Carbon Cap Research Articles

Energy use, energy access, and oil price fluctuations as new determinants of environmental quality in APEC countries

Energy security has moved to the forefront of international policy agendas and boosted efforts to deploy clean energy technologies. In the past few years, clean energy investment has accelerated at a faster rate than investment in fossil fuels, contributing to the emergence of peak oil demand. This study examines the impact of energy use, energy access, and oil price fluctuations on environmental quality in APEC countries between 1991 and 2020 using shadow economies and agricultural lands as moderating variables. The results of the Arellano-bond dynamic panel data estimation show that energy use, energy access, agricultural land, and a shady economy are positively related to CO2 emissions, while oil price fluctuations are negatively associated with CO2 emissions in APEC nations. There is a positive correlation between energy use and carbon dioxide emissions among APEC nations. As energy use increases, CO2 emissions increase as well. APEC nations have a positive relationship between energy access and carbon dioxide emissions. Policymakers in APEC countries must understand the implications of rising energy consumption and CO2 emissions. To mitigate negative environmental consequences, develop sustainable energy sources, and promote economic growth, energy efficiency measures can help to minimize energy consumption and reduce CO2 emissions. APEC countries are encouraged to develop carbon pricing mechanisms to encourage companies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through cap and trade systems or carbon taxes. The implementation of carbon pricing mechanisms encourages businesses to switch to cleaner, renewable energy sources as a result of putting a price on carbon emissions.

Logic-based Benders decomposition for order acceptance and scheduling on heterogeneous factories with carbon caps

We study an integrated order acceptance and scheduling problem for heterogeneous factories with carbon caps, order-dependent processing speeds, and setup times. Three joint decisions including order selection, order assignment and order sequencing are made to maximize profits, i.e., total revenue minus total production and tardiness cost. Firstly, we develop a mixed integer programming model to simultaneously optimize the three decisions and propose several dominance rules to enhance the model. Secondly, due to the particular structure of the problem, we propose a logic-based Benders decomposition (LBBD) method that decomposes the complicated original problem into a master problem and a number of subproblems. The master problem aims to determine order acceptance and order assignment, and each subproblem is for determining order sequencing in each factory. A branch and bound algorithm is then designed to quickly solve the subproblems. The branch and check framework is implemented to accelerate the solving process of the LBBD. Finally, numerical experiments verify that the proposed dominance rules play a promising role in enhancing the model, and the results of the algorithm comparison experiments show the significant advantages of proposed LBBD algorithm combined with the branch and check framework. Sensitivity experiments reveal that carbon cap serves as a major constraint on order acceptance.

Disparity and driving forces of energy consumption in China's provincial urban residential sector under the carbon neutrality target

China's escalating urbanization contributes significantly to carbon emissions, necessitating an efficient, equitable decarbonization strategy in the urban residential sector. However, an overview of the regional-inequal implications underlying this sector's carbon-neutral pathways is, to our knowledge, still pending. Here, we employ a province-level bottom-up technology optimization model to evaluate energy consumption implications and driving forces, particularly inter-provincial disparities, under various carbon neutrality pathways. We have observed that regional disparities in energy access are largely determined by different carbon cap allocation strategies. Additionally, energy intensity is the key factor influencing changes in energy consumption in scenarios of carbon neutrality compared to scenarios without carbon policies. Furthermore, energy intensity is linked to regional energy consumption disparities across scenarios, with short-term impacts mainly through energy intensity and long-term impacts through energy structure. The study presents a cost-minimizing, equitable carbon neutrality pathway for China's urban residential sector at the provincial level, highlighting that equitable carbon reduction policies promote provincial energy consumption equity compared to cost-efficient strategies. Additionally, the analysis offers guidance for formulating and implementing equitable energy transition policies.

Stratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy of the Neoproterozoic (Cryogenian–Ediacaran) Stuart Shelf, South Australia

The Stuart Shelf is part of the Adelaide Superbasin overlying the Gawler Craton and Cariewerloo Basin in South Australia. The basin is of interest for sediment-hosted copper mineralisation known to be hosted in numerous stratigraphic intervals across the region. Therefore, facies analysis and understanding of spatial distribution of host units are essential for exploration targeting and mineral systems research. Our study presents improved and new definitions of Cryogenian and Ediacaran Stuart Shelf stratigraphy, and a detailed, regional-scale sequence stratigraphic analysis. The Cryogenian non-glacial interlude was of particular interest, as it includes the Tapley Hill Formation, a known host for copper mineralisation. The succession of Tapley Hill Formation (including Sturtian cap carbonates), Brighton Limestone and Angepena Formation represents a third-order depositional cycle, an equivalent to the lowermost cycle of the Cryogenian non-glacial interlude in the adjacent Adelaide Rift Complex. The Ediacaran post-glacial succession includes the Nuccaleena Formation and Tent Hill Formation and is interpreted as a second-order depositional cycle. The Sturtian and Marinoan cap carbonates form regional stratigraphic marker horizons and were deposited in a transgressive systems tract. Variations in facies and thickness can be linked to development of localised depocentres and topographic highs, such as the Pernatty High. Modelling of 3D surfaces reveals a shift in the basin orientation between the Cryogenian and Ediacaran sedimentation from an NNW–SSE axis towards a N–S axis. The Stuart Shelf sequence stratigraphic framework provides new insights in the basin sedimentology and evolution, which aids sediment-hosted mineral systems analysis and improves the understanding of Cryogenian and Ediacaran basin evolution in Australia.

Paleomagnetic investigation of the basal Maieberg Formation (Namibia) cap carbonate sequence (635 Ma): Implications for Snowball Earth postglacial dynamics

In this study, we investigate the paleomagnetism of the basal Maieberg Formation (Namibia) cap carbonate sequence to elucidate its magnetic properties and paleolatitude of deposition, establish global correlations, and contribute to the understanding of Snowball Earth postglacial dynamics. Two distinct magnetization components, C1 and C2, were identified. C1 is interpreted as a depositional or post-depositional remanent magnetization carried by detrital pseudo-single domain (PSD) magnetite, while the C2 component is a thermochemical remanent magnetization carried by fine authigenic single domain (SD)−PSD magnetite. The deposition paleolatitude provided by C1 is 33.3° ± 3.2°, which gives an initial quantitative approximation of the paleolatitude for the underlying Marinoan Ghaub diamictites. The thickness of the Keilberg Member cap dolostone is anomalously high for the paleolatitude calculated with C1, which suggests that other factors besides the influence of the paleolatitude on carbonate oversaturation may have influenced the sedimentary production of cap dolostones and the overall thickness of the flooding cap carbonate sequence. Possible explanations could include the influence of alkalinity input combined with local tectonic subsidence during a long glacial period with unusually low sedimentation rates, which appear to be in a favorable configuration for the substantial thickness of the Keilberg Member. Paleomagnetic field reversals at the Keilberg cap dolostone and analogous units globally suggest a longer duration of marine transgression than energy-balance deglaciation models and sedimentological-geochemical observations have constrained. Factors such as ocean warming, thermal expansion, and local glacio-isostatic adjustments imply extended marine transgressions beyond the deglaciation period. Still, magnetostratigraphic estimates for postglacial transgressive sequences require longer time scales by a factor of five or more. Thus, the conflict arising between estimates derived from paleomagnetic data and the constraints imposed by climate physics underscores uncertainties regarding an unconventional field state or a remanence acquisition mechanism within these cap carbonates that is not fully understood. Importantly, if such a phenomenon proves to be primary and global, the widespread occurrence of these stratigraphically compressed reversals would support the precise temporal correlation between Marinoan cap dolostones. The C2 pole correlates with Cambrian remagnetization poles observed in carbonates from West Gondwana, which now extend to the Congo craton. The remanence acquisition of C2 likely stems from diagenesis-related low-temperature authigenic magnetite formation after the conversion of iron-rich smectite to iron-poor illite. Cooling associated with the Kaoko orogen’s exhumation and tectonic uplift possibly locked the magnetic system at ca. 520 Ma, supported by the C2 pole position on the West Gondwana apparent polar wander path, although other explanations remain valid.

