Carbon Emission Issues Research Articles

The Issue of Low Carbon Emission in Religious Shows on Indonesian Television

This Article is written based on the research “Religious Show as Cultural Production Field: Study of Mamah dan Aa Beraksi TV program on Urban Indonesian TV Channel Indosiar”. This research based on assumption that religious show as cultural products are generated in an autonomous domain involving actors - production teams, creative teams, preachers, emcees and audiences. Using ethnographic methods, through close observation, this research finds that the religious show indicate the logic interpretation of religious criteria represented by the preachers, and the market criteria which the production team is responsible for. Both of these criteria are mixed in producing religious show. On that context, the theme of low carbon emission has succeeded in entering as a theme that meets market and religious criteria. From the market side, this theme has relevance with the protection of a greater public interest. Meanwhile, in terms of religious criteria, bringing the issue of low carbon emission into religious shows is the same as carrying out a religious mission to reduce the negative impact of bubble carbon.

Linear Regression Model to Identify the Factors Associated with Carbon Stock in Chure Forest of Nepal.

Use of woody plants for greenhouse gas mitigation has led to the demand for rapid cost-effective estimation of forest carbon stock and related factors. This study aims to assess the factors associated with carbon stock in Chure forest of Nepal. The data were obtained from Department of Forest Research and Survey (DFRS) of Nepal. A multiple linear regression model and then sum contrasts were used to observe the association between variables such as stem volume, diameter at breast height, altitude, districts, number of trees per plot, and ownership of the forest. 95% confidence interval (CI) plots were drawn for comparing the adjusted carbon stocks with each of the factors and with the overall carbon stock. The linear regression showed a good fit of the model (adjusted R2 = 83.75%) with the results that the stem volume (sv), diameter at breast height (dbh), and the number of trees per plot showed statistically significant (p value ≤ 0.05) positive association with carbon stock. The highest carbon stock was associated with sv more than 199 m3/ha, average dbh more than 43.3 cm/plot, and number of trees more than 20/plot, whereas the altitude, geographical location, and ownership had no statistical associations at all. The results can be of use to the government for enhancing carbon stock in Chure that supports both natural resource conservation and United Nations-Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation program to mitigate carbon emission issues.

Women in the boardroom and their impact on climate change related disclosure

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the relationship between gender diversity and the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) score/index. Specifically, the study describes extant research on theoretical perspectives, and the impact of women on corporate boards (WOBs) on carbon emission issues in the global perspective.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses the carbon disclosure scores of the CDP from 2011 to 2013 (inclusive). A total observation for the three-year periods is 1,175 companies. However, based on data availability for the model, the sample size totals 331 companies in 33 countries with firms in 12 geographical locations. The authors used a model which is estimated using the fixed-effects estimator.FindingsThe outcomes of the study reveal that there is a positive relationship between gender diversity (WOB) and carbon disclosure information. In addition to establishing a relationship between CDP score and other control variables, this study also found a relationship with Board size, asset size, energy consumption and Tobin’s Q, which is common in the existing literature.Research limitations/implicationsThe limitations of the study mostly revolve around samples and the time period. To further test the generalizability and cross-sectional validity of the outcomes, it is suggested that the proposed framework be tested in more socially responsible firms.Practical implicationsThere are increasing pressures for WOBs from diverse stakeholders, such as the European Commission, national governments, politicians, employer lobby groups, shareholders, Fortune and Financial Times Stock Exchange (FTSE) rankings and best places for women to work lists. The study offers insights to policy makers implementing gender quota legislation.Originality/valueThe study has important implications for putting into practice good corporate governance and, in particular, gender diversity. The outcomes of the analyses advocate that companies that included women directors and had a smaller board size may expect to achieve a higher level of carbon emission performance and to voluntarily disclose the level of carbon information assessment requested by the CDP.

