Control Carbon Dioxide Emissions Research Articles

Interstate power interconnection along with carbon dioxide emission constraint collaboration: Effective tool for low-carbon electric power expansion in Northeast Asia

Interstate electric power integration with the formation of interstate electric ties and power interconnection in Northeast Asia has been studied for several years. Research has examined the directions, indicators, costs, and systemic (integration) benefits (technical, economic, environmental, etc.) of forming such ties and grids. Studies conducted in different Northeast Asia countries have shown that despite the significant investments required to create an interstate electric ties infrastructure, which serves as the basis for interstate power grids and electricity markets development, participants of these interstate power grids and markets gain substantial benefits. These include reduced needs for installed and reserve generation capacity, lower electricity prices, increased overall flexibility of power resources, and accordingly, greater capability to integrate renewable energy sources. This results in reduced carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuel power plants. The latter undoubtedly contributes to achieving the sustainable development goals set by the United Nations and reducing anthropogenic climate impact, which many countries globally (including Northeast Asia) have targeted via announced carbon neutrality by 2050–2060. The main target of the article is to conduct and present new multi-scenario study on forming a potential Northeast Asia’s interstate power grid under national and grid-wide (for the entire power system interconnection) carbon emission constraints. The mathematical model of electric power system expansion and dispatching was modified to account for carbon dioxide emission constraints and used for the study. The results of the study showed that the creation of interstate power grid in Northeast Asia accompanied by climate change collaboration among countries to control carbon dioxide emission would lead to effectively constraining of carbon dioxide emission in the subregion, which is the novelty of the study. The results of the study are useful and applicable for choosing particular ways, options, stages of formation and expansion of low-carbon power system interconnection in Northeast Asia.

Using Cognitive IOT In Vehicle System for On Actual Time Monitoring of CO2 Emission with Temperature and Alcohol Detector

One of the pressing environmental challenges we face today is the phenomenon of global warming, primarily driven by the release of greenhouse gases. Among these gases, carbon dioxide stands out as a significant contributor, with its emissions leading to a warming effect on the Earth's surface. Protecting our environment requires us to address and manage these changes effectively, presenting a considerable challenge. For long-term control of carbon dioxide emissions at their source, there is a growing recognition of the need for preventive and control technologies. This paper aims to employ IoT technology, utilizing Raspberry Pi's CO2 sensitivity, to monitor emissions from various sources such as public transportation, industries, and forest fires. Continuous monitoring of carbon dioxide levels within a city will help identify areas with the highest pollution levels. Additionally, this initiative seeks to implement an intelligent system for early detection of forest fires, also known as wildfires. These uncontrolled fires in natural areas pose significant threats to both ecosystems and human resources. It's noteworthy that wildfires emit more CO2 gas than initially assumed, impacting state climate targets. Integrating these efforts with IoT enhances security and enables various services, including the deployment of a Simple Notification Service (SNS) to alert mobile users about high CO2 levels in specific areas. Furthermore, this model aims to extend its capabilities to include the detection of temperature in heated vehicle components, such as engines, using temperature detectors. Moreover, alcohol detectors will be utilized to monitor alcohol consumption by vehicle drivers, enhancing safety measures on the road. Keywords: SNS (Simple Notification Service), IoT (Internet of Things), GPS (Global Positioning System), GVG (Green Vehicle Guide), MAQUMON (Mobile Air Quality Monitoring Network).

Low-carbon economic scheduling of multi-energy system based on price interactive response

—Regarding the increase of carbon dioxide emissions with growing energy demand, recent emerging technologies for multi-energy system have attracted much attention, as they can effectively couple and coordinate different energies to further control carbon dioxide emissions. This paper focuses on distribution-level multi-energy system and proposes an optimal scheduling method for hydrogen support based on dual-agent energy-carbon price interactive response. Firstly, a hydrogen-supported multi-energy closed-loop flow mode is developed, which provides an effective way to improve renewable energy consumption and brings additional economic revenue of solid carbon. Secondly, a dual-agent energy-carbon price interactive response scheme is designed based on the concept of energy-carbon participation ratio, which takes carbon dioxide emissions of gas load and various carbon revenues into account. This scheme can motivate users for energy demand adjustment and active carbon dioxide reduction by setting energy and carbon prices as two guiding signals. Finally, a bi-level optimal scheduling model is proposed for dual agents of energy service provider and users to maximize the benefit of each side. Case study illustrates that the proposed model can effectively balance benefits of dual agents and has economic advantage of carbon dioxide reduction, while promoting the consumption of high proportion renewable energy and system stability.

