepared from waste fish oil via transesterification method. Different physiochemical properties including the kinematic viscosity, density, flash point, pour point, cloud point, and heat value have been measured for different fuel blends and compared with the neat petro-diesel. The performance and exhaust emission of engine have been also studied using different fuel blends using a single-cylinder diesel engine in full load condition at 1800 rpm. It was found that the engine torque, engine power, and thermal efficiency of the ternary fuel blends was reduced by 2.45%, 9.25%, 2.35% averagely in comparison with the neat petro-diesel, respectively. The average break specific fuel consumption was also increased by 10.44% compared to the neat petro-diesel. The emission of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), unburned hydrocarbons (UHC), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) was also measured. It was also found that the utilization of ternary fuel blends results in a considerable reduction in CO and UHC emission by 50.55% and 43.87% on average compared to the neat petro-diesel, respectively. The emission of NOx was also increased by 28.25% on average compared to the neat petro-diesel. It was also found that the NOx emission can be adjusted by tuning the WFO biodiesel and bioethanol contents of the ternary fuel blends.

Ground-based and AIRS carbon monoxide behavior at El Arenosillo observatory (Southwestern Europe)

Carbon monoxide (CO) observations registered at El Arenosillo observatory (Southwestern Europe), during three years (2019–2022) were used to explore levels, temporal variations and patterns. The seasonal mean hourly oscillated between 127 ± 21 and 97 ± 14 ppb, with extreme peaks measured under wildfire plume arrival. A remarkable monthly evolution was observed with peaks in cold months (135 ± 20 ppb in January) and minimum in summer (90 ± 11 ppb in June). Seasonal daily patterns showed a different nocturnal behavior depending on the season, with a clear maximum at 7:00–9:00 UTC, a decrease during diurnal time, and a minimum at 17:00–18:00 UTC. To determine the potential trends from 2002 to 2022, the observations of the AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sounder) instrument and the emissions from the global emission inventory of CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) were used. A downward trend for emissions of −31% decade−1 was found, whereas the decrease from AIRS was −9.8% decade−1. The effort to reduce CO emissions is being countered by other processes. The CO behavior was investigated under weather conditions governed by the synoptic and mesoscale processes. Background levels (∼90 ppb) were obtained under Atlantic airflows, while an increase of ∼40% was observed with the impact of urban plumes from continental areas. CO even lower than 90 ppb was obtained under non-pure sea-land breezes, whereas, with pure breezes, reached peaks above 120 ppb, affecting the atmosphere at the surface and up to 1–1.2 km in the air. The extreme level was registered under wildfire plume arrival, with peaks exceeding 350 ppb. Climate change is modifying weather patterns and modulating breezes; in addition, it is also increasing the frequency and intensity of wildfires. These processes could be counteracting the efforts carried out to reduce emissions.

Greenhouse gas emissions from Brazilian agriculture and convergence clubs

ABSTRACT This work aims to assess whether there is a convergence in the emission of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) in the states of Brazil. To achieve this objective, the Phillips and Sul (2007) time series methodology was employed, testing the hypothesis of global (or common) convergence, using data from the Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Removal Estimation System (Sistema de Estimativas de Emissões e Remoções de Gases do Efeito Estufa - SEEG), for the period of 1989–2018, which provides the emission, in tons, of Carbon Monoxide (CO) in agriculture and livestock, as well as of Carbon Dioxide (CO2), for changes in land and forest use. Among the main results, the formation of different convergence clubs is suggested, rejecting the hypothesis of global convergence, and thus presenting four convergence clubs for the CO pollutant and three clubs for the CO2, with two divergent states. When analysing the convergence clubs, it was found that there was a significant reduction in CO emissions in all clubs, and while analysing the CO2, only two of the clubs, which were clubs 3 and 4, managed to reduce their emissions.