An Improved Vegetation Adjusted Nighttime Light Urban Index and Its Application in Quantifying Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Carbon Emissions in China

Nighttime Light (NTL) has been widely used as a proxy of many socio-environmental issues. However, the limited range of sensor radiance of NTL prevents its further application and estimation accuracy. To improve the performance, we developed an improved Vegetation Adjusted Nighttime light Urban Index (VANUI) through fusing multi-year NTL with population density, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and water body data and applied it to fine-scaled carbon emission analysis in China. The results proved that our proposed index could reflect more spatial variation of human activities. It is also prominent in reducing the carbon modeling error at the inter-city level and distinguishing the emission heterogeneity at the intra-city level. Between 1995 and 2013, CO2 emissions increased significantly in China, but were distributed unevenly in space with high density emissions mainly located in metropolitan areas and provincial capitals. In addition to Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, the Yangzi River Delta and the Pearl River Delta, the Shandong Peninsula has become a new emission hotspot that needs special attention in carbon mitigation. The improved VANUI and its application to the carbon emission issue not only broadened our understanding of the spatiotemporal dynamics of fine-scaled CO2 emission, but also provided implications for low-carbon and sustainable development plans.

A system dynamics model for industrial carbon emissions in Baoding

ABSTRACTBaoding, as one of the first batch of low-carbon pilot cities and heavily industrial energy consumers, faces more responsibilities to adjust industrial structure and mitigate carbon emissions. The purpose of this study is aimed at predicting and comparing industrial carbon emissions of Baoding in 11 scenarios under different policy focus, and then providing emission-cutting recommendations. In view of various scenarios issues, system dynamics has been applied to predict and simulate. To begin with, the model has been established following the step of causal loop diagram and stock flow diagram. Moreover, before we employ the model to predict and simulate, historical test is adopted via the comparison of simulated data and historical data in 2005–2013. Besides, this paper decomposes scenarios factors into energy structure, high-energy-consumption enterprises and growth rate of industrial output. The simulation results show that the prospect of carbon-emission issues in Baoding is not cheerful. Hence, some recommendations about low-carbon mode in Baoding’s industrial carbon emissions have been proposed according to simulation results.

Low carbon chance constrained supply chain network design problem: a Benders decomposition based approach

This paper proposes a chance constrained based green supply chain network design model addressing carbon emissions and carbon trading issues. The model determines the optimal flow of materials as well as emissions across the supply chain network. The basic model has been further extended into two models addressing different carbon emission issues. This study has contributed to the body of existing green supply chain literature through addressing uncertainties of suppliers’ capacities, plants’ capacities, warehouses’ capacities and demand for sustainable supply chain network design problem. This study applies Benders decomposition algorithm to handle chance constrained sustainable supply chain network design problem. The proposed models are illustrated with suitable examples and results are carefully analyzed and discussed. The results demonstrated that the flow of materials across the supply chain network varies with the change of the probability as well as carbon credit price. The number of openings of the plants is also influenced with the change of carbon credit price. Similarly, variable cost and variable emissions have been found increased and decreased, respectively with the increase of carbon credit price for the base model. The model is also equipped with dissimilar carbon prices for handling cap and trade scenario. This paper may help managers to deal uncertainties as well as managing emissions of a supply chain network.

The Environmentally Conscious Consumption in Morocco: Myth or Reality

Morocco has adopted significant measures to enhance the social equity and people’s well-being. Large projects have been launched to reduce the issue of carbon emissions and preserve the environment from pollution and deterioration. Green consumption has also been considered as a major pillar of sustainable development, as it contributes to the safeguard of the environment through friendly behavior. This article examines the environmentally conscious consumption in Morocco through the Information Display Board (IDB) method. The research aims at finding whether green buying belongs to the Moroccan lifestyle given the appropriate conditions, or only a myth that has been brought up to complete the whole picture of Moroccan environmentalism. The IDB method allows the understanding of the way in which someone (the decision maker) gathers information and uses it in his/her decision process. Through the IDB method, a so-called realistic experimental situation has been created to track Moroccans’ purchase decisions regarding an eco-product versus a non-eco product. The present article has uncovered the lack of concern Moroccans have towards the environment, the products’ price is ultimately the deciding factor. The implications of the results of the environmentally conscious consumption in Morocco are discussed at the end of the paper. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2015.v4n3s1p34

