Carbon Emission Reduction Measures Research Articles

Research on the Establishment of Carbon Emission Management Model Based on the Construction Process-Taking a Stadium for the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic Games as an Example

At present, there are few systematic studies on carbon emission management of construction projects, which can no longer meet the requirements of carbon emission management of the construction of stadiums for Winter Olympics. This paper, taking a stadium for Winter Olympics as an example, discusses the boundaries, scenario setting and accounting methods of carbon emissions in the construction process. And then, we construct the management model and management system of carbon emissions. In this case, the monitoring and collection of carbon emissions and carbon emission reduction measures will be promoted to efficiently finalize the carbon emission pipes for the construction of Winter Olympics stadiums. The management model, technical measures and management system of carbon emissions suitable for Winter Olympics stadiums developed in this research can be further studied and widely applied to carbon emission management in the construction process of various public buildings.

Matrix completion-based prediction analysis in carbon emissions

China's carbon emissions data at this stage are mainly concentrated at the provincial and national levels. As a major area for the implementation of carbon emission reduction measures, cities have not had a complete carbon inventory for a long time due to the lack of basic data. In order to solve this problem, this paper constructs a set of prefecture-level CO2 emission forecasting methods to study the carbon emissions of 11 urban areas in Zhejiang Province. The two-dimensional matrix is formed by one-to-one correspondence between city and time. Through the analysis of the historical data of carbon emissions, the intrinsic relationship is found, and the missing data is predicted by the method of matrix completion. Experiments show that compared with Zhejiang's actual carbon emissions statistics data, the difference is found to be within 1%, and can achieve 69.3% higher than the latest method.

Dynamic relationship between urban carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth

<p>Urban economic development cannot be separated from energy consumption, and energy consumption directly leads to a large number of carbon emissions. It is of great significance to study the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth for the implementation of energy conservation, emission reduction and the development of low-carbon economy in cities. A new method of dynamic relationship between urban carbon dioxide emission and economic growth is put forward. The carbon dioxide emission data in cities are calculated by using urban carbon dioxide emission measurement method. The data of economic attributes are obtained by using classification algorithm under uncertain data flow environment. Based on this data, a decoupling model of carbon emission and economic growth is constructed to measure economic growth elasticity of urban carbon emissions; Granger causality test model is established to analyze the Granger causality between urban carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth. The experimental results show that the growth rate of urban economy is obviously faster than that of carbon emissions. Economic growth is the Granger causality of carbon dioxide emissions. On the contrary, the implementation of carbon emission reduction measures will not hinder economic growth.</p>

Household CO2 Emissions: Current Status and Future Perspectives.

The household sector, which plays a critical role in emission reduction, is a main source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Although numerous academic journals have published papers on household CO2 emissions (HCEs), great challenges remain in research on assessments, determinants, and further research prospects. This work reviews and projects HCEs using a bibliometric analysis and a systematic review based on the data from the Web of Science (WOS) platform from 1991 to 2020. Over the last 30 years, there has been a rapid and active trend of research on HCEs. We find that (1) the scale of the bibliometric analysis shows that research on HCEs is interdisciplinary and must consider overall cognition of the environment, the economy, society, and technology. It also needs to strengthen cooperation between different countries/territories to emphasize the quality and influence of papers on HCEs. (2) A review of previous literature shows that research on HCEs mainly focuses on the research object, mainstream assessments, and influencing factors. The following six main aspects impact HCEs: demographic, income, social, technological, policy, and natural factors. (3) The research discussion suggests that more micro-level research needs to be conducted, such as research on the city level and the individual level, which is important for sustainable development and low consumption. A comparative analysis of the differences in HCEs is a future research direction. Additionally, localized carbon emission reduction measures need to be implemented.