Investigations on reactivity controlled compression ignition combustion with different injection strategies using alternative fuels produced from waste resources

Reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) is a promising low-temperature combustion (LTC) strategy that results in low oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and soot emissions while maintaining high thermal efficiency. At the same time, RCCI leads to increased unburned hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions in the exhaust, particularly under low loads. The current work experimented novel port-injected RCCI (PI-RCCI) strategy to overcome the high unburned emission limitations at low load conditions in RCCI. PI-RCCI is a port injection strategy in which low-reactivity fuel (LRF) is injected using a low-pressure injector, and the high-reactivity fuel (HRF) is injected through a high-pressure common rail direct injection (CRDI) injector. The low volatile HRF is injected into a heated fuel vaporizer maintained at 180°C in the intake manifold during the suction stroke. Modifying a single-cylinder, light-duty diesel engine with the necessary intake and fuel injection systems allows engine operation in both RCCI and PI-RCCI modes. Alternative fuels from waste resources such as waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCO) and plastic waste oil (WPO) are used as the HRF and LRF fuel in RCCI and PI-RCCI. To achieve maximum thermal efficiency in RCCI, the premixed energy ratio and the start of injection of the direct-injected fuel are optimized at all load conditions. The engine performance and exhaust emissions characteristics in PI-RCCI are compared with RCCI as a baseline reference. The results show a 70% and 48% reduction in CO and HC emissions, respectively, in PI-RCCI than in RCCI. Further, the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) was enhanced by around 20%, and the brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) was reduced by 13% in PI-RCCI. The NOx emissions decreased without any considerable changes in soot emission in PI-RCCI. The current study shows that fuels derived from waste resources can be used in RCCI and PI-RCCI modes with better engine performance and lower emissions.

Adoption of cleaner technologies and reduction in fire events in the hotspots lead to global decline in carbon monoxide

Carbon Monoxide (CO) is not a greenhouse gas (GHG), but has the capacity to change atmospheric chemistry of other GHGs such as methane and ozone, and therefore indirectly affects Earth's radiative forcing of the GHGs and surface temperature. Here, we use the CO mixing ratio at 850 hPa from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) reanalysis and the Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) satellite measurements for the period 2005–2019 to examine the spatio-temporal changes in CO across the latitudes. We find a substantial decrease in global CO, about −0.21 ± 0.09 ppb/yr (−0.23 ± 0.12%/yr) with the TES data and about −0.36 ± 0.07 ppb/yr (−0.45 ± 0.08%/yr) with the MOPITT satellite measurements during the study period. The highest CO decreasing trend is observed in Eastern China (−2.7 ± 0.37 ppb/yr) followed by Myanmar (−2.142 ± 0.59 ppb/yr) and South America (−1.08 ± 0.82 ppb/yr). This negative trend in CO is primarily due to the decrease in biomass burning and stringent environmental regulations in the respective regions and countries. The sources including road transport, which account for about 33.6% of CO emissions, followed by industries (18.3%) and agricultural waste burning (8.8%), might also be responsible for the reduction in CO due to the adaptation of improved emission control technology and regulations in the past decades from 2005 to 2019. Therefore, the study provides new insights on the current trends of global CO distribution and reasons for recent reduction in global CO emissions, which would be useful for future decision-making process to control air pollution.

Effective utilization of biodiesel blends with nano additives on diesel engine towards eco-sustainability

The sustainable fuel known as biodiesel can be produced from either vegetable oils, animal fats, or even recycled cooking oils. It has the potential to cut greenhouse gas emissions and lessen our dependence on oil when compared to traditional diesel derived from petroleum. Burning fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases, which are a key contributor to climate change as well as other pollution. In India’s agriculture industry, making biodiesel from plant sources, especially oils that can’t be eaten, has gained a lot of popularity in recent years. In addition, there are not enough of these biodiesels on the market to match the surging demand for fossil fuel. A new biodiesel composition that can be used in diesel engines is made from non-edible oils. The development of a new combination of biodiesel is crucial in order to keep up with the surging demand for fossil fuels. The purpose of this study is to create a novel biodiesel blend of 50 % cottonseed biodiesel and 50 % rapeseed biodiesel and diesel with cerium oxide. The results of CR20N50 show a 15–18 % reduction in fuel consumption, a 12–22 % reduction in carbon monoxide emissions, and a 13–20 % reduction in hydrocarbon emissions compared with base diesel.

