Calculation Of Carbon Emissions Research Articles

Evaluation of Contribution to Greenhouse Gas Reduction and Economic Benefits of Livestock Manure based Solid Fuel

Objectives : In the context where the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from livestock manure (LSM) account for more than half of the GHG emissions in the livestock sector, it is necessary to find alternatives to composting due to the decrease in agricultural land. This study aims to calculate the GHG reduction contribution and economic benefits when converting LSM into solid fuel as an alternative to traditional composting.Methods : The study compares the results of converting the entire LSM generated domestically into solid fuel replacing it with hard coal for fuel (HC-F), bituminous coal for raw materials (BC-R), bituminous coal for fuel (BC-F). The GHG reduction contribution is calculated following the domestic GHG inventory methodology, using the IPCC guidelines and the method for calculating carbon emission reduction effects. For the assessment of economic benefits, were evaluated by aggregating the impacts of reducing coal imports and GHG reduction benefits in line with EU-ETS standards. Economic benefits are assessed by combining the effects of avoiding coal imports and the GHG reduction benefits according to the EU-ETS.Results and Discussion : The GHG reduction effect was found to be highest when replacing with HC-F, and this is attributed to the lower heating value and higher GHG emission coefficient of HC-F compared to BC-R, and BC-F, indicating that the substitution with HC-F is most effective in terms of import avoidance. If 20% of the annual coal consumption in 2022 is replaced with solid fuel from LSM, the GHG reduction effects for coal substitution are 1.4% for HC-F, 2.1% for BC-R, and 1.9% for BC-F based on the LSM generation CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from biomass fuel are considered climate-neutral and are excluded from the national total emissions. Solid fuel from LSM serves as an alternative in addressing the GHG generated during the LSM treatment process, contributing to potential reduction. If all generated LSM is replaced with HC-F, BC-R, or BC-F, there are respective GHG reduction effects of 13,193,591 tGHG, 11,320,572 tGHG, and 11,226,331 tGHG.Conclusion In 2018, the livestock sector accounted for approximately 42% of the GHG emissions in the agricultural sector, totaling 9.4 million tCO<sub>2</sub> eq. Assuming the complete conversion of LSM into solid fuel for coal substitution, regardless of the type of coal replaced, it offsets the entire GHG emissions from the agricultural sector. Currently, there is limited demand for the conversion of LSM into solid fuel due to a lack of proof and awareness, but with some coal-fired power plants scheduled for partial shutdown and the government considering energy options for LSM, a promising stage is anticipated in the future for the substitution and expanded use of solid fuel from LSM in place of coal in the coal fuel. Although it may not be possible to entirely replace the coal used in power plants and steel mills with solid fuel from LSM, it can be utilized by increasing the proportion of coal blending. However, even if not reported in the national GHG inventory, the treatment of pollutants generated by solid fuel combustion remains an ongoing challenge. As solid fuel becomes more commonplace in the future, a comprehensive assessment of the entire process, including potential environmental impacts throughout the life cycle, will be necessary to establish a basis for GHG reduction measures.

Study on the benefit analysis based on whole life cycle carbon emission calculation after the construction of photovoltaic systems in macau's construction waste landfills

This study seeks to assess both environmental and economic effects associated with installing photovoltaic systems within construction waste landfills in Macau by employing an effective carbon emissions calculation methodology and benefit analysis method. Beginning by outlining characteristics and challenges associated with construction waste landfills, as well as photovoltaic systems used for this application in this paper. Here, we present a detailed outline of our methodology design, outlining its principles of life cycle analysis, data collection processes and the creation of carbon emissions calculation models. Subsequently, we examine photovoltaic systems within Macau's construction waste landfills by studying system design, component selection and operational strategies as well as carbon emission data collection during their operational time period. Under life cycle carbon emissions calculations, we assess the carbon emissions generated from photovoltaic systems as well as conduct an environmental and economic benefit analysis for carbon reduction benefit analysis purposes. This research incorporates sensitivity analysis and uncertainty consideration in order to conduct an extensive benefit analysis. The research results offer strong support for sustainable photovoltaic systems within Macau waste landfills as well as insights to inform planning and policy formation for similar future projects.