Design and selection of government regulations for vehicle supply chains: A Chinese perspective

New energy vehicles (NEV) have become a major trajectory changer for the global auto industry and an important catalyst for global sustainable economic growth. The implementation of carbon cap and dual credit regulations has altered the competitive environment and strategy of conventional vehicles (CV) and NEV, and has attracted extensive scholarly attention. However, the collaborative governance of the two regulations is relatively limited. This paper constructs two stylized production models based on Cournot game to examine the impacts of different combinations of two regulations, including no regulatory intervention (NC, ND), consideration of dual credit regulation without carbon cap regulation (NC, D), consideration of carbon cap regulation without dual credit regulation (C, ND), and consideration of both regulations (C, D), on vehicle production decisions, and determine the optimal regulatory scheme and intervention intensity under varying conditions. The Lagrange functions and Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) optimization conditions are employed to solve for the optimal CV and NEV production decisions. The results show that carbon cap regulation not only reduces carbon emissions but also expands the NEV market size. Different regulatory combinations are applicable in different contexts, while collaborative efforts between carbon cap and dual credit regulation can enhance social, economic, and environmental potential within the auto industry under specific conditions. These findings provide important theoretical guidance for expanding NEV market and improving government intervention mechanism.

Quantification of hydrogen depletion and mineral reactivity in underground hydrogen storage reservoirs

The utilisation of renewable energy has surged over the past decades due to shifts in climate patterns and the diminishing reserves of fossil fuels. Among the renewables, hydrogen energy has emerged as a promising clean energy carrier in recent years. In the hydrogen industry, storage faces a notable hurdle due to the relatively low density of hydrogen gas (0.0813 kg/m³ at 25 °C and 1 atm) and its lower storage density (7–27 kg/m³ at 25 °C and 100–400 atm). As a potential remedy, underground hydrogen storage emerges as a viable option, even though it is not without its challenges. Among these challenges, a prominent one involves the diversity in the composition and physical properties of the reservoir due to the influence of both biological and geo-chemical reactions. In this study, an extensive modelling effort was undertaken to gain insights into the impact of both bio and geo-chemical reactions, variations in porosity, hydrogen depletion, and the effects of diffusion across various levels of salinity, pressure, and temperature. Diverse Water/Rock ratios, distinct minerals, and residual gases were also considered. The modelled conditions encompassing mineral properties and parameters led to a cumulative hydrogen loss of 8.38% over a century. From this, 2.31% was identified due to the reactivity in reservoir rock and 6.07% due to the aqueous diffusion to cap rock and its reactivity. Among these reactions, carbonate dissolution emerged as the most noteworthy, resulting in considerable hydrogen loss contingent upon the presence of methanogenesis bacteria. As per the modelled scenario, porosity was reduced in reservoir rock by 0.41%, and in carbonate cap rock, it was increased by 56%, which could increase the hydrogen leakage. Also, methane (CH4) exhibited the most favourable characteristics as a cushion gas due to its lower reactivity. However, it's crucial to acknowledge that these figures could significantly fluctuate based on variations in mineral composition, bacterial populations and their growth, and the prevailing subsurface conditions. These modelled findings can serve as a valuable tool for comprehending the mechanisms of hydrogen loss and mineral reactivity within a given underground system.