Performance, Emission, and Spectroscopic Analysis of Diesel Engine Fuelled with Ternary Biofuel Blends

The demand for sustainable alternative-fuels in the transportation and agriculture domains is essential due to the quick depletion of petroleum supplies and the growing environmental challenges. The ternary-blends (diesel, biodiesel, and Methyl oleate) have the ability to report the existing challenges in this area because they offer significant promise for reducing exhaust emissions and improving engine performance. In the current work, soy methyl ester is blended with methyl oleate and diesel. The emissions and performance of blended biodiesel was conducted in common rail direct injection engine (CRDI). The characterization and physical properties were also evaluated by utilizing various methods like Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-vis Spectroscopy (UV-vis), and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. FTIR spectra showed the existence of the strong C=O, indicating the presence of FAME at 1745 cm−1. Again, UV-vis has reported the appearance of conjugated dienes in the oxidized biodiesel. The results indicated all blended samples retained the properties of diesel. The addition of methyl oleate improved brake specific fuel consumption of blended biodiesel almost near to diesel. D50::S80:M20 produced a mean reduction in hydrocarbon 42.64% compared to diesel. The average carbon monoxide emission reduction for D50::S80:M20 was 49.36% as against diesel.

Rapid decline of carbon monoxide emissions in the Fenwei Plain in China during the three-year Action Plan on defending the blue sky

The Fenwei Plain is one of China's most polluted regions, with poor atmospheric dispersion conditions and an outdated energy structure. After implementing multiple policies in recent years, significant reductions in air pollutant concentrations were observed. In this study, based on the Lagrangian-Bayesian inversion framework FLEXINVERT, we constructed a variable resolution inversion system focusing on the Fenwei Plain and inferred the carbon monoxide (CO) emissions using in-situ atmospheric CO observations from April 2014 to March 2020. We analyzed the spatiotemporal variations of the CO emissions and discussed their causes, especially the effect of the “Three-year Action Plan on Defending the Blue Sky” (TAPDBS). Before the policy, CO emissions temporarily increased, and the overall decrease in CO emissions per unit of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) slowed down. When the policy was implemented, CO emission fluxes declined sharply, with an average drop of 28%, accompanied by an even higher 37% decrease of CO emission per GDP. The reasons for the decline in CO emissions in Shanxi, Shaanxi and Henan are diverse. The decrease in energy intensity is the reason for CO emission reduction in Shannxi and Henan province but not in Shanxi province. This research fills the gap in emission information in recent years and confirms that TAPDBS has brought a breakthrough in both economic development and air quality protection in the Fenwei Plain.

Intensive carbon combustion in sintering packed bed via steam spraying: An experimental study on carbon monoxide emission reduction.

Improving the combustion efficiency of solid fuels is important for reducing carbon monoxide emissions in the iron ore sintering process. In this paper, the surface steam spraying technology is introduced in the sintering process based on the auxiliary combustion effect of steam on coke, and its potential to reduce carbon monoxide emissions is demonstrated. Thermogravimetric analysis experiments of coke breeze in air and air-steam mixed atmosphere are carried out, and the results show that the introduction of steam can reduce the concentration of carbon monoxide in the exhaust gas from 183×10-6 to 78×10-6. At the same time, the mechanisms of carbon monoxide emission reduction by surface steam spraying technology are analyzed from the thermodynamic and kinetic perspectives. Then, a series of laboratory-scale sintering pot tests are carried out under no spraying operation, interval spraying operation, and continuous spraying operation. The results indicate that both interval and continuous spraying operations can reduce carbon monoxide emissions. The optimal mode of steam spraying under the present experimental conditions is continuously spraying for 13 min at a volume rate of 0.053 m3/min. Compared with no spraying, the average carbon monoxide concentration in the exhaust gas is reduced from 7565×10-6 to 6231×10-6, and total carbon monoxide emissions for per ton sinter are reduced from 13.46 m3/t to 9.51 m3/t.