Use of Management Accounting Practices in Carbon Emission Management: Evidence from Australian Companies

This study examines the use of management accounting practices by companies in managing carbon emission issues. The sample consists of 69 Australian companies that participated in the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) 2009 survey. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses of survey responses are conducted. In this investigation, relative absence of the use of accounting practices was uncovered. Given that the companies examined were large companies and the majority of them operated in carbon intensive or climate change exposed sectors, it is likely that this under-utilisation of accounting practices translates into a corresponding under-performance in carbon emission management. Acknowledgement: This paper is drawn from Kumarasiri's (2015) unpublished PhD thesis.

Recent Development of Bioenergy and Biorefinery in China

Although energy was used throughout the history of human culture, the burst of energy production and consumption coincided with the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution. The transition from hand production methods to machines, the increasing exploration and use of fossil-derived fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gas, shale fuel) made it possible to production of energy in large quantities. The majority of global energy supply still relies on traditional fossil based energy, with abundant fossil feedstock, well-understood technologies, and significant advantages in economy and scale. However, the traditional energy industry is now being challenged by sustainability of feedstock supply and environmental pressures, especially for carbon emission issues. Reduce the use of fossil fuels and replace them by renewable energies has been widely accepted by scientists, businesses and governors. Up to date, alternative renewable energy can be industrially produced via an extensive range of processes and sources like solar, wind, hydro, nuclear and bioenergy. According to the data of World Bioenergy Association (www. worldbioenergy.org), bioenergy has now been the largest global renewable energy supply which only below the traditional fossil energy. China has abundant biomass resources to about 0.4 billion tons per year - if totally utilized the bioenergy can satisfy 10% of total energy consumption in China. However, the current utilization of bioenergy in China is of low efficiency: with immature technologies, in small production scales and hard to satisfy the market demands. For example, in global level, the final energy from biomass is bioheat, followed by transport fuels (mainly as corn/cellulose ethanol, biodiesel) and electricity. While in China, bioelectricity is the main form of bioenergy, large quantities of biomass are not efficiently utilized. Straw burning can be widely seen in agriculture area at harvesting season, which not only waste the valuable bioresources but also cause severe air pollution. Currently, national projects are prompted in research and pilot level to improve the quantity and quality of Chinese bioenergy framework. Integrated production process for both bioheat and electricity was developed in recent years which aimed to improve the conversion efficiency of bioenergy. Super biogas projects are prompted in many regions where has abundant biomass resources. Second generation bio-ethanol is in pilot scale production, which utilizes the non-food agriculture waste like the corncobs. Moreover, biorefinery and bioconversion of the biomass to value added products are in early stages of development. Exploration of advanced bio-fuels and value-added chemical building blocks using modern techniques are future trends in the business of bioenergy and biorefinery. A variety of bio-, chemo- processes may be integrated in convertion of the biomass to the complex products. For example, Sinopec, one of the Chinese leading chemical companies, has explored 1 st generation of bio-jet fuel, which is made from waste cooking oil via a variety of chemical processing techniques. Similar projects are in fast developing by industries as well as the research institutes. It is hard to answer what is the future of bioenergy and biorefinery in China. As nobody in the last century can predict the scale and the diversity of the relative business of bioenergy in nowadays. But this industry will have a promising future: a seemingly infinite and renewable bio- resources in our lands, huge members of industries, governments and research institutes are eager to contribute their endeavors in this fast developing field, and more discoveries and modern techniques will be unfolded in the near future. We will walk a long way to fill in the gap between pioneering projects and conceptions and the practical scale-up application in this field. Citation: Xian, M. (2015). Recent Development of Bioenergy and Biorefinery in China. Trends in Renewable Energy, 1(3), 129-130. DOI: 10.17737/tre.2015.1.3.0015

Driving cycle developments and their impacts on energy consumption of transportation

