Carbon Dioxide Capacity Research Articles

Use of silicones as antifoaming and nonwetting agents in determination of carbon dioxide capacity of plasma.

Journal Article Use of Silicones as Antifoaming and Nonwetting Agents: In Determination of Carbon Dioxide Capacity of Plasma Get access Elmer C. Sanborn, B.A., M.T. (ASCP), Elmer C. Sanborn, B.A., M.T. (ASCP) Clinical Laboratory, Pennock Hospital, Hastings, Michigan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar John W. Ligtvoet, M.A., John W. Ligtvoet, M.A. Clinical Laboratory, Pennock Hospital, Hastings, Michigan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Robert G. Hoffman, M.S. Robert G. Hoffman, M.S. Clinical Laboratory, Pennock Hospital, Hastings, Michigan Mr. Hoffman is a member of the statistical department of the School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar American Journal of Clinical Pathology, Volume 24, Issue 4_ts, April 1954, Pages 499–504, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/24.4_ts.499 Published: 01 April 1954 Article history Received: 26 October 1953 Published: 01 April 1954

Heat capacity of gaseous carbon dioxide

The heat capacity (Cp) of gaseous carbon dioxide has been measured at —30°, 0°, +50°, and +90° C and at 0.5-, 1.0-, and 1.5-atmosphere pressure, with an accuracy of 0.1 percent. The flow calorimeter used was a modification of the one previously described by Scott and Mellors [1] 2 and Wacker, Cheney, and Scott [2]. In order to test the accuracy of the calorimeter, the heat capacity of oxygen was measured at 1 atmosphere at —30°, 0°, and +50°C. The measured values of Cv for oxygen were combined with an equation of state to give C°; these differed from the statistically calculated values by +0.03, —0.06 and —0.01 percent at the three temperatures. The experimental values of Cp for carbon dioxide have been used to calculate new values of Cp and values of the pressure coefficient of heat capacity at the four temperatures of measurement. The theoretical values of C° calculated in 1949 [8] were found to be too low by 0.2 to 0.3 percent; the results of a new calculation are in substantial agreement with the experiments. The pressure coefficients are in agreement with those obtained from the recent pressure-volume-temperature work of MacCormack and Schneider [7].

Cerebral circulation and metabolism in uremia.

Data on 16 patients with uremia are presented. The cerebral blood flow was moderately decreased in patients with generalized vascular disease, but was normal in patients with minimal vascular involvement. In both groups the cerebral oxygen consumption (cerebral metabolic rate in terms of oxygen consumption, CMRO 2 ) was reduced significantly and to the same degree. In contrast, total body metabolism was not demonstrably reduced. These facts emphasize the vulnerability of the brain to uremia. There was poor correlation between the cerebral oxygen utilization and the patient's mental state. No correlation was found between the cerebral oxygen consumption and the blood nonprotein nitrogen, the carbon dioxide capacity, or the sodium, potassium or chloride levels.

THE EFFECT OF SULFONAMIDES ON THE BLOOD OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE CAPACITY, ARTERIAL SATURATION, AND BLOOD PIGMENTS

ArticleTHE EFFECT OF SULFONAMIDES ON THE BLOOD OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE CAPACITY, ARTERIAL SATURATION, AND BLOOD PIGMENTSJohn F. Hall JR.John F. Hall JR.From the Aero Medical Laboratory, U. S. Army Air Forces, Wright Field, Dayton, OhioPublished Online:01 Jan 1944https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1944.140.4.483MoreSectionsPDF (1 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation More from this issue > Volume 140Issue 4January 1944Pages 483-489 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1944 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1944.140.4.483History Received 15 September 1943 Published online 1 January 1944 Published in print 1 January 1944 Metrics

BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF THE SALIVA OF ESKIMOS

Stimulated and unstimulated salivas of persons with and without dental caries have been studied extensively in an effort to determine whether differences occur in certain salivary characteristics. 1 In most studies of this kind higher mean values for total calcium, inorganic phosphate and carbon dioxide capacity were found for caries-free persons than for persons with active caries. The differences between the means were in some instances either definitely significant statistically or bordering on significance. Persons who had inactive decay or could not be placed in either the caries-free group or the group with active caries yielded less consistent results, resembling the former group in some characteristics and the latter group in others. 2 For Kuskokwim Eskimos without caries and with active caries, Karshan, Rosebury and Waugh 3 reported differences in the mean values for calcium, inorganic phosphate and carbon dioxide capacity of stimulated saliva which were similar in direction to

Factors in Saliva Correlated with Dental Caries

Previous studies by the author (1) of stimulated saliva of persons with active dental caries, on one hand, and free from caries, on the other, point to the conclusion that differences, valid in group averages, occur between the two groups in several respects. The caries-free group gave higher mean values for carbon dioxide capacity,2 total calcium, inorganic phosphate, and the percentage of calcium removed after shaking saliva with a preparation of commercial tricalcium phosphate,3 while the group with active caries yielded a higher aver-

