Carbon Dioxide Cylinder Research Articles

Severe and acute hypercapnia, subsequent to the mistaken connection of a carbon dioxide cylinder on the nitrous oxide manifold: a report of three simultaneous cases

Ensuring the delivery of correct gas mixtures during anesthesia is of paramount importance for perioperative patient safety. Accidents resulting from a problem with the supply of medical gases to the operating theater are rare; however, the consequences can be serious. Given the continuous advances in safety measures for the administration of medical gases, it is reasonable to assume that current patients consistently receive the intended gas, as requested by the anesthesiologist. Nevertheless, it is necessary to acknowledge that human error may still occur, despite the automation and safety protocols in place. Simultaneously in three operating rooms, we observed abrupt and sever cases of hypercapnia that occurred during general anesthesia when nitrous oxide was requested. These incidents were due to a carbon dioxide cylinder connected in the place of a nitrous oxide cylinder on the manifold. Patient management, operating theater supervision and factors responsible for this serious adverse event will be discussed in this report. This problem appears to be fairly specific to Belgium where the standard cylinder fittings for the two gasses involved are either the same or close enough to be misconnected on the manifold. Local measures, as well as general recommendations, are proposed to prevent a similar incident in the future.

Innovative technology of total parietal peritonectomy for peritoneal carcinomatosis

BACKGROUND: Peritonectomy is an integral part of cytoreductive surgery, accompanied by a fairly high incidence of postoperative complications and mortality. In this regard, the improvement and development of easy-to-perform, low-traumatic and safe methods of peritonectomy are topical in oncology.
 AIM: Based on experimental studies to develop a technology of pneumodissection of the peritoneum using carbon dioxide insufflation and evaluate its effectiveness.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted on 10 non-embalmed corpses of deceased people whose cause of death is not related to tumors of the abdominal cavity and pelvic organs. The Karl STORZ Thermoflator 26432020-1 Insufflator (FSZ registration certificate 2011/09444, dated 12/21/2017), carbon dioxide cylinders with a volume of 20 liters, silicone lines 1.5 meters long, 1 cm in diameter; Seldinger puncture needle 18 G; flexible polypropylene bougie 16 G were used.
 RESULTS: The conducted experimental study made it possible to develop and test a method of total parietal peritonectomy based on the technology of peritoneal pneumodissection using carbon dioxide insufflation. The analysis of the obtained results made it possible to define the concept of a new technology as a method of tissue separation based on the insufflation of carbon dioxide into the connective tissue layers of the retroperitoneal space for the purpose of safe dissection of anatomical structures.
 CONCLUSIONS: Peritoneal pneumodissection using gas insufflation is a new and promising technology with a number of obvious advantages. First of all, they include ease of execution, low injury, high safety and, probably, ablasticity, which can potentially create conditions for the prevention of unintentional dissemination of tumor cells in the abdominal cavity. The data obtained as a result of the experimental study allow us to conclude that pneumodissection of the peritoneum using carbon dioxide insufflation is an effective method of performing total parietal peritonectomy and can be used in performing cytoreductive surgical interventions in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis.

Laboratory Study for Accelerating the CKD Mineral Carbonation

Mineral carbonation‏ ‏is one of the typical carbon capture, utilization, and storage technologies, ‎to obtain synthetic carbonates from metal oxide and CO2. However, the technology is known ‎to be extremely challenging to achieve economic feasibility ‎because expensive chemical ‎solvents‏ ‏used the account for most of the cost. To overcome this ‎limitation, we conducted a ‎pilot laboratory study to secure the economic viability of the ‎technology by replacing these ‎chemical solvents with costless metallic carbon dioxide ‎cylinders. For the current study, we ‎implement cement kiln dust (CKD), which is an alkali industrial by-product, together ‎with‏ ‏mineral CO2 gas. In this research paper, we attained CO2 storage and CaCO3 yield, ‎which is comparable‏ ‏in both quantitative and qualitative respects to the existing studies. With ‎a steady flow rate of 0.9 L/m of carbon dioxide furthermore fixed time, the carbonation of ‎CKD could increase dramatically, reaching 35% calcium carbonate at 550°C and 27% calcium ‎carbonate at 450°C respectively. It was also found that CO2 flow rate is one component, ‎which can elute Ca from‏ ‏CKD, and had significant effects on carbonation ‎efficiency. The ‎solid to liquid ratio was the most influential factor in the Ca elution process.‎‏ ‏the ‎microstructure, morphology, and thermal traits of the designed patches are characterized ‎using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to indicate phases composition, X-Ray Diffraction ‎‎(XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements.‎

Isotope Fractionation of Gaseous-, Supercritical-, and Dual-Phase Carbon Dioxide in Pressurized Cylinders Exposed to Variable Temperatures.