Research on the impact of carbon emission trading on GTFP

Faced with the serious environmental pollution caused by greenhouse gas emissions, the Chinese government has put forward the target of controlling greenhouse gas emissions in the 12th Five-Year Plan and adopted a series of measures. Among them, the pilot policy of carbon emission trading is an important market-oriented instrument, which aims to control carbon dioxide emissions through the market mechanism. This paper studies the impact of this policy on GTFP, using the DID model to analyze the data of 30 provinces from 2004 to 2020. The study finds that the pilot carbon emission trading policy has significantly promoted the improvement of GTFP in the pilot areas. Moreover, the impact of policies on GTFP can be realized through two mechanisms: technological innovation and industrial structure upgrading. The impact of this policy is particularly significant in the central and western regions. These conclusions are of great significance for promoting green and low-carbon transformation, reducing carbon emissions and improving relevant carbon trading policies.

Investasi Asing Langsung, Perdagangan Internasional, dan Kualitas Lingkungan di Indonesia

This paper investigates the influence of foreign direct investment and international trade on environmental quality in Indonesia from 1990 to 2018. Environmental quality is measured by carbon dioxide emissions. The estimation method employed is autoregressive distributed lag. This study finds that foreign direct investment positively affects carbon dioxide emissions in the short term but has no impact in the long term. International trade positively affects carbon dioxide emissions in the short and long terms. The results recommend policymakers in Indonesia control carbon dioxide emissions from foreign direct investment projects and export and import activities.

ПИЛОТНЫЙ КАРБОНОВЫЙ ПОЛИГОН: АНАЛИЗ ЗАПАСОВ УГЛЕРОДА В ПОЧВАХ СЕЛЬХОЗУГОДИЙ

The carbon cycle in agroecosystems is determined by the balance between the absorption of carbon dioxide by terrestrial vegetation of agricultural crops to create organic matter and its release during soil respiration. The soil cover is a powerful source of carbon dioxide and serves as a reservoir accumulating soil organic carbon. Organic carbon accumulating in the humus of soils serves as a drain of carbon dioxide, methane into the atmosphere for hundreds of years. The research was carried out in order to analyze the reserves of organic carbon in the soils of agroecosystems and assess the emission of CO2 and CH4 gases. The work was carried out in 2022-2023 at the site of a pilot carbon landfill (arable land) in the Republic of Bashkortostan. In field and laboratory experiments, technologies for controlling carbon dioxide emissions on agricultural lands were developed and tested. In the field, full-profile soil sections and digs were laid in accordance with GOST R58595-2019 with the determination of morphological properties and the selection of soil samples for laboratory analysis. Agrochemical analysis of the soil for the content of organic matter, the density of addition, the content of mobile phosphorus and potassium, the pH value allowed us to estimate the carbon stock of the soil of the carbon landfill according to the methodology of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation. The total reserves of organic carbon of the arable horizon at the carbon-new landfill amount to 503.8 t/ha, which vary and depend on the employment of the field and the characteristics of the agricultural crop. Measurement of the destructive part of the carbon cycle using a portable LI-COR 7810 camera showed that the fields occupied by crops differ in the intensity of the release of soil carbon dioxide ‒ in the field under pure steam, CO2 emissions were 2.18 times lower than under perennial grasses. The availability of data on the spatial distribution of organic soil carbon makes it possible to introduce carbon-dependent crop rotations with a set of crops that contribute to the maximum absorption of atmospheric CO2 and other greenhouse gases into the practice of agriculture.

