Carbon Footprint Analysis Research Articles

A greener RP-HPLC method for quaternary estimation of caffeine, paracetamol, levocetirizine, and phenylephrine acquiring AQbD with stability studies

Abstract The main objective of this article was to develop method and validate quaternary estimation of caffeine (CFE), paracetamol (PCM), levocetirizine (LEV), and phenylephrine (PHE) and to conduct degradation experiments using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). This was the first innovative approach to this drug combination, combining analytical quality by design with green analytical chemistry. This method was developed using HPLC Agilent 1220 Infinity II, a binary solvent delivery pump, an automatic sampling device injector, and a photodiode array detector. Agilent Inertsil ODS 3 (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) was used for separation. The mobile phase is composed of ethanol and 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 3). To adjust the pH, 1% of orthophosphoric acid was used. The flow rate was set to 0.8 ml·min−1, the injection volume was 10 μl, and the detecting wavelength was 220 nm. The analytes were eluted via gradient elution. The retention time for PCM was 3.5 min, CFE was 8.1 min, PHE was 15.9 min, and LEV was 20.5 min. Green evaluation tools used in this research include Green Analytical Procedure Index, analytical eco-scale, analytical greenness, analytical method greenness score, and carbon footprint analysis. The developed method was greener than the previously reported method, as per the results of the greenness evaluation tools.

Feasibility Study of a Novel Secondary Zinc‐Flow Battery as Stationary Energy Storage System: From Design to Environmental Assessment

Herein, a zinc‐air flow battery (ZAFB) as an environmentally friendly and inexpensive energy storage system is investigated. For this purpose, an optimized ZAFB for households is designed based on the most recent publications, and an economic and ecological analysis of the system is carried out. The results show that the customer price of the designed ZAFB is estimated at ≈5000 € and is thus about one‐third lower than the quoted price for a comparable vanadium flow battery (VFB). The carbon footprint (CF) analysis shows that especially the alkaline electrolyte and the silver‐containing gas diffusion electrode have a high share of the greenhouse gas emissions of the ZAFB system. However, the CF is 41% lower than that of the VFB, highlighting the great potential of the ZAFB as an alternative home storage system.

O22: Postoperative Telemedicine is feasible and sustainable; a prospective life-cycle assessment approach to carbon footprint analysis

Abstract Introduction The NHS must provide a net zero service by 2045. Innovative strategies are required to quantify, evaluate and implement environmentally friendly interventions into practice. The study evaluates the feasibility and sustainability of remote post-operative follow-up using novel methodology. Methods Patients were reviewed remotely and face-to-face at 30 days post-operatively. A prospective life-cycle assessment(LCA) approach to carbon footprint analysis was used to calculate carbon emissions kgCO2e. Patient postcodes were applied to conversion factors to calculate travel emissions. Median(IQR) kgCO2e saved were presented. Carbon offsetting values are based on kgCO2e sequestered by a standardised UK variety tree. Results 31 participants(M:F 2.4, 66.7±11.7 years) were included. The median return distance for patient travel was 42.5km(7.2-58.7). Median reduction using remote follow-up was 41.2 kgCO2e(24.5-80.3) per patient(P<0.001). Using remote follow-up is equivalent to planting 1 tree for every 6.9 patients reviewed. Every readmission with SSI results in an additional 1219.93 kgCO2e. Discussion This model shows that the prospective LCA approach is achievable. Implementation of an asynchronous follow-up model is effective in substantially reducing the carbon footprint of a tertiary vascular surgical centre. Further work is needed to corroborate these findings on a larger scale and incorporate kgCO2e into cost analysis of SSI monitoring strategies.

Telemedicine for sustainable postoperative follow-up: a prospective pilot study evaluating the hybrid life-cycle assessment approach to carbon footprint analysis.