Evaluating carbon cap and trade policy effects on a multi-period bi-objective closed-loop supply chain in retail management under mixed uncertainty: Towards greener horizons

In response to the growing imperative of addressing environmental concerns and aligning with governmental regulations in supply chain management, this study navigates the optimization landscape of closed-loop supply chains through the lens of carbon cap and trade policy. The optimization model aims to account for the impact of consumer demands, distribution networks, and retail operations on the overall closed-loop supply chain dynamics. The innovative approach introduces an optimization model designed to grapple with the challenges posed by imprecise information within an intuitionistic type-2 fuzzy framework. The bi-objective mixed-integer model integrates pivotal objectives, including carbon emissions reduction, total cost minimization, and trade policy compliance. For a nuanced comprehension of the proposed model, we present three numerical examples, offering clarity on its complexities. Following this, a sensitivity analysis visually depicts the impact of fluctuations in demand and capacity on the defined objective functions. Furthermore, these conclusions unveil promising avenues for future research and exploration within the ambit of this study.

One‐Pot Synthesis of Carbon‐Supported Pd Nanoparticles with Ni and Carbon Matrix Protection for Durable Alkaline Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction

Protecting nanoparticles with a carbon matrix can enhance the durability of the catalysts in alkaline fuel cells (AFC) and is well‐documented. While others have tried complex syntheses to produce small nanoparticle catalysts, in this work, in order to scale‐up batches of 15 g or more, carbon‐cap (or carbon‐coating) protected Vulcan XC72‐supported Pd‐Ni (1‐2) nanoparticles (Pd‐Niacc/C) were successfully synthesized via a one‐step dry‐synthesis process. This catalyst was compared with a commercial Pd‐Ni/Vulcan XC72 material (PdNi/C, Premetek) in terms of hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) activity and stability. To produce less ordered carbon caps (versus graphite/graphene), a low‐temperature heat‐treatment (below 500°C) was used, resulting in Pd‐Niacc/C of unique electrochemical properties: easily electrochemically activated, this catalyst outperforms PdNi/C for alkaline HOR and proves more durable under highly oxidizing accelerated stress test (AST) conditions. Identical location transmission electron microscopy (ILTEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and rotating disk electrode (RDE) measurements demonstrate how the Ni‐rich surface plays an important role in HOR activity for both PdNi/C and PdNiacc/C and that the protective carbon‐coating of the latter ensures better durability of performance and better resistance to materials degradation.

Production and carbon emission reduction decisions of remanufacturing firms with low‐carbon credit financing under uncertain demand

AbstractThis paper investigates the optimal production and carbon reduction strategy for a capital‐constrained remanufacturing firm considering demand uncertainty. The remanufacturing firm can accept low‐carbon credit financing. We construct optimization models with no financing and low‐carbon credit financing and analyze the impacts of capital, carbon emission caps, and other factors on the remanufacturer's decision and profit. The results show that (i) the output of remanufactured products and overall profit are higher when using low‐carbon credit financing, regardless of strict carbon emission conditions; (ii) low‐carbon credit can help remanufacturers withstand the impact of carbon price fluctuations; (iii) the demand uncertainty of new and remanufactured products has opposite effects on carbon emission reduction investment; (iv) increasing the carbon cap can enhance the remanufacturing level while a high carbon cap reduce incentives to remanufacture.

Synglacial carbonate records of snowball Earth ocean composition—Evidence from the Nantuo Formation, South China