One of the most significant current discussions in climate change is around the issue of low carbon emission and its effect on human health. It is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore the transport share of world emissions. Recent developments in this field have heightened the need for Driving Cycle establishment in order to understand and reduce vehicle emissions. However, a major problem with this Driving Cycle characteristic is that it varies from one city to another due to the type of principle activities (industrial, agricultural) present. Therefore, individual testing is necessary for each region in order to establish a representative tool for Local Authorities to identify the air quality in terms of traffic emissions.To date, there has been little discussion about Driving Cycle developments, so in this paper, experimental studies, which predict sufficient parameters in driving cycle modelling, were summarized in the literature review and gave comprehensive feedback to the field for further investigations. Subsequently, the author presented a simple method for establishing the driving cycle, and estimating vehicle emission. As COPERT software is one of the most commonly deployed tools in Europe, the methodology involved a formula that is being obtained from COPERT. Later this formula is being used in a program which makes use of bulk traffic movements and average vehicle speeds in order to estimate emissions. The combination of On-board diagnostic data extraction incorporated in all modern passenger cars and program used to allow real world vehicular activities to be recorded, in order to better estimate the contribution of private cars to local emissions inventories. Representative driving cycles reflecting the real-world driving conditions of two cities were proposed and estimated vehicle emissions were compared with measured results.

Household energy consumption and carbon emissions for sustainable cities – A critical review of modelling approaches

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to conduct a review of how household energy consumption and carbon emissions (HECCE) modelling paradigms have evolved over the years. This is achieved by adopting the literature review methodology for the study. The paper first reviewed the previous studies that are serving as the theoretical framework underpinning the HECCE models. Further to this, the paper identified an array of energy models that have evolved over the years together with their capability of analysing energy consumption and their associated carbon emission trends in housing sector of the economy. The results of the study showed that econometric (mainly top-down), building physics, and statistical (mainly bottom-up) methods are the existing approaches that have found application in modelling HECCE issues. However, a number of limitations were noticed in these existing modelling techniques. These are (1) lack of transparency in the model algorithms, (2) inability to account for the complex, interdependencies, and dynamic nature of the issue of energy consumption and carbon emissions, (3) limited evidence to show for the occupants–dwelling interactions, and (4) lack of enough capacity to accommodate qualitative data input. And as such, the study concluded that there is the need to scout for more robust and sophisticated modelling approaches that take into consideration the kind of complexity involved in issues relating to HECCE.

Carbon Sequestration Rate Modelling System for Hotel and Resort Green Spaces

Carbon dioxide (CO2) emission in urban area is high due to the presence of numerous emission sources in a confined space. Urban building management team such as urban hotel have to tackle this critical issue in order to maintain their hotel environmental quality. Increasing carbon rate in hotel atmosphere will distress the environment quality and will lead to serious global warming and other associated terrifying consequences. Landscape plant materials perhaps can provide a green solution to urban hotel carbon emission issue. Plant materials are natural agents for carbon dioxide sequestration, as well as other greenhouse gases. By proposing precise numbers of green area in a building, sufficient amount of carbon can be sequestered from the air. Corresponding to this phenomenon, various methodologies for trees as carbon sequestration calculations evolving and emerging as an important tool for greenhouse gas management. Conversely, study which concentrate on carbon sequestration calculation rate based on a single hotel building is still ambiguous. Therefore, this research will take a step forward by exploring the potential of carbon sequestration rate modelling and calculator for landscape plant materials at hotel buildings.

Sustainable energy options for a low carbon demonstration city project in Shenzhen, China

Urban areas are the key drivers of energy usage and the associated carbon emissions. Due to the rapid economic development and urbanization process, China has faced increasing pressure on energy supply and carbon emission issues. It is urgent for China to change from the current coal-based high carbon intensity power supply structure. In this context, China has planned to utilize an undeveloped area in Shenzhen to become a low-carbon development demonstration project. The purpose of this paper is to propose the best combination of technology for electricity generation, involving a mix of renewable energy resources, to satisfy electrical needs and, at the same time, minimize carbon emissions from power generation in the low carbon demonstration area. The optimal renewable energy system configuration was determined based on the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable model. The simulation results show that costs of energy for the three scenarios considered are $0.187/kW h, $0.128/kW h, and $0.150/kW h, respectively; annual carbon emissions for the three scenarios are 96 702 tons, 89 836 tons, and 78 065 tons, respectively. Given the economic advantage, scenario 2 is a suitable choice for the first phase of the international low carbon city (ILCC). With reinforced carbon emissions controls and a rising carbon allowance price, scenario 3 can be adopted in the second and third phase of the ILCC construction.