Surgical site infections (SSI) are the most common healthcare-associated infections; however, access to healthcare services, lack of patient awareness of signs, and inadequate wound surveillance can limit timely diagnosis. Telemedicine as a method for remote postoperative follow-up has been shown to improve healthcare efficiency without compromising clinical outcomes. Furthermore, telemedicine would reduce the carbon footprint of the National Health Service (NHS) through minimising patient travel, a significant contributor of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions. Adopting innovative approaches, such as telemedicine, could aid in the NHS Net-Zero target by 2045. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive analysis of the feasibility and sustainability of telemedicine postoperative follow-up for remote diagnosis of SSI. Patients who underwent a lower limb vascular procedure were reviewed remotely at 30 days following the surgery, with a combined outcome measure (photographs and Bluebelle Wound Healing Questionnaire). A hybrid life-cycle assessment approach to carbon footprint analysis was used. The kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalent (kgCO2e) associated with remote methods were mapped prospectively. A simple outpatient clinic review, i.e., no further investigations or management required, was modelled for comparison. The Department of Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) conversion factors plus healthcare specific sources were used to ascertain kgCO2e. Patient postcodes were applied to conversion factors based upon mode of travel to calculate kgCO2e for patient travel. Total and median (interquartile range) carbon emissions saved were presented for both patients with and without SSI. Altogether 31 patients (M:F 2.4, ±11.7 years) were included. The median return distance for patient travel was 42.5 (7.2-58.7) km. Median reduction in emissions using remote follow-up was 41.2 (24.5-80.3) kgCO2e per patient (P < 0.001). The carbon offsetting value of remote follow-up is planting one tree for every 6.9 patients. Total carbon footprint of face-to-face follow-up was 2,895.3 kgCO2e, compared with 1,301.3 kgCO2e when using a remote-first approach (P < 0.001). Carbon emissions due to participants without SSI were 700.2 kgCO2e by the clinical method and 28.8 kgCO2e from the remote follow-up. This model shows that the hybrid life-cycle assessment approach is achievable and reproducible. Implementation of an asynchronous digital follow-up model is effective in substantially reducing the carbon footprint of a tertiary vascular surgical centre. Further work is needed to corroborate these findings on a larger scale, quantify the impact of telemedicine on patient's quality of life, and incorporate kgCO2e into the cost analysis of potential SSI monitoring strategies.

Comprehensive carbon footprint analysis of wastewater treatment: A case study of modified cyclic activated sludge technology for low carbon source urban wastewater treatment

To reduce pollution and carbon emissions, a quantitative evaluation of the carbon footprint of the wastewater treatment processes is crucial. However, micro carbon element flow analysis is rarely focused considering treatment efficiency of different technology. In this research, a comprehensive carbon footprint analysis is established under the micro carbon element flow analysis and macro carbon footprint analysis based on life cycle assessment (LCA). Three wastewater treatment processes (i.e., anaerobic anoxic oxic, A2O; cyclic activated sludge technology, CAST; modified cyclic activated sludge technology, M-CAST) for low carbon source urban wastewater are selected. The micro key element flow analysis illustrated that carbon source mainly flows to the assimilation function to promote microorganism growth. The carbon footprint analysis illustrated that M-CAST as the optimal wastewater treatment process had the lowest global warming potential (GWP). The key to reduce carbon emissions is to limit electricity consumption in wastewater treatment processes. Under the comprehensive carbon footprint analysis, M-CAST has the lowest environmental impact with low carbon emissions. The sensitivity analysis results revealed that biotreatment section variables considerably reduced the environmental impact on the LCA and the GWP, followed by the sludge disposal section. With this research, the optimization scheme can guide wastewater treatment plants to optimize relevant treatment sections and reduce pollution and carbon emissions.

Carbon Footprint Analysis of Motor Vehicles at the Military Academy

The Military Academy, abbreviated as Akmil is the Central Implementing Agency at the Mabesad level in the field of education which is domiciled directly under the Kasad. Based on the organizational structure and duties (Orgas) Akmil consists of Leadership Elements, Leadership Assistant Elements, Service Elements, and Implementing Elements. Currently, Akmil personnel number 2,408 people with details of Officers 685, Non-Commissioned Officers 597, Tamtama 571, and Civil Servants 555 people. To facilitate access in service, Akmil provides official house facilities to each member in the Panca Arga Magelang Housing Complex. The majority of personnel who go to work in Akmil use motorized vehicles, both two-wheeled and four-wheeled. Round-trip activities from the Panca Arga Housing Complex to Akmil using motorized vehicles, of course, are inseparable from the so-called carbon footprint. The research method used is a review literature of several scientific articles related to exhaust emissions. The exhaust emissions in two-wheeled vehicles were 15,686.5 Kg/L, while four-wheeled vehicles were 9,155.8 Kg/L. It is necessary to calculate the emission of CO2 waste gases assuming the fuel used is pertalite and pertamax.

Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide

Abstract The synthesis of ambient-cured sustainable geopolymer mortars (GMs) was studied throughout this work. To reduce carbon dioxide emissions, new materials must be used in the production of sustainable concrete and mortars. Many types of binders are used in the synthesis of GM and concrete (GPC), especially clay minerals. These clay minerals are considered sources of alumina and silica in GM and concrete. The geopolymerization process relies on the alkaline solution activating the alumino-silicate to produce geopolymer gel products. The palygorskite (PA) clay mineral, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and sodium silicates (Na2SiO3) were chosen as a binder (solid material) and alkaline activator solution to synthesize GM at ambient temperature. PA was thermally treated at 550, 650, 700, and 750°C, respectively, to convert into high-reactive PA (HRP) HRP550, HRP650, HRP700, and HRP750, respectively. The characteristics of PA clay, HRP powders, and HRP-based GM were evaluated using compressive strength (CS) testing, X-ray fluorescence analysis, carbon footprint analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) diffractograms, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. The maximum CS of 25.1 MPa was acquired for geopolymer synthesis utilizing HRP700-based GM cured at 30°C for 28 days. FTIR spectroscopy demonstrated that HRP-based GM showed the presence of Si–O, Al–O, and O–C–O bonds stretching vibrations in the alumino-silicate network. The results showed that the CO2 emissions had a reduction in the HRP-based GM compared with the reference mix of ordinary Portland cement mortar (OPM). The percentage of reductions was 14.1, 13.7, 13.1, and 12.4 for HRP550, HRP650, HRP700, and HRP750, respectively, compared with the OPM mixture. SEM images/EDS analysis and XRD diffractograms confirmed the presence of sodium alumino-silicate hydrates, magnesium silicate hydrate, and calcium silicate hydrate gels with high quantities particularly in the HRP700-based GM than that in HRP550, HRP650, and HRP750, respectively. The results indicate the suitability of HRP calcined at 700°C (HRP700) in the synthesis of the GM.

Industrial by-products-derived binders for in-situ remediation of high Pb content pyrite ash: Synergistic use of ground granulated blast furnace slag and steel slag to achieve efficient Pb retention and CO2 mitigation

Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is a cost-effective and conventional binder that is widely adopted in brownfield site remediation and redevelopment. However, the substantial carbon dioxide emission during OPC production and the concerns about its undesirable retention capacity for potentially toxic elements strain this strategy. To tackle this objective, we herein tailored four alternative binders (calcium aluminate cement, OPC-activated ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS), white-steel-slag activated GGBFS, and alkaline-activated GGBFS) for facilitating immobilization of high Pb content pyrite ash, with the perspectives of enhancing Pb retention and mitigating anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions. The characterizations revealed that the incorporation of white steel slag efficiently benefits the activity of GGBFS, herein facilitating the hydration products (mainly ettringite and calcium silicate hydrates) precipitation and Pb immobilization. Further, we quantified the cradle-to-gate carbon footprint and cost analysis attributed to each binder-Pb contaminants system, finding that the application of these alternative binders could be pivotal in the envisaged carbon-neutral world if the growth of the OPC-free roadmap continues. The findings suggest that the synergistic use of recycled white steel slag and GGBFS can be proposed as a profitable and sustainable OPC-free candidate to facilitate the management of lead-contaminated brownfield sites. The overall results underscore the potential immobilization mechanisms of Pb in multiple OPC-free/substitution binder systems and highlight the urgent need to bridge the zero-emission insights to sustainable in-situ solidification/stabilization technologies.

Effects of Wastewater Sludge Addition on Fired Clay Bricks: Enhancing Performance and Sustainable Construction Practices

This study explores the impact of incorporating wastewater sludge into fired clay bricks to improve their performance and promote sustainable construction. Physical, mechanical, and environmental properties of the sludge-amended bricks are investigated to assess their suitability as an alternative construction material. Lab tests are conducted to characterize the sludge and clay, and brick samples with varying sludge content are produced. Physical properties such as water absorption, are analyzed to determine the influence of sludge addition on the bricks' structural characteristics. Mechanical tests, including compressive and flexural strength evaluations, assess the performance of the sludge-amended bricks compared to traditional clay bricks. Additionally, environmental aspects are considered to evaluate the sustainability of the sludge-amended bricks. Life cycle assessment and carbon footprint analysis quantify the environmental benefits and drawbacks associated with their production and use. The findings of this study contribute to the knowledge of sustainable construction materials by exploring the potential utilization of wastewater sludge in fired clay brick production.

