Phenol Research Articles

Computer simulations as an effective way to distinguish supramolecular nanostructure in cyclic and phenyl alcohols.

Molecular dynamics simulations supported by x-ray-diffraction experimental data were utilized to demonstrate how replacing the cyclic ring with the phenyl one in molecules of alcohols significantly differentiates their nanostructure by reducing the number of H-bonded clusters. Besides, molecules in the phenyl alcohols associate themselves in clusters via phenyl ring organization which likely is the result of OH⋯π and π⋯π interactions. Thus, at room temperature, the supramolecular structure of phenyl alcohols is more heterogeneous and governed by the formation of various clusters arising due to three types of interactions, while in cyclic alcohols, the H bonding controls the association of molecules. We believe that our methodology could be applied to better understand the fundamental process of association via H bonding and the competitive aggregation caused by phenyl rings.

PENGAMBILAN MINYAK TERPENTIN DARI GETAH PINUS DENGAN METODE MICROWAFE ASSISTED HYDRO-DISTILATION (MAHD)

Turpentine oil is the result of distillation of pine tree sap. The main content of turpentine oil is α-pinene which can be used for the synthesis of organic compounds such as paint and carbolic acid. This study aims to study the process of extracting turpentine oil using the Microwave Hydro-Distillation method. In this research studied the effect of time, power and volume of raw materials in the Microwave Hydro-Distillation process. The variables observed in this study were time (30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 minutes), power (150, 300 and 600 Watt) and raw material volume (150 ml). The quality of turpentine oil such as color, specific gravity, and refractive index were tested according to SNI 7633-2011, while the α-pinene content was analyzed using GC-MS. This study produced the highest yield of 28.22% in the extraction of raw materials of 150 mL using 300 and 600 Watts of power for 70 minutes with 85.01% α-pinene, 5.4% 3-carene and 2.27% β-pinene. Turpentine oil has a characteristic clear color from aquadest solvent with a refractive index of 1.465 and a specific gravity of 0.858 g/cm3, while from hexane solvent with a refractive index of 1.471 and a specific gravity of 0.863 g/cm3. The results of the study concluded that microwave energy has great potential to be used as an energy source for the process of extracting turpentine oil from pine resin because it can produce turpentine oil in a short time.

Microwave-assisted Synthesis of Pharmacologically Active 4-Phenoxyquinolines and their Benzazole-quinoline Hybrids Through SNAr Reaction of 4,7-dichloroquinoline and Phenols Using [bmim][PF6] as a Green Solvent.

Quinoline and its derivatives have been shown to display a wide spectrum of biological properties, especially anticancer activity. Particularly, diverse potent anticancer drugs are based on the 4-phenoxyquinoline skeleton, acting as small-molecules VEGR2 and/or c-Met kinase inhibitors. However, the design of new drugs based on these quinoline derivatives remains a challenge. Up till now, all approaches to 4-phenoxyquinoline skeleton construction do not obey any green chemistry principles. Developing a new, and efficient protocol for the synthesis of potentially bioactive 4-phenoxyquinoline derivatives and benzazole-quinoline-quinoline hybrids from commercially available 4,7-dichloroquinoline and phenol derivatives using microwave energy (MW) in the presence of 1-methyl 3-butylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate. Neweco-efficient protocol for valuable 7-chloro-4-phenoxyquinolines and their hybrids, which is based on SNAr reaction of 4,7-dichloroquinoline with respective simple phenols and hydroxyaryl- benzazoles under MWenergy in green reaction media, is studied for the first time. We found that among various solvents tested, the ionic liquid 1-methyl 3-butylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim][PF6]) favored the SNAr reaction affording phenoxyquinolines in excellent yields (72-82%) in 10 min. The developed protocol allowed to obtain quickly in good yields (48-60%) new diverse benzazole-quinoline hybrids, which are expected to be pharmacologically active. According to the calculated bioactivity scores, new hybrids are potential kinase inhibitors that could be useful in anticancer drug research. We developed for the first time a new green, efficient method to prepare potentially bioactive functionalized 7-chloro-4-phenoxyquinolines and benzazole-quinoline molecules. Good to excellent yields of the quinoline products, use of MW irradiation in ([bmim] [PF6] as a green solvent, and short times of reactions are some of the main advantages of this new protocol.

Calculating the Aqueous pKa of Phenols: Predictions for Antioxidants and Cannabinoids.