DENTAL CARIES AMONG ESKIMOS OF THE KUSKOKWIM AREA OF ALASKA

The marked contrast that exists between Eskimos free from dental caries and those among whom the disease is prevalent, as noted in the previous report in this series,¹makes them particularly desirable as subjects for investigation of the disease, especially in the search for differences to which causative significance may be attached. This report presents the findings in a study of certain chemical characteristics of stimulated saliva of Eskimos with and without dental caries, following the lines indicated in a previous report by one of us.²The previous findings showed that the stimulated saliva of persons free from caries differs in several respects, in group averages, from that of persons with active caries. The group without caries yielded higher average values for total calcium, inorganic phosphate, carbon dioxide capacity and percentage of calcium removed after the specimen was shaken with tricalcium phosphate, Ca₃(PO₄)₂, while

Carbon Dioxide. The Heat Capacity and Vapor Pressure of the Solid. The Heat of Sublimation. Thermodynamic and Spectroscopic Values of the Entropy

An apparatus for low temperature calorimetric and vapor pressure measurements on condensed gases is described. The heat capacity of solid carbon dioxide has been measured from 15 to 195°K. The heat of vaporization at the sublimation point, 194.67°K, was found to be 6030 cal./mole. The vapor pressure has been measured and the observations are closely represented by the equation: Solid carbon dioxide, 154 — 196°K; log10 P(int. cm Hg) = — (1354.210/T)+8.69903+0.0015880T—4.5107×10—6T2. The entropy of carbon dioxide gas has been calculated from the calorimetric data and the third law of thermodynamics to be 51.11 cal./deg. per mole at 298.1°K. This value is in excellent agreement with the value 51.07 cal./deg. per mole obtained from band spectrum data.

The Experimental Determination of the Heat Capacity of Explosive Gases by a New Method

A method is described for determining the heat capacity of explosive gases at temperatures up to several hundred degrees above room temperature, by exploding the gas whose heat capacity is to be determined in a spherical bomb. The same data are required as are needed to determine the heat capacity of the burned gas by the explosion method, namely, the maximum pressure developed in the explosion, the initial temperature and initial pressure, the composition of the gas mixture, and the heat of reaction. Equations have been developed, and the method is described in detail. The method is particularly useful for the determination of heat capacities of easily decomposed gases, such as O3 and Cl2O, for which the flow method is unsuitable. An interesting consequence of the method is that it permits simultaneous determination of the heat capacity of carbon dioxide at high and low temperatures by exploding mixtures of gaseous ozone and carbon dioxide.

THE METABOLISM OF ALCOHOL

The effect of alcohol on the acid-base balance has not been studied except by Thomas,1who noted a diminution of the carbon dioxide content and carbon dioxide capacity of the blood after the ingestion of alcohol. In the present investigation, the influence of alcohol on theph, carbon dioxide content and carbon dioxide capacity of arterial blood was determined in thirty dogs and twelve human subjects. The blood samples were also analyzed for lactic acid, dextrose and alcohol. In the dogs, blood was drawn from the femoral artery, and in the human subjects, from the brachial artery. Both dogs and human beings were studied in the postabsorptive state and without narcotics other than the alcohol, which was always given in 19 per cent solution. As a result of these studies it was found that alcohol produced an acidosis which was evident in changes ofphand carbon

A Blood-Chemical Test for Adrenal Cortex Extracts.

The clinical picture of adrenal insufficiency in animals has been described by many authors. Certain of the blood changes have also been described, but for the most part these have been isolated or terminal findings. Our experiments have extended the chemical studies to day by day observations. We find that a fall in CO2 capacity, a non-protein nitrogen rise, a chloride fall and a fall in blood sugar occur in experimental adrenal insufficiency. The blood-chemical picture has been correlated with observed symptoms of loss of appetite, asthenia, dehydration, and decreased peripheral circulation. Injection of our adrenin-free extract of the adrenal cortex, brings about a reversal of the shift in adrenal insufficiency. The CO2 capacity and blood chlorides rise to normal, the non-protein nitrogen fails to rise, and the blood sugar increases. There is in adrenalectomized cats an immediate clinical improvement and their appetite for solid food returns. A few animals injected while in a comatose state, have soon after gotten up and walked around. Even normal animals react to doses of this cortex extract and we use them to test its potency. The injection of 0.5 cc./kg. body weight of an extract in which 1 cc. = 0.5 gm. of fresh whole beef adrenal, will produce a rise in carbon-dioxide capacity and in blood sugar. A fall occurs in the non-protein nitrogen, if it is high, and a rise, if it is normal. The same shift is found in the blood chlorides. Similar results have been obtained using cats, dogs and rabbits. The maximal chemical changes are not immediate. The blood sugar reaches its high point in 1 to 5 hours; the chlorides are changed within an hour or so; the rise in carbon-dioxide capacity, which is the most significant change, occurs in about 5 hours, but takes 24 to 48 hours to reach its peak.