Technoeconomic and carbon footprint analysis of simulated industrial scale biodiesel production process from mixed macroalgal and non-edible seed oil using sulphonated zinc doped recyclable biochar catalyst

The present research explored the sustainable production of biodiesel from mixed oils of marine macroalgae and non-edible seeds using a sulphonated Zinc doped recyclable biochar catalyst derived from coconut husk. The maximum biodiesel conversion of 94.8 % was yielded with optimized conditions of 10:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 4.8 % biochar catalyst concentration, 54.5 ℃ temperature and 87.4 min reaction time. A techno-economic assessment provided a favourable return on investment (ROI) of 21.59 % and 4.63 years of reimbursement period, with a calculated minimum selling price of 0.81 $/kg of produced biodiesel. The carbon footprint analysis results estimated an annual emission of 752.07 t CO2 which corresponds to 0.088 kg CO2 emission per kg of biodiesel produced from the simulated process. The study on economic viability and environmental consciousness of biodiesel production not only paves the way for a greener and sustainable future while also contributing to low carbon footprint.

Modelling of technical, environmental, and economic evaluations of the effect of the organic loading rate in semi-continuous anaerobic digestion of pre-treated organic fraction municipal solid waste

The study concerned technical feasibility, economic profitability, and carbon footprint (CF) analysis of semi-continuous anaerobic digestion (sAD) of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW). The research assessed the pre-treatment effect on sAD by varying organic loading rates (OLR) from 3.38 to 6.75 kgvs/m3d. Three sAD configurations were investigated: hydrodynamic-cavitated (HC-OFMSW), enzymatically pre-treated (EN-OFMSW), and non-pre-treated (AD-OFMSW). Principal Component Analysis and Supervised Kohonen's Self-Organizing Maps combined the experimental, economic, and environmental evaluations.The sAD configurations were grouped predominantly according to the OLR however, within each OLR group the configurations were clustered according to the pre-treatments.The finding highlighted that pre-treatments offset inhibition in sAD of OFMSW due to the OLR increase, being economically profitable and CF negative up to 4.50 kgvs/m3d for EN-OFMSW and to 5.40 kgvs/m3d for HC-OFMSW. Whereas sAD-OFMSW remained economically and environmentally viable only up to 3.87 kgvs/m3d.HC-OFMSW reached the highest performance. In detail, for HC-OFMSW the NPV and CF ranged from 17679.30 to 43827.12 euros and from −51.08 to −407.210 kg CO2eq/1 MWh daily produced, by decreasing the OLR from 5.40 to 3.87 kgvs/m3d.These results are fundamental since pre-treatment is usually expensive due to additional energy or chemical requirements.

A thermodynamic view on the in-situ carbon dioxide reduction by biomass-derived hydrogen during calcium carbonate decomposition

In the carbonate industry, deep decarbonization strategies are necessary to effectively remediate CO2. These strategies mainly include both sustainable energy supplies and the conversion of CO2 in downstream processes. This study developed a coupled process of biomass chemical looping H2 production and reductive calcination of CaCO3. Firstly, a mass and energy balance of the coupled process was established in Aspen Plus. Following this, process optimization and energy integration were implemented to provide optimized operation conditions. Lastly, a life cycle assessment was carried out to assess the carbon footprint of the coupled process. Results reveal that the decomposition temperature of CaCO3 in an H2 atmosphere can be reduced to 780 oC (generally around 900 oC), and the conversion of CO2 from CaCO3 decomposition reached 81.33% with an H2:CO ratio of 2.49 in gaseous products. By optimizing systemic energy through heat integration, an energy efficiency of 86.30% was achieved. Additionally, the carbon footprint analysis revealed that the process with energy integration had a low GWP of -2.624 kgCO2-eq·kg-CaO-1. Conclusively, this work performed a systematic analysis of introducing biomass-derived H2 into CaCO3 calcination and demonstrated the positive role of reductive calcination using green H2 in mitigating CO2 emissions within the carbonate industry.

Carbon Footprint Analysis on Phosphoric Acid Production Using Wet Process at PT Petrokimia Gresik

Phosphoric acid is one of the main commodities in the fertilizer industry, which is very important in agricultural countries such as Indonesia. One of the biggest players in Indonesia’s fertilizer industry is PT Petrokimia Gresik, which owns a phosphoric acid plant that produces 200,000 MT/year phosphoric acid using the hemi-dihydrate process. Phosphoric acid production can be energy intensive and involve a lot of material transport, which usually corresponds with a high carbon footprint. To date, there is no literature regarding carbon footprint of Indonesia’s phosphoric acid. Thus, a carbon footprint analysis was done on phosphoric acid production at PT Petrokimia Gresik based on the inventory from their material and energy balance data. The electricity emission factor was calculated from their coal unit power plant, while the emission factor for raw materials was estimated from literature. The carbon footprint is 1378.25 kg CO2/ton P2O5. The largest carbon footprint contribution comes from sulphuric acid (43.81%), followed by material transport (36.78%). The sensitivity analysis shows that the carbon footprint was very sensitive to sulphuric acid and sea transport emission factor.