Energy industrial water withdrawal under different energy development scenarios: A multi-regional approach and a case study of China

Increasing water demand for energy industries has raised concerns for the compliance of energy industry development and water resources constraints. The regional characteristics of uneven distribution of energy and water resources exacerbates regional energy-related water shortage. This paper focus on quantitative analysis of energy development impacts on water resources that considers regional characteristics. A supply-demand-integrated method is proposed to assess water stress of energy industry for multiple regions and multiple energy types under different energy development scenarios. China has a typical mismatch characteristic of energy and water resources. Case studies of China are conducted at both regional and energy-base scales. Results show that the water stress of energy industry in northwest regions (40%) is higher than that of the national average value (24%) in 2015. The carbon emission reduction measures can save the energy industrial water withdrawal by about 16%–33% in 2030, compared with the Business as Usual Scenario. Interregional power transmission would result in an over 100% value of the water stress in energy output areas. The coal chemical industry is high-water-consuming and accounts for a large proportion of the water demand in energy bases. The technological progress and capacity reduction of high-water-consuming technologies can reduce the water stress. Both water demand side and water supply side measures are suggested to reach the coordinated development of energy industry with water resources.

Two-Year Observation of Fossil Fuel Carbon Dioxide Spatial Distribution in Xi’an City

The need for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction in the context of global warming is widely acknowledged by the global scientific community. Fossil fuel CO2 (CO2ff) emissions occur mainly in cities, and can be monitored directly with radiocarbon (14C). In this research, annual plants [Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.] were collected from 26 sites in 2013 and 2014 in the central urban district of Xi'an City. The Δ14C content of the samples were analyzed using a 3 MV Accelerator Mass Spectrometer, and CO2ff concentrations were calculated based on mass balance equations. The results showed that the CO2ff mixing ratio ranged from 15.9 to 25.0 ppm (part per million, equivalent to μmol mol−1), with an average of 20.5 ppm in 2013. The range of measured values became larger in 2014, from 13.9 ppm to 33.1 ppm, with an average of 23.5 ppm. The differences among the average CO2ff concentrations between the central area and outer urban areas were not statistically significant. Although the year-to-year variation of the CO2ff concentration was significant (P < 0.01), there was a distinctly low CO2ff value observed in the northeast corner of the city. CO2ff emissions from vehicle exhaust and residential sources appeared to be more significant than two thermal power plants, according to our observed CO2ff spatial distribution. The variation of pollution source transport recorded in our observations was likely controlled by southwesterly winds. These results could assist in the optimal placement of regional CO2 monitoring stations, and benefit the local government in the implementation of efficient carbon emission reduction measures.

Driving forces of China's multisector CO2 emissions: a Log-Mean Divisia Index decomposition.

To figure out which factor contributes more on carbon emissions caused by energy consumption, this research took multisector analysis based on the Log-Mean Divisia Index Method (LMDI) and decoupling theory to assess the driving factors of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in China's six sectors from 2003 to 2016. Our empirical results reveal that China's economy can be divided as three decoupling stages and exhibited a distinct tendency toward strong decoupling with a turning point in 2008. Thus, we discuss the impact of 2008 economic crisis on carbon emissions based on decomposition results. The empirical results of our study show the following five conclusions. (1) Most sectors in China are in weak decoupling state due to the inhibition of energy intensity on carbon emissions. (2) Different factors contribute differently to reducing emissions in different sectors, economic output has the most prominent effect, followed by energy intensity and population scale. (3) China's current carbon emission reduction measures benefit more on energy efficiency. (4) The economic crisis has greatly reduced energy efficiency and has no significant impact on other factors. (5) If all industries adjust their energy mix, carbon emissions in China can be reduced by almost 17% every year.

Spatiotemporal variations of cultivated land use efficiency in the Yangtze River Economic Belt based on carbon emission constraints