Carbon reduction knowledge and environmental consciousness in Taiwan

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine people’s knowledge about carbon reduction, environmental consciousness, carbon reduction intentions, and behaviours in Taiwan. The importance of this study is to reveal whether individuals with higher carbon reduction knowledge level have higher carbon reduction intentions and further take actions. Design/methodology/approach – In total, eight questions about the causes and facts of carbon emissions were designed to examine respondents’ levels of knowledge. The New Ecological Paradigm Scale was utilised to measure respondents’ attitudes towards the environment and further to examine how those attitudes were linked to knowledge. Ten questions related to carbon reduction intentions in food consumption, transportation, energy saving, recycling and shopping were designed, another set of ten questions related to carbon reduction behaviours were included in the questionnaire. A formal survey using personal interviews was administered in Taipei, Taiwan following the age and gender distributions of the population. Findings – Findings in this study indicate that people with higher knowledge levels about carbon reduction have a stronger environmental consciousness; however, they tend to have higher intentions in carbon reduction but not in actions. Findings in this study reveal that knowledge levels about carbon reduction cannot be used as indicators of carbon reduction behaviours. Practical implications – The findings in this study provide information for the veracity of the general public with relatively high education levels and are aware of the severity of the carbon emission issue in Taiwan but not motivated to take actions in carbon reduction. Implications of this study are that although enhancing the general public’s environmental consciousness by building up their relevant knowledge of carbon reduction through education can be essential, encourage individuals to make environmentally friendly purchasing decisions, reduce energy consumption and waste, recycle, and be conservative with materials not easily decomposed naturally is fundamental. Originality/value – Due to the fact that people living on islands and in densely populated coastal areas are those affected by climate changes severely, findings in this study provide valuable information for the education of the general public in Taiwan and other countries in the region.

FUZZY MULTI-OBJECTIVE MODEL FOR SUPPLIER SELECTION CONSIDERING MULTIPLE PRODUCTS IN LOW CARBON SUPPLY CHAIN

Today companies are facing more and more with pressures for reducing carbon emissions, as a consequence of the development of the green movement and because materials continue to generate very large impacts on carbon emissions. In this context, supplier selection is one of the most vital components in purchasing management, which becomes more and more important. However, most of the earlier researchers have not paid enough attention to supplier selection in low carbon supply chain. Moreover, many criteria may conflict with each other in the selection process since sometimes information is uncertain. As a consequence, decision-making process becomes a difficult task and new supports are necessary in order to update the databases for decision-makers. In this paper, we continue our research in this area by developing and improving a fuzzy multi-objective supplier selection model so as to overcome the carbon emission issue and the uncertainty of the input information. A numerical example is presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed model.

Disguised Carbon Tariff: Concept and Its Governance

Carbon tariff is a trade issue that is of great concern among the international community. The South and the North have big disputes on this issue because of the trade interests attached to it. Developing countries oppose to almost any policies and measures concerning carbon tariff. Hence, some countries seek alternative approaches to achieve similar effects of carbon tariff through more covert technical approaches, such as setting up production standards, carbon labeling, etc. This paper summarizes these covert approaches as "disguised carbon tariff", and defines them as policies and measures that can achieve similar effects as carbon tariff. These disguised carbon tariffs, although not levied at borders, impose the same restrictions on export products and services from developing countries. Disguised carbon tariff has diverse forms, existing in different regions, and has evolved into different new kinds. The governance of disguised carbon tariff requires reinforcing the leading position of the UNFCCC on the issue of carbon emission governance. Relevant international discussions on carbon emission issues should give high priority and respect to the principles in the UNFCCC, especially the "common but differentiated responsibilities" principle. Responsibilities and obligations between the developed and developing countries on tackling climate change should be treated differently. And an international cooperation model that is based on mutual trust between the South and the North should be established to achieve good environmental and climate governance.