Application of nanomaterials for emission reduction from diesel engines powered with waste cooking oil biodiesel

Abstract Diesel engines that predominantly run on fossil-based diesel fuel emit harmful emissions. Biofuels such as biogas and biodiesel are potential alternatives. However, many biofuels have poor heating values and supply inconsistencies. The use of nanoparticles (NPs) offers an appealing alternative for enhancing the combustion and emission reduction. This study aimed to improve the emission performance of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCOB) by adding titanium oxide (TiO2) NPs. Tests were conducted in the diesel-powered engine at varying load levels using fuel mixtures of B1 (100% diesel), B2 (80% diesel + 20% WCOB) and B3 (80% diesel + 20% WCOB with the addition of 200 mg/l TiO2 NPs). In comparison with the diesel mode, the average reduction in carbon monoxide emissions was 8.92% for the B2 blend and 25% for the TiO2 NP-based B3 blend. For the B2 blend and TiO2-based B3 blend, the mean reduction in hydrocarbon emissions was 5.6 and 16.6%, respectively, when compared with diesel mode. When comparing B3 blends with B2 blends, the average reduction in nitrogen oxide emissions was 3.75%. In conclusion, adding NPs to engine fuel is a viable solution for reducing emissions.

Enhancement of engine performance by nano-coated pistons fuelled with nano-additive biodiesel blends

Researchers have been interested in making a more energy-efficient engine for a long time. This is because the use of fossil fuels like diesel has grown along with the need for more electricity, industry, and transportation. Thermal barrier coating (TBC) on engine parts has become more popular in recent years because it improves thermal and mechanical efficiency, reduces emissions, and saves fuel. In a similar way, biodiesel, which is safe and made from renewable sources of bioenergy, has been suggested as a good alternative to diesel. The present study aims to increase the efficiency of the diesel engine while simultaneously lowering emissions using a piston with a thermal barrier coating, engine operates on biodiesel blends, and a dosage of nano-additives to minimize emissions,. The engine efficiency of nano additives was found to be about 5.4% higher than that of base diesel, and with 6.5% better fuel consumption. Additionally, nano additives reduced carbon monoxide emissions in the range of 6.1–11% and hydrocarbon emissions in the range of 5.2–9.5%. The results were further analysed using the design of experiment tool to determine the influential parameters.

Utilization of Biopertalite for Fuel Efficiency and Reduction in CO and CO2 Gas Emissions in Four-Wheel Motor Vehicles

Emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) gases are the main problem that must be rectified as they are harmful and contribute to global warming through the greenhouse gas effect. In Indonesia, motor vehicles, especially four wheelers, are one of the biggest contributors with up to 71 million tons of CO2 emissions and energy consumption of 179 million barrel of oil equivalent. Bioethanol has octane rating >100, which is higher than that of gasoline; and emission contribution of only 0.02 kg/L, which is lower than that from gasoline (2.23 kg/L). Accordingly, a mixture of gasoline and bioethanol is the solution proposed in this study to solve the issues of CO and CO2 emissions. Gasoline and bioethanol mixture consists of six products, namely E-0, E-5, E-10, E-15, E-20, and E-25, which have different percentage values of bioethanol mixture (0%–25%). This study was conducted through engine testing with different rpm values (500–2500 rpm) to identify the concentration and mass of CO2 emissions, fuel efficiency, and cost efficiency. Based on the test results, this product succeeded in reducing CO emissions by up to 86% and CO2 emissions up to 30.6% from Pertalite (E-0) and increasing the fuel efficiency up to 51.76% for 1 L and cost efficiency up to 33.6% after considering the actual price of Pertalite. Therefore, the proposed product can be a solution to the existing problems.