Analysis of Carbon Footprint Assessment and Accounting System of Photovoltaic Industry under Dual-Carbon Background

With the intensification of global climate change and the growing demand for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), dual-carbon policies are on the rise globally, bringing new challenges and opportunities to the energy industry. Focusing on the photovoltaic (PV) industry, this study carries out a carbon footprint analysis in the context of dual-carbon to gain a comprehensive understanding of the current status of PV modules in terms of carbon emissions and emission reduction measures. This paper firstly summarizes the development of the PV industry, and deeply analyzes the relevant theories and methods of carbon footprint assessment and accounting system. Then, it systematically evaluates the carbon emissions of crystalline silicon PV modules throughout their life cycle, and based on this, it puts forward suggestions on strategies to reduce the carbon footprint. Finally, the opportunities and challenges that the PV industry may encounter in the process of moving towards a low-carbon future are discussed to provide a reference for decision-making and practice in this field.

Comparative Analysis of Energy Consumption and Carbon Footprint of Additively Manufactured Solid and Lattice structure Tensile Specimens

Manufacturing significantly contributes to global warming due to its substantial carbon emissions. United Nations sustainable development goals support the reduction of carbon emissions in the manufacturing sector, which can be accomplished by making the manufacturing process sustainable with a minimal carbon footprint. This is also appropriate for novel manufacturing processes such as additive manufacturing. This study introduces the investigation of the additively manufactured specimen. Prior research delves into examining the impact on the energy consumption of solid specimens under distinct printing process parameters. Nonetheless, the influence of electrical energy consumption and total carbon footprint for the additively manufactured solid and lattice structure has yet to be investigated. The current study fills the research gap by assessing layer thickness and infill density on both specimens’ electrical energy consumption and total carbon footprint. The presented study offers insight into the impact of layer thickness and infill density for the solid and lattice structure specimens and their comparison of electrical energy consumption and total carbon footprints. The results demonstrated that a rise in an infill density directly correlates with increased energy consumption and carbon footprints. However, rising layer thickness resulted in a reduction in both power consumption and carbon footprints. Furthermore, it was observed that the triangular, octagonal, and hexagonal cellular structures manifest higher power consumption when the infill density is set at 50% and 80%, respectively. Moreover, when assessing a solid specimen at 100% infill density, the total carbon footprint exhibits increases of 12%, 21%, 23%, and 41% in comparison to triangular, octagonal, hexagonal, and square lattice structures, respectively.

Regional spatial econometric Analysis of carbon footprint of energy consumption based on clustering algorithm

Abstract The structure of energy consumption and reducing the carbon footprint has become an important issue in the field of carbon and energy conservation. This paper adopts spatial econometric Analysis to construct a framework for analyzing the influencing factors of carbon emissions based on the STIRPAT model. It applies the K-means algorithm to effectively cluster and classify the energy consumption of different regions. Then, the article analyzed these clustering results in depth using the Kaya constant equation to calculate the carbon emissions of each area. The results of the carbon footprint analysis reveal that the Gini coefficient of carbon emissions in the eastern region peaked at 0.352 in 2014, while decreasing to a low of 0.284 in 2019. the western and central areas have the highest Gini coefficients of carbon emissions at 0.271 and 0.248, respectively. furthermore, from 2015 to 2022, the ecological pressure on the carbon footprint of the whole industry has always remained at 3.033 above, reaching a historical high of 3.433 in 2022.The application of this paper not only helps to solve the problems in the existing carbon footprint evaluation methods, but also provides a scientific basis for more effective management and reduction of carbon emission.