周边不同生境条件对茶园蜘蛛群落及叶蝉种群时空结构的影响

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 周边不同生境条件对茶园蜘蛛群落及叶蝉种群时空结构的影响 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201308102054 作者: 作者单位: 广东省农业科学院饮用植物研究所;华南农业大学农业部热带农业环境重点实验室,广东省农业科学院饮用植物研究所,广东省农业科学院饮用植物研究所,广东省农业科学院饮用植物研究所,华南农业大学农业部热带农业环境重点实验室 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家重点基础研究发展计划项目（2011CB100400）；国家科技支撑计划项目（2011BAD01B02-10）；国家茶叶产业技术体系专项（CARS-23）；广东省科技计划项目 （2010B031700029，2011B031400001，2012B040301041，2012B060500005） Effects of the surrounding habitat on the spider community and leafhopper population in tea plantations Author: Affiliation: Drinkable Plants Research Institute,Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences;The Key Lab of Agro-Environment of Tropics, Agriculture Ministry of China, South China Agricultural University,Drinkable Plants Research Institute,Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Drinkable Plants Research Institute,Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Drinkable Plants Research Institute,Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,The Key Lab of Agro-Environment of Tropics,Agriculture Ministry of China,South China Agricultural University Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:为利用天敌实施害虫生态控制，田间调查了周边不同生境条件对茶园蜘蛛及叶蝉种群结构的影响。结果表明：小乔木生境茶园（Ⅰ）和相思树生境茶园（Ⅲ）影响下茶园蜘蛛及叶蝉聚集程度较强，茶园Ⅰ叶蝉聚集数最多，为692 头，但与其他生境茶园间差异不显著（P>0.05）；茶园Ⅲ蜘蛛聚集数量最多，为1155 头，并与稻田生境茶园（Ⅱ）、生活区生境茶园（Ⅳ）的差异达到显著水平（P<0.05）；从蜘蛛功能群聚集情况来看，结网型蜘蛛相对较少，为295 头；游猎型蜘蛛最多，为2957 头；其中，茶园Ⅰ与茶园Ⅲ蜘蛛多样性指数和丰富度数值较大，对叶蝉的跟随效应明显，并与Ⅱ、Ⅳ茶园有显著差异（P<0.05）。多元数据分析结果显示，茶园Ⅰ和茶园Ⅲ均能够明显提高蜘蛛群落聚集的时空分布水平；蜘蛛群落的聚集密度时空分布大小表现为：茶园Ⅰ > 茶园Ⅲ > 茶园Ⅳ > 茶园Ⅱ。由此可知周边生境结构植物丰富和相对稳定的茶园能通过和谐的生态过程影响蜘蛛和叶蝉的时空格局，提高蜘蛛对害虫叶蝉的自然控制能力。 Abstract:The issue of carbon emissions from tea plantations is currently the focus of global attention. The agricultural field ecosystem is a major factor in maintaining a balance, and plays a significant role in counteracting emissions. Our aim was to explore the aggregation indices, individual number, spatial distribution, dynamic occurrence, and principal component of arthropods, and their effects on tea plantations. Field experiments were conducted at the Drinkable Plants Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yingde County, Guangdong, China. Sampling was carried out continuously from January to December, 2009.In order to develop more effective pest control on tea plantations, four plantations were surveyed to quantify the effects of different surrounding habitats on both the pest (the leafhopper, Empoasca vitis Gothe) and predatory spider populations. No pesticides were used on the plantations. The results showed that: (1) The biggest aggregation occurred in the tea plantations surrounded by mixed natural woodland (plantation Ⅰ) or pure Acacia confusa communities (plantation Ⅲ). The greatest numbers of leafhoppers (692) occurred in plantation Ⅰ; however, this value was not significantly different from that found in the other three tea plantations (P>0.05). The number of predatory spiders in plantation Ⅲ (1155) was significantly higher than that found in the other three tea plantations (P<0.05). (2) Analysis of the behavior of all aggregated spider species showed that the number of spiders that remained in their webs was relatively small (295), which is significantly less than the 2957 spiders that were observed moving. The diversity index and species-rich value were both highest in plantations Ⅰ and Ⅲ. This had an obvious effect on leafhopper numbers, which were significantly higher than those found in plantations close to paddy fields (plantation Ⅱ) or to a village (plantation Ⅳ). Both predatory spiders and leafhoppers showed aggregated distribution, caused by their own biological habits and the common environment; different ways of managing habitats lead to significant differences in the size and diversity of the spider communities and the size of the leafhopper population. (3) Multivariate data analysis showed that the comprehensive distribution characteristics of the spider communities-both in time and space-had the potential for significant improvement in plantations Ⅰ and Ⅲ, over those in plantations Ⅱ and Ⅳ (P<0.05). These data enabled the behavior of predatory spiders in tracking their leafhopper prey to be examined. The aggregation density of spiders in the tea plantations was: plantation Ⅰ (close to mixed natural woodland) > plantation Ⅲ (close to pure Acacia confusa communities) > plantation Ⅳ (close to a village) > plantation Ⅱ (close to paddy fields). These results indicate that the habitat surrounding a tea plantation, being a relatively stable and complex structure, affects the spatial and temporal pattern of both leafhopper and spider populations through ecological processes. This leads to an increase in the quantity of spiders moving about on the tea trees, which creates a synergistic effect of leafhopper capture, hence improving the ability of predatory spiders to control leafhopper numbers. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Exploring the Effects of Personal Carbon Trading (PCT) System on Carbon Emission and Health Issues: A Preliminary Study on the Norfolk Island