Safety Performance and Failure Criteria of Lithium-Ion Batteries under Mechanical Abuse

With the increasing global focus on environmental issues, controlling carbon dioxide emissions has become an important global agenda. In this context, the development of new energy vehicles, such as electric vehicles, is flourishing. However, as a crucial power source for electric vehicles, the safety performance of lithium-ion batteries under mechanical abuse has drawn widespread attention. Evaluating the safety performance of lithium-ion batteries requires in-depth research. This paper provides a review of recent experimental and numerical simulation studies on the mechanical abuse of lithium-ion batteries. It showcases the main methods and conclusions of experimental research, compares different response forms under quasi-static and dynamic loading, discusses the causes of strain-rate dependence in lithium-ion batteries, and briefly describes the impact of the state of charge (SOC) on safety performance under mechanical abuse, as well as the influence of mechanical abuse on battery capacity and impedance characteristics. Furthermore, this paper summarizes the methods of numerical simulation research, analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of detailed modeling and homogenized modeling methods, summarizes the strain-based internal short circuit failure criteria, and reviews numerical predictive models based on multiphysics coupling. Finally, it presents the latest progress in studying the safety performance of battery packs through numerical simulations.

Financial development, carbon dioxide emissions, and sustainable development

AbstractChina currently is the world's largest energy consumer and carbon dioxide emitter. How to effectively control carbon dioxide emissions and promote sustainable development is indispensable for achieving the “double carbon” goal, promoting comprehensive economic transformation and upgrading, and contributing to high‐quality economic development. There is no doubt that a large amount of financial resources need to be invested in the process of encouraging sustainable development. Therefore, what is the relationship among financial development, carbon dioxide emissions and sustainable development? Can financial development facilitate sustainable development? In order to answer these two key questions, this article uses entropy weight method, fixed effect model, and panel vector autoregressive (PVAR) model to deeply explore the static and dynamic relationship among financial development, carbon dioxide emissions and sustainable development with the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2005 to 2021. The research results show that financial development is conducive to forwarding sustainable development, and the negative impact of carbon dioxide emissions on sustainable development is also significant at present. That means financial development and carbon dioxide emissions have important impact on sustainable development. The further empirical results of PVAR model show that there are significant differences in the impact of financial development and carbon dioxide emissions on sustainable development in different periods of time. Therefore, the government should take timely measures according to the different roles played by financial development and carbon dioxide emissions at different stages to promote sustainable development.

Nonlinear control of decarbonization path following underactuated ships

Decarbonizing shipping is one of the most critical challenges in controlling global carbon emissions. Therefore, from the point of view of general shipping control, it is essential to control carbon dioxide emissions from underactuated ships, the primary mode of transport in the shipping industry. In this paper, we proposed an extended state observer to deal with the uncertainty of the ship model and the estimation of external disturbances. Then, we developed an improved " dynamic virtual ship” guidance algorithm and an energy-saving ship path following controller by combining nonlinear feedback and adaptive backstepping. Finally, it is found that the proposed nonlinear control algorithms result in improved path following control where the average ship output rudder angle is reduced by 17%, the average steering power is reduced by 10%, the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) of the ship is reduced by 2%, the average ship speed is increased by 0.3 knots, and the carbon dioxide emissions during general shipping are reduced by 32.45%. We anticipate that the proposed algorithm will play an essential role in the process of decarbonization in shipping.

Carbon dioxide prevented by Rohtak division after the installation of Solar Rooftop panels

The non-renewable resources are not only depleting but are also a major cause of concern because of the pollution and climate changing happening due to them. Hence, it becomes important for India to participate in the growing opportunities and necessities of the world to substitute its type of energy usage. Out of all such clean renewable energy sources, solar energy sounds the most favourable and long lasting for India. Although, it looks a lot less on the ground level, the amount of kW sanctioned to households and institutes and social sector, but together they make a huge difference. The decentralisation of electricity not only makes one more self-reliant but ensures the reduction in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere occurring because of burning of fossil fuels, particularly coal for electricity generation. This paper deals with the amount of carbon dioxide which has been prevented from release in the atmosphere because of the adoption of solar rooftop panels. The role which different sectors have played in slowing climate change, however small, will encourage authorities as well as end users to shift to solar energy for bigger and better results. The amount released in the atmosphere every year makes it even more important to control carbon dioxide emissions but it needs to be balanced with the energy needs of the concerned region which is going to rise in the coming years with development. Rohtak division of Haryana is one of the most populated, urbanised and close to Delhi, NCR region and it can show us the future potential of the solar rooftop panels in reducing carbon dioxide emissions.