Abstract The Cryogenian (ca. 717–635 Ma) snowball Earth glaciations ended with the precipitation of “cap” carbonate successions with negative carbon isotope (δ13Ccarb) values, which have been explained by the addition of various 13C-depleted carbon sources in the deglacial process. These arguments assumed that marine dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) was enriched in 13C in the synglacial ocean. However, this assumption has not yet been tested, because the synglacial ocean chemistry is unknown. In this study, we carried out detailed analyses of the petrology, carbonate carbon (δ13Ccarb) and oxygen (δ18Ocarb) isotopes, organic carbon (δ13Corg) isotopes, major and minor elemental compositions (Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Sr), and iron speciation (total Fe, highly reactive Fe, pyrite Fe) of the carbonate layers (also called synglacial carbonate layers) from the Nantuo Formation (ca. 650–635 Ma) on the Yangtze block, South China. Petrographic observations indicated that the synglacial carbonate comprises dolomicrite, mud-crystal powder dolomite, lime dolomite, and dolomitic limestone, supporting an authigenic carbonate origin, and thus, it potentially recorded the ocean chemistry during the Marinoan ice age. The synglacial carbonate is characterized by extreme Mn enrichment, low Fe/Mn ratios, and low δ13Ccarb (−7‰) values. High Mn contents and low Fe/Mn ratios imply marine redox conditions favoring Mn2+ accumulation and Fe2+ oxidation, while low δ13Ccarb values might be attributed to CO2 degassing of submarine volcanoes as well as low primary burial during the glaciation. Since the δ13CDIC value of the synglacial ocean was lower than the δ13Ccarb values of most cap carbonates, we infer the addition of 13C-enriched DIC or removal of 12C during cap carbonate precipitation, such as through carbonate weathering or organic carbon burial. These findings provide new insights into the nature of Cryogenian glaciation, the origin of cap carbonates, and the aftermath of global glaciation.

Promoting green supply chain under carbon tax, carbon cap and carbon trading policies

AbstractThis article examines a supply chain network that considers both economic and environmental factors. The network faces challenges related to multi‐item products and non‐homogenous vehicle types with different costs. Additionally, the production process involves multiple energy sources that emit different levels of air pollution. The main objective is to maximise profits while adhering to different carbon policies. To achieve this goal, the paper presents several supply chain models that are compared under different schemes: no carbon policy (basic one), carbon tax policy, carbon emission policy and carbon trading policy. These models were coded and solved to demonstrate their effectiveness for different conditions and scenarios. The results provide valuable insights for supply chain managers, enabling them to make well‐established decisions for executive planning.

An optimization model of supplier selection and order allocation with transportation mode alternatives under carbon cap and trade policy

An optimization model of supplier selection and order allocation with transportation mode alternatives under carbon cap and trade policy

A static robust energy management approach for modelling low emission multi-vectored energy hub including emission markets and power-to-gas units

This paper develops a robust and sustainable energy management framework to model a multi-vectored energy hub (MVEH) system. A max-min-based static robust optimization model is developed to counter the uncertainties. Furthermore, a flexible energy demand management program, battery electric vehicles (BEVs), and compressed air battery storage (CABS) are integrated to enhance MVEH's flexibility. Hybrid power-to-X units (electrolyser, methanization reactor and fuel cells) are modelled to reduce green energy spillage and improve operational independence, including heat pumps. Moreover, the emission (carbon cap and trade) market along with carbon capture storage and utilization units (CCS–U), are incorporated to establish a low-emission multi-energy model. Simulation results demonstrate that with flexible resources and power-to-X units, MVEH reduces the operating energy cost by 46.4 % and improves the system independence by 19.06 %. Besides, CCS-U units produce 92 % less emission while increasing the energy cost by 5.1 %. However, MVEH gains the right to sell carbon credits under the emission market. Thus, the multi-vectored system's economical, reliable, and environmental viability are ensured. Finally, sensitivity analysis proves the robustness of the proposed framework against natural gas and carbon price fluctuations.

Comparison of competing supply chains with different structures under cap-and-trade regulation

To reduce carbon emissions, many countries and regions have implemented carbon cap-and-trade regulation. The main objective of this paper is to explore the economic and environmental impacts of carbon cap-and-trade regulation on two competing supply chains. This paper considers two cases: (i) in the absence of cap-and-trade regulation and (ii) with carbon cap-and-trade regulation. For each case, there are three structures: centralized-centralized (C-C) structure, decentralized-decentralized (D-D) structure, and hybrid centralized-decentralized (C-D) structure. First, this paper analyzes the optimal pricing decisions of two competing supply chains for the two cases, and then explores the impacts of cap-and-trade regulation on the sale price, market demand, economy (include enterprise profits and consumer surplus), environment (i.e., carbon emission) and total social welfare. Finally, numerical examples are provided to illustrate the theoretical results. By comparing the two cases, the main conclusions are as follows: (i) cap-and-trade regulation leads to the increase of unit price and the decrease of the market demand, (ii) cap-and-trade regulation leads to the reduction of both carbon emission and the consumer surplus, (iii) the impacts of cap-and-trade regulation on the profit and social welfare depend on the carbon cap.