Carbon emission calculation of three biological nitrogen removal processes: A case of rare earth element tailings wastewater in Southern Jiangxi, China

Global warming has been caused by greenhouse gases (GHGs) released by human activity. Traditional sewage treatment uses much energy to achieve discharge limits in the water treatment industry, producing many GHG emissions. In this study, the emission factor approach and mass balance method are used to calculate the carbon emission equivalent of nitrification and denitrification, anaerobic ammonia oxidation, and microalgae assimilation using a rare earth tailings (REEs) wastewater example. The results show that, among the three denitrification processes, the traditional nitrification and denitrification method has the greatest carbon emission equivalent (16.23 kgCO2/kgN). Direct causes include N2O emissions, which account for 48 % of the total carbon emission equivalent. The anaerobic ammonia oxidation process produces the carbon dioxide equivalent of 0.02 kgCO2/kgN. Carbon emission comparable to microalgal assimilation is −3.23 kgCO2/kgN. The anaerobic ammonia oxidation process can thus greatly reduce carbon emissions when compared to the conventional nitrification and denitrification processes, whilst microalgae assimilation can result in negative carbon emissions.

O22: Postoperative Telemedicine is feasible and sustainable; a prospective life-cycle assessment approach to carbon footprint analysis

Abstract Introduction The NHS must provide a net zero service by 2045. Innovative strategies are required to quantify, evaluate and implement environmentally friendly interventions into practice. The study evaluates the feasibility and sustainability of remote post-operative follow-up using novel methodology. Methods Patients were reviewed remotely and face-to-face at 30 days post-operatively. A prospective life-cycle assessment(LCA) approach to carbon footprint analysis was used to calculate carbon emissions kgCO2e. Patient postcodes were applied to conversion factors to calculate travel emissions. Median(IQR) kgCO2e saved were presented. Carbon offsetting values are based on kgCO2e sequestered by a standardised UK variety tree. Results 31 participants(M:F 2.4, 66.7±11.7 years) were included. The median return distance for patient travel was 42.5km(7.2-58.7). Median reduction using remote follow-up was 41.2 kgCO2e(24.5-80.3) per patient(P<0.001). Using remote follow-up is equivalent to planting 1 tree for every 6.9 patients reviewed. Every readmission with SSI results in an additional 1219.93 kgCO2e. Discussion This model shows that the prospective LCA approach is achievable. Implementation of an asynchronous follow-up model is effective in substantially reducing the carbon footprint of a tertiary vascular surgical centre. Further work is needed to corroborate these findings on a larger scale and incorporate kgCO2e into cost analysis of SSI monitoring strategies.

Case study on carbon emission of a traditional Chinese medicine pharmaceutical enterprise toward carbon neutrality

Against the backdrop of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, traditional Chinese medicine pharmaceutical enterprises (TCMPE) with high energy consumption are facing a significant challenge in reducing carbon emissions. It is of great significance to conduct detailed carbon emission accounting and develop corresponding emission reduction strategies for TCMPE. This study investigated the calculation of carbon emissions from TCMPE, with a case study focusing on the Shangyao Xingling (SYXL) Qingpu Pharmaceutical Base in Shanghai, China. Furthermore, the accounting of carbon emissions within its operational boundaries was conducted. The results indicated that the carbon emissions of the SYXL primarily stemmed from indirect emissions resulting from purchased electricity and heat, accounting for 80.7%. Meanwhile, sewage treatment also generated significant carbon emissions. Gray carbon, blue carbon, and red carbon were used to represent various types of carbon emissions, corresponding to different emission reduction concepts. Energy conservation, efficiency improvement, and the development of renewable energy will be crucial for TCMPE to achieve carbon neutrality. At the same time, some carbon offsets will also be required. Furthermore, the existing issues with the current accounting system were discussed, and pertinent suggestions were proposed.