Investigation on combustion characteristics and gas emissions of a high-pressure direct-injection natural gas engine at different combustion modes

In the present study, the potential of natural gas pre-injection, mixing-limited combustion, and slightly premixed combustion modes were evaluated to achieve high thermal efficiency and low nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide emissions. To this end, a dual direct injection model was established to perform numerical simulations. The obtained results revealed that in the natural gas pre-injection mode, the optimized natural gas pre-injection proportion and injection interval between the end of natural gas pre-injection and the start of diesel injection can significantly reduce carbon monoxide emissions and improve indicated thermal efficiency with a slight increase in nitrogen oxides. In the mixing-limited combustion mode, combustion phasing and indicated thermal efficiency are not sensitive to the variations of the injection interval between diesel and natural gas. Moreover, a larger injection interval between diesel and natural gas is beneficial to reduce carbon monoxide. In the slightly premixed combustion mode, as the injection interval between diesel and natural gas decreases, combustion phasing delays, carbon monoxide emissions reduce, and nitrogen oxides emissions increase first and then decrease. Advancing the start of natural gas injection increases maximum pressure rise rate and nitrogen oxides in both natural gas mixing-limited combustion and slightly premixed combustion modes but decreases carbon monoxide dramatically. The natural gas mixing-limited combustion mode has more potential to meet carbon monoxide limits imposed by the Euro VII standard with no need for extra after-treatment devices while improving thermal efficiency.

Impact of a Thermal Barrier Coating in Low Heat Rejection Environment Area of a Diesel Engine

The most recent developments in Thermal Barrier Coating (TBC) relate to engine performance, manufacturing and other related challenges. TBC on the piston crown and valves to enhance engine characteristics while using diesel and Mahua Methyl Ester (MME) as a petroleum fuel has a great sustainable development. For this utility, a Direct Injection (DI) conventional diesel engine was renewed to an LHR engine by applying 0.5 mm thickness of 3Al2O3-2SiO2 (as TBC) onto the piston crown and valves. The MME is used in the LHR (Low Heat Rejection) engine. For examination, the fuel injector pressure is set at 200 bar. Compared to a standard DI diesel engine, the results demonstrate that the application of TBC boosts brake thermal efficiency to 13.65% at 25% load. The LHR engine’s SFC and BTE significantly improved at full load while using MME fuel. The lower temperature of exhaust gases is achieved by combining MME and diesel fuels with TBC. It was observed that both MME with and without TBC significantly reduced the smoke density. In addition, it was exposed that using MME fuel with TBC very slightly reduced carbon monoxide emissions under all loads. It was also shown that MME with TBC significantly reduced environmental hydrocarbon emissions at all loads.

Reduced Carbon Monoxide Emission in Ghee Lamp than Peanut Oil Lamp

Lighting the lamp is an ancient tradition of Indian culture. Various cultures such as Indian, Chinese, Tibetan, Japanese, etc. widely use ghee for religious purposes. In India, Ghee is an essential component of most of the rituals. Ayurveda suggests different types of vegetative oils and ghee (clarified butter) for Ayurvedic preparations. Both ghee and peanut oil are commonly used in food preparations. Besides for eating, both ghee and peanut oil lamps are also commonly used for lighting lamps in India. Hence, evaluating the emissions from these lamps is of interest. In the present comparative study we have evaluated the emission of air pollutants: Particular Matter (PM1, PM2.5, PM10), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Ozone, Carbon Monoxide (CO), and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) from peanut oil and ghee lamps. We found that there was no significant difference between oil and ghee lamps for all emissions except for CO, where there was a significant reduction (15.93%, p= 0.0183) in ghee lamps compared to peanut oil lamps. Lower CO from ghee lamps than that from peanut oil lamps might be due to differences in the combustion efficiency resulting from chemical structure differences. Thus, the present finding of reduced CO emission from ghee lamps supports its wide use as a component in Indian religious purposes, Vedic-rituals of Yagya or Havan and meals.