Petrophysical parameters of carbonate cap rock during CO2 sequestration in an offshore oil and gas reservoir – a case study

Sekwestracja CO2 jest obecnie jednym z najintensywniej rozwijanych sposobów zmniejszenia ilości tego gazu w atmosferze Ziemi. Wiąże się ona z szeregiem zjawisk w górotworze mających wpływ na właściwości zarówno poziomów zbiornikowych, jak i uszczelniających. Jednym z kluczowych elementów technologicznych związanych z sekwestracją jest wykazanie, w jaki sposób długotrwałe zatłaczanie CO2 do górotworu będzie wpływało na parametry skał zbiornikowych w obrębie horyzontu docelowego, a także czy nie doprowadzi do nadmiernego wzrostu przepuszczalności w wyżejległych formacjach uszczelniających. W artykule zostały przedstawione wyniki badań laboratoryjnych wpływu sekwestracji CO2 na parametry petrofizyczne skał węglanowych, stanowiących warstwę uszczelniającą pułapki w morskim złożu ropno-gazowym. Wpływ CO2 został wyznaczony na podstawie porównania współczynników przepuszczalności, porowatości oraz dynamicznych parametrów sprężystości przed ekspozycją próbek na CO2 i po niej. Próbki skał zostały nasycone solanką złożową, a następnie poddane 12-tygodniowej ekspozycji na CO2 w stanie nadkrytycznym w warunkach złożowych. Odnotowano wzrost współczynnika przepuszczalności w części próbek posiadających szczeliny naturalne, podczas gdy w próbkach niezawierających szczelin wystąpił jego spadek. Zaobserwowano także spadek współczynnika porowatości efektywnej, jednakże prawdopodobnie w efekcie wytrącania się kryształów z solanki, którą próbki były nasycane. Moduły Younga oraz odkształcenia postaci próbek po ekspozycji nie zmieniły się zasadniczo w stosunku do wartości referencyjnych. Zarówno w próbkach eksponowanych na CO2, jak i w próbce niepoddanej ekspozycji odnotowano niewielki wzrost współczynnika Poissona oraz wzrost modułu odkształcenia objętości, co mogło być spowodowane przekroczeniem granicy plastyczności podczas obciążania próbek w pomiarach referencyjnych, prowadzącym do ich trwałej kompakcji.

Inventory Optimization of Deteriorating Items: A Comprehensive Review of Carbon-Control Policies and Their Impact on Shelf Life, Greening Effects, and Rework Policies

This study examines the deteriorating inventory management problem for items with short shelf life, considering alternative carbon control strategies from 2018 to 2023. These policies include carbon cap and trade, trade and credit policy, carbon-emission control, and others. The study takes into account critical elements such as shelf life, optimal policies, modelling approaches, greening effects, subsidies, and rework policies. The analysis started with a search for 'EOQ Model' in the Science Direct database, which generated 788 items. For a comprehensive evaluation, were restricted our resources to 329 scientific publications, including deterioration. Following that, it was limited to carbon emissions, obtaining 123 results. The papers referenced above cover a wide range of issues, including remanufacturing and rework, as well as carbon caps and trade-credit systems for data collection, yielding 45 and 32 research articles, respectively. The review prioritizes respected publications of peer-reviewed journals papers for reliable results were examined. A review of the literature suggested that future research should concentrate on stochastic modelling. The emphasis has been placed on identifying future study gaps that will aid in the development of most relevant models. The current work will serve as a guideline for selecting the suitable mathematical technique(s) and methodology(s) in various situations involving deteriorating items. The current analysis examined 42 research papers on deteriorating inventory modelling accessible in the literature to characterize its current state and indicate probable future directions. Future research needs have also been identified. This comprehensive study is firmly believed to fill a knowledge gap on deteriorating inventory and support in the formulation of appropriate methods for the creation of a successful and effective inventory control system for deteriorating products.