Effects of Low Oxygen Pressure on Respiratory Phenomena.

Eight per cent oxygen mixtures were administered for a period of approximately 30 minutes to 3 dogs anesthetized with morphine and urethane. Such administration produced an initial decrease in oxygen consumption which was followed by an increase slightly in excess of normal. This excess oxygen consumption was ascribed to the increased muscular effort of augmented ventilation. The augmented ventilation increased the elimination of carbon dioxide considerably above normal. On readministration of room air there was a decrease in pulmonary ventilation, a relative retention of carbon dioxide and an oxygen consumption above normal. In one experiment the expiratory quotient rose to 2.86 during the period of oxygen lack and fell on readministration of room air to 0.24. During oxygen lack there was a substantial decrease in the carbon dioxide capacity of the blood which was promptly followed by an increase approaching or exceeding the initial carbon dioxide capacity. There was a similar increase and decrease in bl...

THE CARBON DIOXIDE CAPACITY OF THE HUMAN BODY AND THE PROGRESSIVE EFFECTS OF CARBON DIOXIDE UPON THE BREATHING

ArticleTHE CARBON DIOXIDE CAPACITY OF THE HUMAN BODY AND THE PROGRESSIVE EFFECTS OF CARBON DIOXIDE UPON THE BREATHINGE. F. Adolph, F. D. Nance, and M. S. ShilingE. F. AdolphFrom the Physiological Laboratory, the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, F. D. NanceFrom the Physiological Laboratory, the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, and M. S. ShilingFrom the Physiological Laboratory, the University of Rochester School of Medicine and DentistryPublished Online:01 Jan 1929https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1929.87.3.532MoreSectionsPDF (1 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation More from this issue > Volume 87Issue 3January 1929Pages 532-541 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1929 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1929.87.3.532History Received 22 October 1928 Published online 1 January 1929 Published in print 1 January 1929 Metrics

Changes in blood alkalinity during digestion

It has been noticed by former observers that the alveolar carbon dioxide tension usually rises after a meal. Two diametrically opposite explanations have been possible: (1) Acid digestion products displace carbon dioxide from the blood, and during the displacement the rate at which carbon dioxide passes from blood to lungs is increased. (2) The blood becomes more alkaline, as the result of secretion of gastric hydrochloric acid, or absorption of alkaline digestion products. Consequently the carbon dioxide capacity of the blood is increased, and in equilibrium with it the carbon dioxide tension of the alveolar air rises.We have determined on each of a number of subjects, in conditions of approximate digestive rest and of digestive activity, the following data: (1) Alveolar carbon dioxide tension; (2) Alkaline reserve of the plasma as indicated by its ability to maintain its alkalinity after addition of acid; (3) Alkaline reserve of the plasma as indicated by the amount of carbon dioxide with which it can c...

The nature and detection of diabetic acidosis

Simultaneous determinations by the following three methods were made on diabetics in various stages of acidosis. 2. The carbon dioxide capacity of the oxalate plasma. The plasma is shaken with air containing 6 per cent. CO2, and the CO2 content of the plasma is then determined. A simple apparatus was devised which permits, in three or four minutes, a determination of the CO2 content, with an accuracy within one per cent. It consists essentially of a 50 c.c. pipette, provided with three-way stopcocks at the top and bottom, and connected with a mercury bulb. The pipette being full of mercury, 1 c.c. of plasma, washed in with 1 c.c. of water and 0.5 c.c. of N/1 acid, is introduced through the upper cock. The mercury is then drawn out from below by lowering the mercury bulb until a Torricellian vacuum is obtained in the pipette. The carbon dioxide escapes from the solution as the result of a few seconds shaking, and the water solution is drawn out of the pipette at the bottom. The mercury is then let in again through the other entrance of the 3-way cock at the bottom, and the volume of the carbon dioxide is read in the upper stem of the pipette, which is calibrated in 0.02 c.c. divisions. Normal serum binds about 75 per cent. of its volume of CO2. In acidosis we have seen the figure as low as 20 per cent. 3. The H+ concentration of the plasma after addition of known amounts of HCZ. The H+ concentration of the untreated plasma itself is about the same in normal condition and in acidosis. In the latter condition, however, as follows from the reasoning of L. J. Henderson, the ability of the blood to maintain its reaction when treated with acid must be lowered.