Research on driving mechanism and prediction of electric power carbon emission in Gansu Province under dual-carbon target

The electric power industry is a key industry for the country to achieve the double carbon target. Its low carbon development has a double effect on this industry and helps other industries to achieve the carbon peak target. This paper firstly uses the IPCC inventory method to calculate carbon emissions in the production phase of the power industry in Gansu Province from 2000 to 2019, followed by the ridge regression method and the STIRPAT model to analyse the quantitative impact of six major drivers on carbon emissions, and finally, the scenario analysis method is used to forecast carbon emissions in this phase. The results show that the carbon emissions of Gansu Province show a trend of rising and then falling, and reached a peak of 65.66 million tons in 2013. For every 1% increase in population effect, urbanisation level, affluence, clean energy generation share, technology level and industrial structure, carbon emissions will grow by 4.939%, 0.625%, 0.224%, − 0.259%, 0.063% and 0.022% respectively. Because of the clean energy advantage in Gansu Province, the low-carbon development scenario will continue to have low carbon emissions during the scenario cycle, which can be reduced to 53.454 million tons in 2030; the baseline scenario will achieve a carbon peak in 2025, with a peak of 62.627 million tons; the economic development scenario has not achieved carbon peak during the scenario cycle, and carbon emissions will increase to 73.223 million tons in 2030.

Multi-objective optimization of machining parameters in complete peripheral milling process with variable curvature workpieces

The mechanism of peripheral milling with variable curvature has yet to be revealed. There is an urgent need to develop a composite optimization approach for the full milling process, including rough and fine machining. The influence of curvature on the energy consumption mechanism in peripheral milling is investigated in this paper. Firstly, the geometric parameters of peripheral milling are analyzed, and the material removal rate calculation method with variable curvature is proposed. The effects of workpiece curvature, machining parameters, and tool wear on energy consumption and surface quality are revealed. Secondly, prediction models for machine tool specific energy and surface roughness are developed in accordance with the examined material removal mechanism. Then, the carbon emission calculation method for the complete peripheral milling process is put forward based on the developed energy consumption mechanism. Finally, a genetic algorithm with elite strategy is used to optimize the multi-dimensional and multi-objective machining parameters. The objective is to achieve the maximum machining efficiency, minimize carbon emissions, and attain excellent surface quality during the complete milling process. The research aims to concurrently optimize machining parameters for rough and fine machining processes, thereby enabling effective and environmentally friendly peripheral milling while maintaining machining quality. The determination coefficient R2 for the proposed model exceeds 0.97, while the average accuracy of predictions surpasses 96 %. The research holds particular importance in providing guidance for peripheral milling operations involving workpieces with variable curvature.

Promoting sustainability in 3D printed sand casting through adaptive sand mold structures

The use of 3D printed sand molds offers a high degree of flexibility in structural design and satisfying customer requirements. The optimization and adjustment of the structure of sand mold module with the required functionality helps to maximize the application potential of binder jet 3D printing technology. In this study, an adaptive sand mold structure design method was proposed to meet the sustainable requirements of 3D printed sand casting. Firstly, the functional modular and module clustering of the sand mold is carried out and then each module is adaptive structure design, to reduce the carbon emission and cost of the 3D printed casting process. Therefore, taking the small casting furnace cover and medium-sized cast engine block as examples, the life cycle framework of the 3D printed sand casting process is established, and the sustainable advantages of the adaptive structure method are explored through the calculation and analysis of carbon emission and cost models. The results show that the adaptive structure method reduces the carbon emissions of the two castings by 9.2% and 11.9%, respectively, and the cost of two castings by 6.7% and 11.1%, respectively. This approach provides more sustainable design ideas for 3D printed sand casting and 3D printed sand mass production.

Carbon Emission Calculation for Heat Treatment Industries

Carbon Emission Calculation for Heat Treatment Industries

Analisis Emisi Karbon di Kesatuan Hidrologi Gambut Sungai Mendahara - Sungai Batanghari