This work examines the stable isotope fractionation of carbon and oxygen in gaseous, supercritical, and liquid carbon dioxide systems at temperatures from −27.1 to +43.5 °C. For pressurized single-, supercritical-, and dual-phase carbon dioxide, both carbon and oxygen isotope fractionations can be measured and are significant when subjected to variations within this temperature range. The δ13C and δ18O values ranged from −41.55 to −41.38 ‰ (VPDB) and −27.74 to −24.9 ‰ (VPDB), respectively, for gas-phase carbon dioxide from 9.3 to 39 °C. A pressure variation of 27.58 barg to 34.48 barg was measured throughout this temperature range. In order to evaluate the effect of supercritical formation and liquefaction on the stable isotope values, cylinders were filled to varying pressures. When stored at cold temperatures, the δ13C value as measured in the headspace of the liquid phase varied from −41.23 to −41.13 ‰ (VPDB) and −41.50 to −41.44 ‰ (VPDB) in the supercritical phase. The δ18O value was between −25.51 and −25.36 ‰ (VPDB) in the liquid phase and between −24.79 and −24.77 ‰ (VPDB) in the supercritical phase. Temperatures in these experiments were selected to mimic outdoor conditions (winter and summer) that stable isotope laboratory practitioners may encounter when storing compressed carbon dioxide cylinders containing stable isotope working reference gases. The carbon and oxygen isotope composition of carbon dioxide gas within these pressurized cylinders return to their precooled isotope values within ∼24 h when warmed to laboratory temperatures (∼24 °C). A headspace analysis performed immediately after the carbon dioxide cylinder was removed from the cold environment yielded δ13C values that were relatively enriched, while δ18O values were relatively depleted. This is likely an effect of 12C and 18O being preferentially partitioned in the liquid phase within the cylinder. As the cylinder warmed, both liquid and gas equilibrated, and carbon and oxygen homogenized isotopically. As the cylinder was heated into the supercritical phase, a slight opposite isotope effect at higher pressure and temperatures was noted. That is, a slight 13C depletion and 18O enrichment were observed in the gas phase. However, these isotope variations were just slightly outside of the analytical error. Additionally, a separate gas-phase carbon dioxide cylinder was kept at a constant laboratory temperature as a control. This carbon dioxide showed no measurable carbon or oxygen isotope variation throughout the duration of the experimental work. The measured isotope fractionation was significantly higher comparing the phase transition from the gaseous to liquid phase versus the gaseous phase to supercritical phase. The proper handling of pressurized carbon dioxide cylinders used as reference gases for an isotope ratio mass spectrometer includes using carbon dioxide at pressures of less than ∼34.88 barg to ensure that the gas is present as a single phase, storing the gas in a temperature-controlled environment, and allowing the gaseous carbon dioxide to equilibrate to ambient conditions for 24–48 h if storage in a controlled ambient environment is not feasible.

Numerical study on the interaction of a weak shock wave with an elliptic gas cylinder

The interaction of a weak shock wave with a heavy elliptic gas cylinder is investigated by solving the Eulerian equations in two-dimensional Cartesian coordinates. An interface-capturing algorithm based on the $$\gamma $$ -model and the finite volume weighed essential non-oscillatory scheme is employed to trace the motion of the discontinuous interface. Three gas pairs with different Atwood numbers ranging from 0.21 to 0.91 are considered, including carbon dioxide cylinder in air (air– $$\hbox {CO}_2$$ ), sulfur hexafluoride cylinder in air (air– $$\hbox {SF}_6$$ ), and krypton cylinder in helium (He–Kr). For each gas pair, the elliptic cylinder aspect ratio ranging from 1/4 to 4 is defined as the ratio of streamwise axis length to spanwise axis length. Special attention is given to the aspect ratio effects on wave patterns and circulation. With decreasing aspect ratio, the wave patterns in the interaction are summarized as transmitted shock reflection, regular interaction, and transmitted shock splitting. Based on the scaling law model of Samtaney and Zabusky (J Fluid Mech 269:45–78, 1994), a theoretical approach is developed for predicting the circulation at the time when the fastest shock wave reaches the leeward pole of the gas cylinder (i.e., the primary deposited circulation). For both prolate (i.e., the minor axis of the ellipse is along the streamwise direction) and oblate (i.e., the minor axis of the ellipse is along the spanwise direction) cases, the proposed approach is found to estimate the primary deposited circulation favorably.