The Norfolk Island Carbon and Health Evaluation (NICHE) Program is a project to trial the effects of a Personal Carbon Trading (PCT) system aimed at reducing carbon emissions and obesity related behaviours. This paper reports on a series of factor analyses designed to test attitudinal associations from a baseline survey carried out on the island. A self-completed questionnaire was offered to a randomly selected adult in each of the 800 households on Norfolk Island in the South Pacific. This was the first part of a three-tiered baseline survey of the island following the WHO STEPS approach. Items designed to measure attitudes to obesity, global warming/climate change, and the process of Personal Carbon Trading were factor analysed using Principal Axis Factoring (PAF). Correlations between the derived factors and other variables from the study were then examined. Three main The International Technology Management Review, Vol. 4 (2014), No. 1, 1-11 Published by Atlantis Press Copyright: the authors 1

Indirect Carbon Emission Measurement of Electric Vehicle in China

The issue of carbon emissions by electric vehicle(EV) was studied using life cycle theory, and the work provided decision basis for creating China’s CO2 emission standards for auto. The results show that the carbon equivalent emission of coal-fired generation side per unit electricity consumed by EV is lower than the level of normal passenger car in China, but still higher than the forced limit on auto emission within the EU.

Evaluation of forest growth and carbon stock in forestry projects by system dynamics

Brazil is one of the largest producers of eucalyptus that is used for manufacturing pulp and paper; this contributes directly to the issue of carbon emissions. Reforestation of eucalyptus appears as a viable alternative for mitigating these carbon emissions, leveraging their high productivity to that of other leading countries in the market, such as Finland and Sweden. This study aims to develop a model for monitoring and evaluating forest growth and quantifying wood stocks and sequestered carbon. System dynamics was used to simulate forest growth. Forest growth was modeled from eight regions with dissimilar edaphoclimatic characteristics, in the state of Minas Gerais, in Brazil. The model was sensitive enough to the characteristics of the regions, where the difference in forest stocks was 45.1% at the end of 30 years in a harvest cycle of 7 years. It was found that the typical harvest cycle in practice by leading companies did not always yield a higher sequestered CO2 accumulated stock. By shortening the harvest cycle, it was possible to obtain a gain of up to 21.0% in the sequestered CO2 stock.