We aim to develop a theoretical methodology for the accurate aqueous pKa prediction of structurally complex phenolic antioxidants and cannabinoids. In this study, five functionals (M06-2X, B3LYP, BHandHLYP, PBE0, and TPSS) and two solvent models (SMD and PCM) were combined with the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set to predict pKa values for twenty structurally simple phenols. None of the direct calculations produced good results. However, the correlations between the calculated Gibbs energy difference of each acid and its conjugate base, ΔGaq(BA)°=ΔGaqA-°-ΔGaq(HA)°, and the experimental aqueous pKa values had superior predictive accuracy, which was also tested relative to an independent set of ten molecules of which six were structurally complex phenols. New correlations were built with twenty-seven phenols (including the phenols with experimental pKa values from the test set), which were used to make predictions. The best correlation equations used the PCM method and produced mean absolute errors of 0.26-0.27 pKa units and R2 values of 0.957-0.960. The average range of predictions for the potential antioxidants (cannabinoids) was 0.15 (0.25) pKa units, which indicates good agreement between our methodologies. The new correlation equations could be used to make pKa predictions for other phenols in water and potentially in other solvents where they might be more soluble.

Cardioprotective profiling of syzygium cumini: evidence in experimental model of ischemic injury

Syzygium cumini is a medicinal plant traditionally used to treat cardiometabolic disorders. This study proposed to evaluate the cardiopreventive effect of the hydroalcoholic extract from the S. cumini leaves (HESc) on ischemic injury isoproterenol (ISO)-induced in rats. Male albino Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were pre-treated with HESc or water for 15 days. They received a challenge with ISO (85 mg/kg) on the 14th and 15th days for induction of ischemic injury. For all animals were obtained electrocardiographic parameters predictive of the lesion in addition to evaluation of troponin I changes in animals. We also realized a phytochemical screening, and in vitro antioxidant activity including 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical. HESc was found to be rich in flavonoids, and high antioxidant potential. Addictionaly, increased the survival rate and reversed ventricular remodeling caused by isoproterenol-induced ischemic injury in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibition of ST segment elevation, impairmentf QT interval prolongation, reduction of Troponin I levels also were observed in animals pretreated with HESc. Our results suggest that pretreatment with HESc reduces myocardial injury and simple phenols and flavonols are likely to be responsible for its effect on cardiomyocyte integrity, confirming that S. cumini is a promising plant source of bioactive compounds for the treatment of ischemic syndromes.

Nature of Dielectric Response of Phenyl Alcohols.

Phenyl alcohols (PhAs) are an interesting class of materials, for which the dielectric response reveals only the presence of single prominent Debye-like (D) relaxation, interpreted as a genuine structural (α) process. Herein, we have performed dielectric and mechanical measurements on a series of PhAs characterized by the varying length of the alkyl chain and found that this interpretation is not valid. Analysis of the derivative of the real part of the complex permittivity together with the mechanical and light scattering data clearly indicated that the prominent dielectric D-like peak is actually a superposition of both cross-correlation between dipole-dipole (D-mode) and self-dipole correlation (α-process) and that the distinguished α-mode exhibits a similar ("generic") shape of PhAs independently to their molecular weight and applied experimental technique. Therefore, the data presented herein contribute to the whole discussion focused on the dielectric response function and universality (or diversity) of the spectral shape of the α-mode of polar liquids.

Effect of Geographical Location on the Phenolic and Mineral Composition of Chetoui Olive Leaves.

In this study, we investigated the influence of pedological parameters and variation of altitude on the mineral nutrients, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activities of olive leaves. Samples of the Chetoui cultivar were collected from eight geographical locations with different altitudes. Levels of phenolic compounds varied according to the altitude. Classification of the locations revealed that altitude 1 (>500 m) was characterized by high levels of secoiridoids and simple phenols, while altitude 2 (500-300 m) and altitude 3 (<300 m) were higher in flavonoids. Levels of Mn, Ca and B in the leaves and level of Zn in the soil were significantly correlated with the abundance of oleuropein and luteolin-7-O glucoside, the most important phenols in Chetoui olive leaves. The results suggest that, in addition to pedological criteria, environmental conditions also influence the formation of phenolic compounds.

New Hydrolyzable Tannin with Potent Antioxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity from Black Tea Produced from Camellia taliensis.