Optimizing the process for emptying carbon dioxide cylinders used for hydrogen sweeping in high-power electrical generators

Abstract High-power alternators in large thermal power plants are generally cooled by hydrogen. Operating an electric power generator produces large amounts of heat that must be removed to improve efficiency. This means that the filling and emptying process needs to be performed in an inert atmosphere. Operating experience has shown that carbon dioxide is the most suitable fluid for this purpose because its molecular weight is considerably higher than that of hydrogen. On average, 90% of the contents of each cylinder are in a liquid state. As the process for discharging the cylinder proceeds, the gas progressively gets cool and may give rise to what is referred to as “dry ice,” rendering useless the rest of the content. This article describes the study and implementation of an experimental solution that optimizes the emptying of these cylinders in a power plant, thereby making a considerable saving because of their better exploitation.

Anomalous effects of helium head pressure carbon dioxide in supercritical fluid chromatography and extraction

Helium head pressure carbon dioxide cylinders are commonly used to facilitate the delivery of liquid CO 2 to supercritical fluid extraction and chromatographic pumps. It is usually tacitly assumed that the helium used to increase the delivery pressure of the CO 2 cylinders is completely insoluble in liquid CO 2 and thus remains isolated in the head space of the delivery cylinder. This assumption is invalid because up to 5 mol% helium can be entrained in the liquid CO 2 delivered from helium head pressure cylinders. Significantly, contamination of liquid CO 2 with even small amounts of helium can cause many unforeseen and usually deleterious effects in supercritical fluid chromatography and extraction schemes. The observed anomalies include decreased density of the fluid phase, irreproducible extraction and retention, ghost peaks, and even phase separation within the column or extraction vessel.

Revised checklist for anaesthetic machines.

A revised edition of the guidelines of the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland, for the pre-operative check of anaesthetic machines, was published in March 1997. A checklist based on the revised guidelines was used for the routine pre-operative checks of anaesthetic machines over a 6-week period in a district general hospital. One hundred and thirty-two checklists were completed. These were analysed for the time taken to complete the check and for the faults found in the anaesthetic machines. The mean time taken to complete a check was 6.8 min and the mean time taken to complete two consecutive checks, in the anaesthetic room and operating theatre, was 12.7 min. Carbon dioxide cylinders were present on the machines in 99 checks (75%), contrary to Association guidelines. Other faults were found in 40 checks (30.3%). The most frequent cause of faults was the oxygen analyser, faults being found in 15 checks. Other frequent faults were due to empty vaporisers or spare gas cylinders and the emergency oxygen bypass control.

Effect of Helium in Helium Headspace Carbon Dioxide Cylinders on Packed-Column Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

Supercritical fluid chromatography of PAHs was performed with pure carbon dioxide and helium headspace carbon dioxide at various cylinder fill levels. The retention times of the PAHs increased when helium headspace carbon dioxide was used as a carrier fluid relative to pure carbon dioxide. The increased retention times were affected by the level of the liquid phase present in the helium headspace carbon dioxide cylinder. As more liquid phase was removed from the cylinder, the effect of helium on the solvating power of CO(2) was reduced because the relative amount of helium dissolved in the liquid phase decreased. Furthermore, the effect of helium headspace carbon dioxide was investigated with methanol-modified carbon dioxide mobile phases for the analysis of steroids. We observed that the relative solubility of helium in carbon dioxide resulted in longer retention times when compared to pure carbon dioxide as the liquid level of carbon dioxide decreased.

Effect of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Pressurized with Helium on Solute Solubility during Supercritical Fluid Extraction

Carbon dioxide cylinders, pressurized with a helium headspace, find routine use as a solvent in analytical supercritical fluid extraction (SEE). In this study, the solubilities of soybean oil in neat supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO 2 ) and CO 2 with entrained helium were measured at 70 °C and three different pressures. The oil solubility was found to be substantially diminished when the CO 2 /He source was used, presumably by the presence of small amounts of helium dissolved in the extraction fluid. The recorded reductions in solubility (30-50 wt %) should be taken into account in performing and optimizing SEE with helium-pressurized cylinders.

Explosion of carbon dioxide cylinder

Explosion of carbon dioxide cylinder

Explosion of carbon dioxide cylinder

Explosion of carbon dioxide cylinder

Letter: Laparoscopy explosion hazards with nitrous oxide.