Collaborative Governance Mechanism of Carbon Neutralization and High Quality Development in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area

At present, China is in the stage of rapid economic development. The construction of high-tech and urban agglomeration is inevitable, which directly leads to the increase in carbon dioxide emissions. Under the international background, the strategic goal of ' carbon neutrality ' proposed by the national government is still imminent. Therefore, how to control carbon dioxide emissions is urgently needed. This paper focuses on the urban agglomerations of Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macao. Through the kaya equation and STIRPAT model, the factors that significantly affect the Greater Bay Area are screened and tested. Through the analysis, the corresponding countermeasures are put forward for the timely mitigation and reduction of carbon emissions in Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macao. At the same time, it aims to explore a feasible path for other urban agglomerations in China.

Carbon Emission and Structure Analysis of Transport Industry Based on Input-output Method: China as an Example

Due to its enormous carbon dioxide emissions, China's transport industry has become a key area for energy conservation and emission reduction. In this study, we employ the input-output method to examine the carbon dioxide emissions caused by the transport industry's energy consumption. In addition, the structure decomposition method is used to analyze the transport industry's carbon dioxide emissions in depth. The results of the research work deserve the attention of policy makers. First, the direct and indirect carbon dioxide emissions of road transport account for 53 % and 47 % of the transport industry. Second, the direct and indirect carbon dioxide emissions caused by consumption expenditure account for 55 % and 56 % of the final use structure respectively. Third, the carbon dioxide emissions produced by the five heavy industries when meeting the final use of the transport industry account for 75 % of all industries. Fourth, the adjustment of energy structure and energy intensity is expected to reduce the carbon dioxide emissions of the transport industry by 101,963 and 128,313kt in 2035 compared with the baseline scenario. The results indicate that, to control carbon dioxide emissions in the transport industry, special attention should be paid to road transport activity, consumption expenditure in the transport industry, the influence of other heavy industries, the adjustment of energy structure and energy intensity. Consequently, informatization of road transportation, development of public transportation, investment in high-tech industries, and aggressive development of clean energy become essential strategies.

Analysis and Prediction of Influence Factors of Green Computing on Carbon Cycle Process in Smart City.

Global warming has become the focus of attention of the international community, and the control of carbon dioxide emissions has become one of the necessary choices for the development strategies of countries around the world. Cities are places where carbon dioxide emissions are concentrated. The key to controlling carbon emissions is to control the carbon emissions of cities. My country is currently in the process of rapid urbanization. Quantitative studies of the carbon cycle at the city level will help to take stock of carbon dioxide emissions in cities. On the other hand, it is helpful to understand the status and role of the urban carbon cycle in the process of the regional carbon cycle. Through the analysis and prediction of the elements influencing the carbon cycle of smart cities, this paper first determines the factors affecting smart cities in the carbon cycle process as industrial carbon emission strength factors, industrial structure effects, economic development factors, and population elements. It is found that the major positive factors affecting the significant add of CO2 emissions in smart cities from 2010 to 2019 are economic development factors and demographic factors, including economic development factors GDP/per capita GDP. The per capita contribution to CO2 emissions is higher than the model established by adjusting the affecting elements of overall CO2 emissions, except that the proportion of economic development factors in total CO2 emissions from 2013 to 2015 was lower than the increase in total CO2 emissions. The comparison can better reflect the relation between CO2 emissions and influencing elements. The main determinants affecting CO2 emissions are the expansion of the financial condition, the increase in the average daily population, and the increase in construction work. The adaptation index is judged to be consistent, indicating that the model adjustment effect is good; finally, the green computing in the smart city predicts the carbon cycle process, and the actual value trend line and the predicted value trend line are not much different from the practical value, the forecast error is small, and the prediction results are credible. Global warming has become the focus of attention of the international community, and carbon emission control has become one of the necessary options in the development strategies of countries around the world. Cities are the places where carbon emissions are concentrated. The key to controlling carbon emissions is to control urban carbon emissions. At present, my country is in the process of rapid urbanization. Quantitative research on the carbon cycle at the city level will help to establish an inventory accounting of urban carbon emissions. On the other hand, it is convenient to deeply understand the status and role of the urban carbon cycle in the process of the regional carbon cycle.