In this study, the carbon emissions (CEs) from cultivated land (CL) were included as an undesirable output in the utilization efficiency of such land. A slack-based model was used to calculate the CL use efficiency (CLUE) for 11 provinces and cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) from 2007 to 2016, and then a kernel density estimation map was drawn to analyze the spatiotemporal variations of CLUE. The Tobit model was also employed to analyze the factors affecting the CLUE. The results show the following. 1) In the YREB, the CEs from CL showed a rising and then a slowly decreasing trend. In this paper, we calculate CEs by carbon emission factors and major carbon sources, and the CEs from CL in the YREB totaled 25.2354 million tons in 2007. By 2014, the value had increased gradually to 28.4400 million tons, and by 2016 it had declined to 27.8922 million tons, suggesting that the carbon-emission reduction measures of the government had an impact. 2) The CLUE of various provinces and cities in the YREB showed an upward trend in the time dimension, while for the spatial dimension, the kernel density was high in the east and low in the west, and the areas with high kernel density were mainly located in the Yangtze River Delta. 3) The per capita gross domestic product, the primary industrial output, and the number of agricultural technicians per 10,000 people had positive effects on the CLUE. The CL area per capita and the electrical power per hectare for agricultural machinery had significant negative impacts on CLUE. In addition, every 1% increase in the number of agricultural technicians increased the CLUE by 0.057%.

Cost-Sharing Mechanisms for A Wood Forest Product Supply Chain under Carbon Cap-and-Trade

We consider a wood forest product supply chain consisting of a forestry company and a wood forest products manufacturer, where the forestry company produces timber and forestry carbon sinks, and the manufacturer consumes timber and carbon emission rights. A Stackelberg model is adopted to investigate the forest scale and carbon emission reduction decisions of the supply chain. We design and analyze the carbon emission reduction cost-sharing (ERCS) mechanism and carbon sink cost-sharing (SCS) mechanism, respectively. The result shows that both contracts can help the wood forest product supply chain to achieve higher profits. The ERCS mechanism may encourage the manufacturer to increase emission reduction level and the forestry company to expand the forest scale. The SCS mechanism is beneficial to the expansion of carbon sink forests; however, it may lead to the manufacturer decreasing investment in carbon emission reduction measures.

Assessment of emission scenarios for 2030 and impacts of black carbon emission reduction measures on air quality and radiative forcing in Southeast Asia

Abstract. Our previously published paper (Permadi et al. 2018) focused on the preparation of emission input data and evaluation of WRF–CHIMERE performance in 2007. This paper details the impact assessment of the future (2030) black carbon (BC) emission reduction measures for Southeast Asia (SEA) countries on air quality, health and BC direct radiative forcing (DRF). The business as usual (BAU2030) projected emissions from the base year of 2007 (BY2007), assuming “no intervention” with the linear projection of the emissions based on the past activity data for Indonesia and Thailand and the sectoral GDP growth for other countries. The RED2030 featured measures to cut down emissions in major four source sectors in Indonesia and Thailand (road transport, residential cooking, industry, biomass open burning) while for other countries the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) emissions were assumed. WRF–CHIMERE simulated levels of aerosol species under BAU2030 and RED2030 for the modeling domain using the base year meteorology and 2030 boundary conditions from LMDZ-INCA. The extended aerosol optical depth module (AODEM) calculated the total columnar AOD and BC AOD for all scenarios with an assumption on the internal mixing state. Under RED2030, the health benefits were analyzed in terms of the number of avoided premature deaths associated with ambient PM2.5 reduction along with BC DRF reduction. Under BAU2030, the average number of the premature deaths per 100 000 people in the SEA domain would increase by 30 from BY2007 while under RED2030 the premature deaths would be cut down (avoided) by 63 from RED2030. In 2007, the maximum annual average BC DRF in the SEA countries was 0.98 W m−2, which would increase to 2.0 W m−2 under BAU2030 and 1.4 W m−2 under RED2030. Substantial impacts on human health and BC DRF reduction in SEA could result from the emission measures incorporated in RED2030. Future works should consider other impacts, such as for agricultural crop production, and the cost–benefit analysis of the measures' implementation to provide relevant information for policy making.

The Calculation of Product Carbon Footprint and Optimization Design

With more and more governments and organizations taking Carbon Footprint as the measure of greenhouse gas emission, the study about the calculation of carbon footprint has become a hot spot. The paper analyzed the carbon footprint in different stages of a product life circle, including manufacturing, transporting, using and disposing and also studied the part contributing the largest carbon emission. Especially in the calculation of carbon emission of manufacturing stage, recursive call algorithm was applied. The optimization design model of carbon footprint was also depicted. All the work this paper had undertaken facilitates to formulate specific carbon emission reduction measures.