Impact of additional carbon storage of natural plant fiber on product carbon footprint: A case study of cotton/kapok blended T-shirt VS pure cotton T-shirt

Researchers have drawn their attention to natural plant fibers in recent years owing to the significant energy consumption and detrimental environmental impact of textile and apparel industry and the imperative of environmental protection. While the potential for mitigating carbon emissions of apparel products deriving from woody versus herbaceous fiber crops remains unclear. Moreover, extant studies only take limited processes as a case demonstration, rather than exploring the impact of additional carbon storage throughout the whole life cycle. Therefore, this study extended the system boundary to the whole life cycle of products from the raw material extraction to the end-of-life disposal stage, conducted a whole life cycle carbon footprint (CF) analysis of cotton/kapok blended T-shirts and pure cotton T-shirts at each stage of their life cycle based on carbon storage accounting method. The results revealed that the CF of 1 kg pure cotton T-shirt is 9.469 kg CO2eq, while for 1 kg cotton/kapok blended T-shirt, it's −24.249 kg CO2eq. Correspondingly, the carbon storages of these T-shirts are −15.653 kg CO2eq and −43.442 kg CO2eq, respectively. This proved that long-term additional carbon storage may possess relatively higher carbon storage due to woody crops' multi-annuality compared with herbaceous crops. When considering carbon emissions during industrial manufacturing and consumer use stages, it's recommended to opt for heavier T-shirts when fabric thickness between pure cotton and cotton/kapok blended T-shirts are comparable, as this choice may align better with environmental considerations, and adopting appropriate washing and caring practices such as choosing lighter-weight garments, utilizing appropriate washing program and detergent dose, opting for air-drying and avoiding ironing when caring for clothing are also advised. The study results affirmed the feasibility of achieving carbon neutrality in apparel products and could provide methodological guidance for future assessment for future research.

Carbon footprint analysis of rural households with respect to fuel and energy consumption in village Chak Chua of district Jammu, J &amp; K

Carbon footprint analysis of rural households with respect to fuel and energy consumption in village Chak Chua of district Jammu, J &amp; K

Development of an open-source carbon footprint calculator of the UK craft brewing value chain

Craft breweries may fall behind large brewing companies in reducing the carbon footprints of their value chains due to limited resources, financial constraints, and a lack of technical knowledge to fully understand their emissions. However, by increasing their awareness of the impact of their entire value chains, craft breweries can accelerate the decarbonisation of the industry by creating competition among breweries to appeal to environmentally conscious consumers. This work developed a freely available carbon calculator (10.6084/m9.figshare.22758692) using transparent, open-source data which may be used for benchmarking and identifying opportunities for emission reductions in UK craft breweries as well as providing a reference point for future carbon footprint analyses of global brewing value chains. The carbon footprint for craft brewing was calculated for a wide range of packaging types across three realistic scenarios (low, medium, and high carbon footprints) based on collected data and addresses the discrepancies between values reported in previous literature. Overall, the calculated carbon footprints ranged between 205 (20 L steel kegs, low carbon footprint scenario) and 1483 (single-use, 0.33 L glass bottles, high carbon footprint scenario) gCO2e per litre of beer. Novel hotspots (including wort boiling, the packaging process in a brewery, and the contribution of secondary and tertiary packaging) were identified. The overwhelming contribution of Scope 3 emissions (contributing between 57 and 95 % of the total carbon footprint) further emphasised the need to provide increased knowledge to craft breweries.

Analysis of Carbon Footprint in Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (MIPA), University of Hasanuddin

University of Hasanuddin is one of the largest campuses in Sulawesi which has 15 faculties. Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences is one of the faculties that has complex activities in lecture activities and campus operations. All activities that take place produce a carbon footprint that can affect Greenhouse Gases (GHG). Therefore, this study aims to identify activities that generate a carbon footprint and analyze the burden of carbon footprint emissions and see the trend of the relationship between the number of activities and carbon footprint emissions. For data collection techniques by direct observation, interviews and questionnaires which will later be analyzed using the Tier 1 method based on the IPCC 2006. From the analysis results show that the total carbon footprint emission produced at this faculty is 213,778.33 KgCO2-e/year. The activity that produces the most carbon footprint emissions is electricity consumption, which is 206,085.79 KgCO2-e/year with a total consumption of 756,937.99 kWh/year. While the activity that produces the least carbon footprint emissions is the use of paper as much as 921.69 KgCO2-e/year with a total usage of 1,254 kg/year. For the trend of the relationship between the number of activities and carbon footprint emissions, the trend obtained is that the more activities that take place, the higher the carbon footprint produced will also be. However, there is a different phenomenon, namely the value of LPG consumption is less than the value of paper usage as much as 165 kg/year and 1.254 per year. However, the largest carbon footprint emission value is the use of LPG. This happens because the emission factor owned by the LPG source is greater than the paper source. It is hoped that this research can contribute to policy making at the University level. your abstract here…