Analysis of energy consumption structure on CO[formula omitted] emission and economic sustainable growth

The coal-based energy consumption structure will significantly increase carbon emissions. Along with the rise in per-capita income, this energy consumption structure will reduce economy sustainable growth. The measure of sustainable economic growth is to use the DEA-SBM super efficiency model of unexpected output and calculate the green total factor productivity (GTFP). The proportion of coal consumption in energy consumption represents the structure of energy consumption . The panel data in this paper are from the records of various provinces and cities in China from 2005 to 2017 (except Tibet). In the results of the mixed panel regression, the impact of energy consumption structure on sustainable economic growth is not significantly positive, and after controlling for time and provinces, the overall impact of energy consumption structure on sustainable economic growth is positive, and significant at the 5% level, and its impact on carbon dioxide emissions is significant at the 1% level. It means that the coal-based energy consumption structure is a significant factor in increasing carbon emissions. Due to the heterogeneity of various provinces, the energy consumption structure of developed provinces and cities will significantly reduce sustainable economic growth at the 1% level, while it will increase significantly at the 5% level in less developed provinces and cities, which has uncertain impact on moderately developed provinces and cities. For developed provinces, reducing the proportion of coal consumption, improving the energy consumption structure can bring about the improvement of GTFP, that is, to promote sustainable economic growth. For other provinces, strategies to change the structure of energy consumption should be put forward according to the stage of economic development. Using the mediating effect model, it is found that both developed and underdeveloped provinces contribute to sustainable economic growth through carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore, controlling carbon dioxide emissions is very important for sustainable economic growth.

Low-Carbon Governance, Fiscal Decentralization and Sulfur Dioxide Emissions: Evidence from a Quasi-Experiment with Chinese Heavy Pollution Enterprises

This paper investigates the effects of enterprise environmental governance under low-carbon pilot policies in China with a difference in differences (DID) design. In examining the development of these policies, we focus on exploring their effects on sulfur dioxide emissions of heavily polluting enterprises based on prefectural city- and firm-level data. Overall, the policies significantly increased enterprise sulfur dioxide emission, and the underlying reason being that investments in carbon dioxide emissions control crowded out investment in sulfur dioxide emission control in enterprises in low-carbon pilot regions. We also find that the implementation of low-carbon pilot policies resulted in greater sulfur dioxide emission from state-owned enterprises and enterprises in western regions than from non-state-owned enterprises and those in eastern regions. It is further found that fiscal decentralization and the associated mediating effect of market segmentation promote enterprises’ carbon dioxide emissions control and inhibit their sulfur dioxide emission control. This study helps us re-examine the overall environmental effects of low-carbon policies and has implications for the revision and improvement of environmental governance policies in developing countries.

Accounting for carbon dioxide emission effect of energy use, economic growth, and urbanization in the OPEC member states

AbstractWhile extant studies have largely associated environmental degradation with energy sources and energy consumption, the procedure of oil exploration has not been excluded in the discus of environmental sustainability. On this note, the current study examined the effect of per capita energy consumption and urban population for the 14 Organization for Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) members from 1980 to 2017. In addition, the validity of Environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis is investigated by using the State‐of‐the‐art second‐generation panel data techniques. The main finding reveals that at an early stage, economic growth endangers the environment by release of pollutant emissions. However, sustained economic growth ameliorates environmental problems. Therefore, study validates the EKC hypothesis for the case of OPEC. Additionally, both energy use per person and urban population adversely affects environmental sustainability. Besides, the findings infer that economic growth brings about an increase in energy consumption and not the other way round. Thus, energy conservation policies aimed at rationing energy consumption and controlling carbon dioxide emissions would hurt economic growth.

A non-parametric analysis of the driving factors of China's carbon prices

Carbon prices have gradually become the principal policy for controlling carbon dioxide emissions, which has attracted the attention of countries worldwide. The price factor is significantly affected by the market economy and often exhibits non-linear characteristics. This article aims to investigate the possible non-linear relationship between carbon prices and their influencing factors using a data-driven non-parametric additive regression model. Estimated results show that coal prices have an inverted U-shaped non-linear impact on carbon prices. It means that coal prices pushed up carbon prices; in the long run, the changes in coal prices will help reduce carbon prices. The real economy also exerts an inverted U-shaped effect on carbon prices, which is the main reason for the rapid expansion of energy-intensive industries in the short run. The impact of natural gas prices presents a gentle inverted U-shaped pattern, owing to the periodic changes in natural gas consumption. On the contrary, renewable energy prices have a “lower first, then increase” U-shaped impact on carbon prices. Therefore, the government should formulate differentiated policies at different time stages.