Global Warming Due to Carbon Emissions is a threat to life on earth. According to the World Meteorological Organization, the earth's temperature rose by 1.06 °C to 1.26 °C above pre-industrial levels (1850–1900). According to the IPCC report (2021), the impacts of climate change will reach all regions in the world without exception. Indonesia's commitment to reduce carbon emissions by 29% with its efforts and 41% with international cooperation until 2030. Analysis of land cover uses the Unsupervised Classification, the method for calculating carbon emissions above the surface uses the IPCC method, namely the stock differential and the method for analyzing emissions of peat decomposition uses the Hooijer formula et al. (2006, 2010) with estimated water level from the TMAT BRGM data regression equation with NDWI Landsat 8 values then total carbon emissions by adding emissions from above and below the surface. Based on the results of the analysis of land cover at the research location, the area was dominated by plantations at 37.8%, while the forest area was only 7.9%. Ground carbon emissions average 0.23 Mt CO2-eq per year, below Ground carbon emissions are 9.94 Mt CO2-eq and total carbon emissions are 10.17 Mt CO2-eq with total emissions from 2013 - 2022 of 91.6 Mt CO2-eq Carbon emissions in KHG Sungai Mendahara - Batanghari graphically fluctuate, there is an increase and decrease but tends to increase until 2022 this is due to land conversion and massive land clearing in forest areas and the biggest contributor to carbon emissions from decomposition peatlands.

A Methodology to Evaluate GHG Emissions for Large Sports Events

Determining whether a large sports event is sustainable or not is one of the main objectives of the sports industry in the coming years. Indeed, there are several sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions within a sports event that are not directly controlled by the sports companies but are linked to the event itself. The literature does not offer a standardized methodology for calculating the CO2 emissions of sports events, and consequently, there are different approaches. The objective of this article is to provide an updated state-of-the-art on the topic and to propose an innovative methodology for the calculation of Greenhouse Gas emission of a large sport event. The methodology entails the analysis of purchased goods and services, fuel and energy consumption, waste generation, business travel, and the impact of accommodations. Within the analysis, tools are provided to calculate carbon emissions for each category based on easily understandable data and utilizing reference conversion factors. The research presented in this paper may be useful for professionals in the sector in identifying a comprehensive methodology to quantify greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for a large sports event.

An Exact Approach to the Multi-Compartment Vehicle Routing Problem: The Case of a Fuel Distribution Company

Over the years, the vehicle routing problem has been studied by several authors, creating several extensions, such as the multi-compartment vehicle routing problem. Several studies in the literature have addressed this problem, but few have solved it through exact approaches owing to model convolution. In this way, a mathematical model is proposed for the multi-compartment vehicle routing problem with time windows, in which three types of fuel products are distributed to a set of customers using a limited homogeneous fleet. The model explicitly considers time windows, as well as regulatory rest times for the drivers and time limits for each trip and for working schedules, addressing a real company’s decision support requirements, which is scarce in the literature. The optimal solution determines, for each vehicle, the distribution route and time to carry out the deliveries with the corresponding loading of products to compartments, complemented by the calculation of carbon emissions. The main objective is to minimize the total distance traveled, which corresponds to the sum of the distances traveled by each one of the allocated vehicles. The results allow the assessment of the solution optimization applied to a set of instances for a Portuguese company to evaluate the performance and compare decision support improvements with current baseline company procedures.

Carbon Footprint Reduction Associated With Multidisciplinary Pediatric Airway Clinics: A Program Evaluation Study.

Health care is a significant contributor to the climate crisis. Multidisciplinary clinics (MDC) may reduce carbon emissions by combining multiple appointments into one. This is the first program evaluation study to quantify the carbon footprint associated with multidisciplinary pediatric airway clinics. Retrospective. Children's Hospital at London Health Sciences Center, London, Canada. Pediatric airway MDC allows patients to see otolaryngology and respirology in one appointment. The carbon and financial savings (Canadian Dollars) of all patients attending the MDC from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2022 were calculated. Patient postal codes and institutional parking rates were inputted into the CASCADES carbon accounting tool. Total distance was divided into unsustainable (vehicles) and sustainable (transit, walking, cycling) transportation to calculate carbon emissions. Travel costs included cost/kilometer for vehicles (maintenance, license/registration, insurance, fuel) and costs/ride for transit. A total of 560 MDC appointments for 300 patients saved 77,785 km. Total carbon emissions saved from travel averted was 16.21 tonnes. The total carbon emissions saved, minus public transit, was 15.60 tonnes. Using the Natural Resources Canada Greenhouse Gas Equivalencies Calculator, 16.21 tonnes are approximately equivalent to 5 passenger vehicles, 6906 L of gasoline, 3.8 homes' energy, and 10.8 homes' electricity use for one year, 36.6 barrels of oil consumed, and 675 propane cylinders. Travel costs of $28,891.83 (no parking), $30,519.40 ($4 minimum parking fee), or $33,774.55 ($12 maximum parking fee) were saved. MDC effectively reduced carbon emissions and offered patients financial savings. Similar models can be adapted across institutions to help mitigate climate change.