Classification and Prediction of Nitrogen Dioxide in a Portuguese Air Quality Critical Zone

This study presents classification and prediction exercises to evaluate the future behavior of nitrogen dioxide in a critical air quality zone located in Portugal using a dataset, the time span of which covers the period between 1 September 2021 and 23 July 2022. Three main results substantiate the importance of this research. First, the classification analysis corroborates the idea of a neutrality principle of road traffic on the target since the respective coefficient is significant, but quantitatively close to zero. This result, which may be the first sign of a paradigm shift regarding the adoption of electric vehicles in addition to reflect the success of previously implemented measures in the city of Lisbon, is reinforced by evidence that the carbon monoxide emitted mostly by diesel vehicles exhibits a significant, negative and permanent effect on satisfying the hourly limit value associated with the target. Second, robustness checks confirm that the period between 8 h and 16 h is particularly remarkable for influencing the target. Finally, the predictive exercise demonstrates that the internationally patented Variable Split Convolutional Attention model has the best predictive performance among several deep learning neural network alternatives. Results indicate that the concentration of nitrogen dioxide is expected to be volatile and only a redundant downward trend is likely to be observed. Therefore, in terms of policy recommendations, additional measures to avoid exceeding the legal nitrogen dioxide ceiling at the local level should be focused on reducing carbon monoxide emissions, rather than just being concerned about halting the intensity of road traffic.

THC and CO Emissions from Diesel Engines Using Biodiesel Produced from Residual Frying Oil by Non-Thermal Plasma Technology

Research aimed at finding alternative fuels to replace petroleum diesel (petrodiesel) used in controlled combustion engines (CCEs) has identified biodiesel as one of the main candidates, due to its sustainability and potential for use in energy matrices. In this study, the gas emissions from a diesel CCE were investigated, with a focus on total hydrocarbons (THC) and carbon monoxide (CO). Biodiesel (B100) samples derived from the transesterification of frying oil, produced applying conventional chemical catalysis (CC) or non-thermal plasma (NTP) technology, were tested as alternative fuels. Three engine rotation speeds were investigated (900, 1500, and 2500 rpm) and biodiesel samples obtained from the residual frying oil were compared with conventional road diesel (S-500) without biodiesel added, acquired from a gas station. Blends were also prepared with S-500 and B100 obtained applying NTP for 15 or 30 min, in mixes containing 2, 12, 20, and 50% of biodiesel. These blends showed reductions in THC and CO emissions of 62% and 80%, respectively, compared with the emissions for 100% S-500. Thus, biodiesel produced from frying oil offers low emissions of CO and THC, highlighting the potential for reductions using biodiesel produced applying the NTP technology.

Fuel Efficiency Improvement & Knocking Reduction System Using 2-Stroke Petrol Engine By Coolant Injection

Abstract— In internal combustion engines, the water injection, also known as an anti-detonant injection, is spraying water into the cylinder or incoming air-fuel mixture to cool the combustion chamber of the engine, allowing for greater compression ratios and eliminating the problem of engine knocking. This effectively reduces the air intake temperature in the combustion chamber. The reduction of the air intake temperature allows for higher ignition timing to be employed, which ultimately increases the power output of the engine. Depending on the engine, improvement in power and fuel efficiency can also be obtained by injecting water. Water injection may also reduce carbon monoxide emissions. The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the effect of water injection on the engine performance, exhaust gas temperature, and exhaust emission of the S.I. engine, water is injected in specific quantities with compressed air. Single cylinder, two-stroke, air-cooled, 100 cc petrol engines were used in this experiment. Obtained data will compare to calculate the performance of specific fuel consumption, which will get without a water supply to a petrol engine based on performance. The performance test is conducted to find out the fuel efficiency and is compared with conventional engine present also emission is to be carried out to find CO (carbon monoxide) emissions. Keywords— anti-detonate injection, engine knocking, fuel efficiency, water injection, two-stroke