Hemp shivs and corn-starch-based biocomposite boards for furniture industry: Improvement of water resistance and reaction to fire

Hemp shivs as all plants absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, which is a natural measure that gives us an opportunity to control carbon dioxide emissions. In this case, hemp shivs-based composites have become very popular due to the possibility of trapping existing carbon in the structure of aggregates and/or binding materials. However, plant-based biocomposites are highly susceptible to water and fire impact, therefore, the additional treatment methods and research of their impact are needed. The study analysis fluoroalkyl acrylate copolymer-based hydrophobizer and expandable graphite as intumescent fire retardant as additives to improve water and reaction to fire of hemp shivs and corn starch-based biocomposite boards for furniture industry. It is shown that 20 wt.% of expandable graphite is a rational amount for it to act as a flame barrier, significantly improve the ignitability parameters and reduce CO2 and CO emissions 1.5 and 5 times, respectively, of hemp shivs and corn starch-based biocomposites. It is observed that the addition of 10 g/l solution of hydrophobizer determines 3 and 1.5 times lower water absorption and swelling in thickness, respectively, showing the formation of an effective barrier for water molecules to penetrate the hemp shiv aggregate’s structure and interact with corn starch binder.

Measurement Models for Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors of Passenger Cars Considering Characteristics of Roads and Traffic.

In order to effectively control carbon dioxide emissions of motorized vehicles, it is very important to measure their carbon dioxide emission factors. The objective of this paper was to develop measurement models for the carbon dioxide emission factors of passenger cars. Road systems of downtown areas of four typical Chinese counties were explored and 12 types of basic road networks were recognized and defined. With PTV Vissim, microscopic traffic simulation models were set up for every type of basic road network, average speeds of the simulated cars were collected, and carbon dioxide emissions were calculated using MOVES (Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator) software. For model development, the paper put forth two compound explanatory variables: the weighted average of segment lengths and the sum of critical ratios of volume to saturation flow rate. Six functional relationships for the variables were tested and the double exponential function was proven to be the most appropriate. Finally, for each of the 12 types of basic road networks, a measurement model for carbon dioxide emission factors was calibrated using the double exponential function for the variables. The measurement models can be used to estimate the carbon dioxide emissions of passenger cars concerning potential improvement schemes impacting traffic demand and/or traffic supply.

Mathematical modeling and optimal control of carbon dioxide emissions from energy sector

Energy demand is rising day by day and will continue to increase to meet the demand of the growing population. A major portion of global energy production comes from fossil fuel burning, resulting in the increase in the atmospheric burden of global warming gas carbon dioxide ( $$CO _{2}$$ ). Cutting down $$CO _{2}$$ emission from the energy sector is crucial to meet the climate change mitigation target. This paper is focused on fulfilling two objectives: The first objective is to present a mathematical model that captures the dynamical relationship between the human population, energy use, and atmospheric carbon dioxide, and the second aim is to derive a mathematical framework to effectively utilize the available mitigation options to curtail $$CO _{2}$$ emission from energy use by proposing an optimal control problem. The mitigation options that reduce the $$CO _{2}$$ emission rate from energy production, as well as the options that reduce the energy consumption rate, are considered in the modeling process. The proposed mathematical model is analyzed qualitatively to comprehend the system’s long-term behavior. The model parameters are fitted to real data of global energy use, population, and $$CO _{2}$$ concentration. It is shown that the equilibrium level of $$CO _{2}$$ reduces with the increase in the efficiencies of mitigation options to reduce the $$CO _{2}$$ emission rate per unit energy use and energy consumption rate. The optimality system is derived analytically by taking the efficiencies of the mitigation options to reduce the $$CO _{2}$$ emission rate and energy consumption rate as control variables. Numerical simulations are conducted to validate the theoretical findings and identify the optimal profiles of control variables under different settings of $$CO _{2}$$ emission rate, energy consumption rate, and maximum efficiencies of available mitigation options to cut down $$CO _{2}$$ emission rate and energy consumption rate. It is found that the development and implementation of more efficient mitigation options and switching to low carbon energy sources bring reduction in the mitigation cost.