Submarine volcanism along shallow ridges did not drive Cryogenian cap carbonate formation

Abstract The termination of Neoproterozoic “Snowball Earth” glaciations is marked globally by laterally extensive neritic cap carbonates directly overlying glacial diamictites. The formation of these unique deposits on deglaciation calls for anomalously high calcium carbonate saturation. A popular mechanism to account for the source of requisite ocean alkalinity is the shallow-ridge hypothesis, in which initial spreading ridges surrounding fragments of Rodinia, assumed to be dominated by volcanic margins, were formed at sea level. The shallow ridges are inferred to have promoted widespread deposition and alteration of glassy hyaloclastite—a source of alkalinity. We test this hypothesis by quantifying the prevalence of shallow ridges along Pangea's passive continental margins, and by assessing Neoproterozoic reconstructions of tectonic plates. We find that the most frequently occurring depth range for incipient mid-ocean ridges is 2.1 ± 0.4 km. Ridges with initial elevations of approximately sea level are rare and have anomalous crustal thicknesses >14 km that only occur proximal to large igneous provinces (LIPs). Hyaloclastite is uncommon on mid-ocean ridges as it is generally restricted to water depths of <200 m for tholeiitic basalts, instead forming mostly on intraplate seamounts. Additionally, ocean drilling recently found hyaloclastite to be insignificant along the outer Vøring Plateau (offshore Norway)—an exemplar of a volcanic margin. Reconstructions of Rodinia and associated LIPs demonstrate that volcanic margins potentially hosting minor hyaloclastites were scarce during the late Neoproterozoic. We conclude that the shallow-ridge hypothesis fails to explain the formation of cap carbonates and suggest that other mechanisms such as enhanced continental weathering may be largely responsible.

Peer-to-peer energy trading optimization for community prosumers considering carbon cap-and-trade

With the increasing penetration of distributed renewable energy, prosumers, a kind of customers capable of producing power, are able to share the information of the power consumption and the power price in a community, which evolves into an energy trading between producers and consumers over time. In this paper, considering the benefit conflict whether paying for the power from green power market, or suffering the cost from electricity market together with carbon market due to the carbon cap, a game-theoretic approach is proposed for the prosumers, who have to face the carbon emission constraints, in order to optimize their own utility with an energy trading in a community. It is considered that producers provide the optimal power price for the consumers based on the non-cooperative game, then the consumers decide which producer to purchase power from according to the evolutionary game, afterwards the interaction between the producers and the consumers are analysed in terms of the Stackelberg game. The low-carbon energy trading process in a community is solved with a mixed integer programming method based on the equilibrium of the games. Simulations show that the proposed approach is able to significantly improve the utility of the prosumers in the community.

Remanufacturing closed-loop supply chain decision comparison under multiple carbon policies

Abstract This article constructs a closed-loop supply chain system including a single manufacturer and a single retailer and studies the optimal decision problem of enterprises under three different carbon reduction policies. Three supply chain game models were constructed to research the impact of different carbon reduction policies on the decisions of supply chain members. The results revealed that:(1) The carbon emission reduction level of the manufacturer is negatively correlated with the recycling price of used products and the abatement cost factor;(2) When the carbon trading price is equal to the tax rate, the carbon cap and trade policy is more conducive to promoting the manufacturer to improve the level of carbon emission reduction;(3) When the carbon trading price is low, mixed carbon policy is more favorable for the manufacturer to increase its carbon emission reduction. The research results of this study can provide certain suggestions for the government to implement a reasonable carbon reduction policy.