Innovative measurement, trade-off-synergy relationship and influencing factors for agricultural net carbon emissions and effective supply of agricultural products in China

Sensitive zone of global climate change has been formed in China, and it has become a hot topic how can agriculture ensure food security and the supply of important agricultural products while achieving the “Dual Carbon” goal in the country. Based on such background, this paper uses the IPCC carbon emission calculation method, environmental input-output model and economic-water-carbon coefficient method to measure agricultural net carbon emissions, adopts bivariate spatial auto-correlation analysis and SYS-GMM to explore separately the relationship between agricultural net carbon emissions and effective supply of agricultural products, as well as the carbon reduction effect, growth effect and reasonable range of green technology innovation. The results show that: (1) China's agricultural net carbon emissions reveal a spatial distribution of “higher in the east than in the west than in the center” and a temporal characteristic of increasing year by year; China's effective supply of agricultural products shows an increasing trend and a spatial distribution of “higher in the east than in the center than in the west” in 2006–2012 and “higher in the east than in the west than in the center” in 2013–2020. (2) In 2006, 2010, 2015 and 2020, the number of provinces that belong to low-low agglomeration trade-off zone, low-high agglomeration synergy zone, non-significant zone, high-low agglomeration non-trade-off-synergy zone and high-high agglomeration trade-off zone averagely accounted for 12.500 %, 30.000 %, 26.667 %, 9.167 % and 21.667 % of the totality, respectively. (3) The carbon reduction and production growth effects of green technology innovation both show an inverted “U-shape”, and green technology innovation is conducive to both reducing agricultural net carbon emissions and improving supply of agricultural products when it is within a reasonable range of greater than 0.930. (4) Green technology innovation not only has significant spatial and temporal heterogeneity impact, but also exhibits a differential effect on productive agricultural carbon emissions, agricultural trade carbon emissions, agricultural carbon sinks, total output of agricultural products and agricultural net imports in international trade. Therefore, it is proposed that China should establish and improve green technology innovation incubation platforms, guide all participants to ensure the investment and application of green technology products within a reasonable range, formulate and implement regional differential policies and plan in accordance with local conditions, drive ultimately coordinated promotion of agricultural carbon emission reduction and product supply guarantee and lay an important foundation for achieving high-quality economic development and efficient ecological protection.

Combined top-down and bottom-up approach for CO2 emissions estimation in building sector of beijing: Taking new energy vehicles into consideration

The current top-down method for calculating carbon emissions in the building sector erroneously includes carbon emissions from charging new energy vehicles (NEVs). This error is particularly concerning as the number of NEVs is expected to rise significantly in the future, thereby exacerbating the negative impact on the formulation of effective carbon reduction policies. This study analyzes carbon emissions in Beijing's building sector from 2011 to 2020 and estimates NEV-related indirect emissions from 2015 to 2020. Findings show that electricity consumption is the primary energy source in Beijing's building sector, increasing electricity-related carbon emissions from 63.36 % to 67.18 % of the total. Additionally, the indirect carbon emissions from NEVs have exhibited a steady increase from 208,800 tons in 2015 to 1.18 million tons in 2020, with their contribution to the overall carbon emissions from buildings escalating from 0.27 % to 1.44 %. Intriguingly, the study uncovers that private new energy cars do not significantly differ from conventional private fuel passenger cars in terms of their indirect carbon emissions. The findings of this study are expected to inform the development of accurate carbon emission estimation strategies in Beijing's building sector and facilitate the formulation of effective policies in the future.