With reference to your correspondence (September 27, p. 764, and December 27, p. 760) regarding laparoscopy explosion hazards with nitrous oxide, in our experience this is not substantiated. In the last 18 months we have done some 123 laparoscopies in the Medical City Hospital, Baghdad. We have done 16 sterilizations by tubal diathermy and not fewer than 12 cases where biopsies were taken from ovaries in case of tuberculosis or for other reasons, where diathermy was used. In all our laparoscopy procedures we always used nitrous oxide gas because carbon dioxide cylinders are difficult to otain. We did not have any incident of explosion, and most of our patients stayed in hospital not more than 24 hours postoperatively, during which time no complications were reported. None of these cases was readmitted for any complications. It seems to us that the hazard of explosion with nitrous oxide is more theoretical than real.

A Fine-Control Carbon Dioxide Injection Circuit for the Measurement of Rates of Net Photosynthesis by Infra-Red Gas Analysis

The measurement of rates of net photosynthesis by infra-red gas analysis has in the past been carried out in open, closed, and semi-closed circuits, all of which are unsuitable for factorial experiments involving, as the dependent variate, predeter mined rates of photosynthesis at measured steady-state carbon dioxide concentra tions (Heath, 1969). In addition, the closed circuit does not allow for steady-state measurements and the open circuit must be operated with an expensive flow-meter of great accuracy at variable high volume flows. Other processes such as trans piration and leaf temperature will, of course, be afFected by the variable high volume flows even if there is a good mixing fan in the chamber. As an alternative to varying the main flow, air-carbon dioxide mixtures must be supplied by expensive mixing pumps. In the semi-closed circuit a special air-carbon dioxide mixture must be provided under constant pressure and the total through-flow will remain variable with possible effects on processes other than photosynthesis. The carbon dioxide injec tion circuit described below removes most of the shortcomings mentioned and has the advantage of using ordinary laboratory equipment. Carbon dioxide injection in such quantities as are assimilated by the plant material in the chamber (i.e. as are necessary to maintain a constant carbon dioxide concentration in a closed system), has hitherto been from a carbon dioxide cylinder with a pressure-reducing valve in combination with a fine needle valve and capillary soap-bubble meter (Meidner, 1967, 1968). Results obtained were satisfactory, but the unavoidable play in even the best spring-loaded needle valve made fine adjustments during an experiment time-consuming and difficult. The

Carbon Dioxide Cylinder Adapted for Application of Liquid Chemicals

Carbon Dioxide Cylinder Adapted for Application of Liquid Chemicals

Modern Refrigerated Sea Transport

IN the July number of the monthly journal Food, under the above title is a description of the Common wealth and Dominion liner Port Chalmers, the first vessel specially built with gas-tight refrigerated compartments for the transport from New Zealand of chilled beef stored in an atmosphere containing carbon dioxide. The minimum tempera ture for beef is 29° F. if its qualities are to be pre served. At this temperature, bacterial growth is not entirely stopped and chemical oxidation of the fat continues to take place; consequently there is a time limit of storage in still air of about 35 days. In these circumstances, it has not been possible for beef to be exported from Australia and New Zealand to England. By storage in carbon dioxide, this time is considerably extended, and some experimental shipments having been successful, the Port Chalmers was designed with gas-tight welded compartments for the carriage of beef, and she has recently com pleted her maiden voyage. She is a mo tor-ship, 486J ft. long and 11,610 tons dead weight capacity. She has six holds, five of which are insulated, and these can be maintained at various temperatures for chilled beef, frozen mutton, butter, eggs, fruit and other commodities. The refrigerating plant is of the usual type, but in addition there is a large battery of carbon dioxide cylinders from which the gas passes through a British Oxygen Co.'s heater to the chilled beef compartments.

A NEW AND IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR UTEROTUBAL INSUFFLATION

Since the publication of my 1 article on tubal patency, a number of requests have been received for the apparatus used in performing the test. The apparatus described in that paper was especially assembled for me by Mr. Joseph Becker. 2 It embodied all the features necessary to carry out a scientific tubal insufflation but had the disadvantage of being cumbersome. The present apparatus, which was recently completed, is much more convenient and compact and is encased in a portable handbag. The accompanying illustration shows the apparatus removed from its container. A is the kymographic drum; B , the spring motor; C , the mercury manometer with float ( D ) and ink writing pen ( E ); F , the glass siphonmeter with two stopcocks ( G ), closed, to prevent the solution from spilling when the apparatus is carried in the horizontal position in its case; H , the carbon dioxide cylinder; I , the pressure reducing valve