Carbon Emission Accounting during the Construction of Typical 500 kV Power Transmissions and Substations Using the Carbon Emission Factor Approach

Carbon emission calculation during power transmission and substation construction provides valuable insights into the trend of carbon emissions and the development of low-carbon power grids. In this regard, this study divides the power transmission and substation construction process into production, transportation, and construction stages based on the sources of carbon emissions and employs a life cycle assessment to calculate the total carbon emissions using the carbon emission factor method for typical 500 kV projects. The results show that in the construction process the production stage contributes the most carbon emissions, with material and equipment production for power transmission accounting for 78% and 14% of the total emissions, respectively. The transportation and construction stage contribute 1% and 7% of the total emissions, respectively. For substations, material and equipment production contribute 67% and 30% of the total emissions, respectively. The transportation and construction phases contribute 1% and 2% of the total emissions. Through the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the carbon emission results, the construction scale and the topography and geology have significant impacts on carbon emissions from power transmission and substation projects. Finally, some targeted recommendations for carbon emission reduction for power transmissions and substations are proposed based on the influencing factors of each stage of the construction.

Process-based evaluation of carbon emissions from the on-site construction of prefabricated steel structures: A case study of a multistory data center in China

Prefabricated steel structures are being promoted in China as an important measure to reduce building carbon emissions (CEs). Currently, high-quality carbon emission factors and calculation methods that identify the sources of CEs from construction process are lacking. This study proposed a process-based method for calculating on-site construction CEs and empirically demonstrated its feasibility using a case of a multistory steel structure with typical column-beam systems. Six construction processes comprising 38 subprocesses were first categorized, then the energy and materials consumed for each subprocess were determined to obtain the first-hand CE parameters. The CEs from hoisting the first- and second-section columns were 10.52 kgCO2/column and 14.41 kgCO2/column, respectively, and the CEs from their installation were in the range 38.16–69.18 kgCO2/column. The CEs from hoisting the primary and secondary beams using a car crane were 7.73 kgCO2/beam and 4.52 kgCO2/beam, respectively, with lower CEs of 2.40 kgCO2/beam and 2.22 kgCO2/beam, respectively when a tower crane was used for hoisting. The 14 connection types used to install the primary beams and the 11 connection types used to install the secondary beams had CEs of 13.84–125.96 kgCO2/beam and 10.39–43.49 kgCO2/beam, respectively. The total on-site construction CE was subsequently calculated by summing the CEs from each process. This method was able to track the CE sources for each construction process and their contributions to identify those with high CE intensities. In addition, the case study was evaluated to provide specific feedback on the current national standard for calculating CEs from building construction.

Developing a compact coal quality rapid detection integrated machine based on laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy

AbstractCoal's calorific value and carbon content are crucial in calculating carbon emissions. Accurately detecting these two indicators is of great significance for carbon accounting. In this study, we developed a compact coal quality rapid detection integrated machine based on laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), which can directly measure coal particle flow. A partial least squares model, based on data set selection according to cluster analysis results, was applied to establish the relationship between coal quality and plasma spectra. The R2 of the calorific value is .93, the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) is 0.41 MJ/kg, and the mean absolute error (MAE) is 0.33 MJ/kg. The R2 of carbon content is .94, the RMSEP is 0.97%, and the MAE is 0.91%. These results indicated that the developed compact coal quality rapid detection integrated machine could conduct precise coal quality analysis in real time.

沥青混合料在拌和摊铺中的能耗及碳排放计算与测试

沥青混合料在拌和摊铺中的能耗及碳排放计算与测试

Low Carbon Operation Control Technology for Smart Parks Combined with Intelligent Optimization Algorithms

Abstract This paper first calculates carbon emissions based on the carbon emission factor method and other methods and constructs a linear programming model for low-carbon operation of smart parks with economy, independence, and carbon emissions as objective functions, and constrains them from four aspects: power grid, natural gas pipeline network, equipment output, and energy storage battery limit. The problem can be solved using the sparrow optimization algorithm. Finally, the carbon emissions, power dispatching, and power consumption of the sample parks under the low-carbon operation control mode were analyzed. The results show that the carbon emissions of the park are reduced by 2035.93kg, and the total operating cost is reduced by 1680.11 yuan during the typical daily operation in summer after the intelligent optimization algorithm is used. The park’s carbon emissions decreased by 1686.53kg, and the total operating cost decreased by 1582.42 yuan during the typical daily operation in winter. The importance of this study lies in the low-carbon and modernization of smart parks.