Camellia taliensis (W. W. Smith) Melchior, belonging to the genus Camellia sect. Thea., is mainly distributed from northern Myanmar to western and southwestern Yunnan province of China, and its leaves have been used to make various teas by the locals of its growing regions. The chemical constituents of C. taliensis are significantly related to those of cultivated tea plants, C. sinensis and C. sinensis var. assamica. The HPLC-ESI-MS analysis of black tea prepared from the leaves of C. taliensis showed a rich existence of polyphenols. Further comprehensive chemical study led to the separation and recognition of 32 compounds (1-32), including one new hydrolyzable tannin, 1-O-galloyl-4,6-tetrahydroxydibenzofurandicarboxyl-β-D-glucopyranose (1), and one new natural product (24). The known compounds referred to seven hydrolyzable tannins (2-8), 10 flavonols and glycosides (9-18), and 14 simple phenolics (19-32). Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses. Among them, 20 compounds (2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 15, 17, 18, 20-22, 24-32) were isolated from black tea for the first time. Most isolates displayed obvious antioxidant activities on DPPH and ABTS+ assays, and the hydrolyzable tannins 1, 3-5, 7, and 8 exhibited stronger inhibitory activities on α-glycosidase than quercetin and acarbose (IC50 = 5.75 and 223.30 μM, respectively), with IC50 values ranging from 0.67 to 2.01 μM.

Confining manganese-based peroxymonosulfate activation in carbon nanotube membrane for phenol degradation: Combined effect of oxygen vacancy defects and nanoconfinement

In this study, an open ends carbon nanotube (OCNT) membrane, which confined fine-tuned oxygen vacancy defects (Odef) modified MnOx inside OCNT (MnOx-in-OCNT), was developed for enhancing peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation towards phenol (PE) removal. The MnOx-in-OCNT membrane filtration coupled with PMS activation process (MFPA process) achieved outstanding removal (100%) of PE at a high permeate flux of 585.0 L m2 h−1 bar−1 (residence time of only 8.8 s). The unit degradation rate (2 min running time) and mass transfer rate of MnOx-in-OCNT were 2.0 and 8.4 times higher than that of CCNT (closed caps CNT) membrane with surface-loaded MnOx (MnOx-out-CCNT) MFPA process, and its catalytic performance was much superior to MnOx-in-OCNT powder reactions and MnOx-in-OCNT membrane batch reactions. The PMS activation mechanism experienced an obvious enhancement yield of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from MnOx-out-CCNT to MnOx-in-OCNT MFPA process. The enhanced PMS activation and boosted ROS yield of MnOx-in-OCNT was mainly attributed to the co-effect of the fine-tuned Odef and nanoconfinement. The contact frequency between PMS, pollutant and Odef was greatly enhanced via nanoconfinement effect, leading to the enhanced yield of SO4•− and •OH. Meanwhile, the O2 was enriched and reacts with enhanced Odef under nanoconfined-space to produce O2•− and 1O2. Then, the co-enhanced ROS (SO4•−, •OH, 1O2 and O2•−) displayed wide applicability for phenolic pollutants removal owing to their presence of –OH. Finally, the possible degradation pathway of PE was deduced by DFT calculations and HPLC analysis.

Characterization, Cytotoxicity and Anti-oxidant Studies of Phytoniosome Loaded with Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Tinospora Cordifolia.

From time immemorial herbal preparations are been employed for the treatment of several ailments. In recent years due to poor bioavailability the conventional herbal preparations are replaced by phytoniosomes, an advanced novel drug delivery system in which the herbal extracts are incorporated into a non-ionic surfactant to yield higher absorption and remarkable desired pharmacological activity. The present study is aimed to prepare and characterize the ethanolic leaf extract of Tinospora cordifolia (nELETC) loaded phytoniosome and to compare its antioxidant properties with ethanolic leaf extract of Tinospora cordifolia (ELETC). The ethanolic leaf extract and ethanolic leaf extract of Tinospora cordifolia loaded phytoniosome (ELETC and nELETC) were prepared. The characterization of the prepared phytoniosomes were performed by UV-Visible spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, DLS and zeta potential. The nontoxic nature of the prepared phytoniosomes was analyzed using MTT assay in vero cell line. The antioxidant potential of ELETC and nELETC were compared by the scavenging activity of DPPH, Hydrogen peroxide and Superoxide radicals. The formation of ethanolic leaf extract of Tinospora cordifolia loaded phytoniosome (nELETC) was confirmed with UV-Vis spectroscopy. The SEM and TEM images confirmed the spherical shape of the nELETC with average size ranging from 600 to 1800 nm. The zeta potential showed magnitude of -65.55 to -77.83 mV and its crystalline structure was confirmed by XRD analysis. Through the FTIR spectrum presence of alcohols, alkanes, phenols, esters, aliphatic and aromatic compounds as well as alkenes and carbolic acids were identified. MTT assay establishes the non-toxic nature of the synthesized nELETC and excellent antioxidant potential was observed for nELETC than ELETC. In conclusion, the ethanolic leaf extract of Tinospora cordifolia loaded phytoniosome (nELETC) will serve as a promising drug carrier in scavenging the free radicals and can be used in various biological applications.

Volatile components of Pelaverga red wines from Piedmont (Italy)

AbstractBackgroundThe characterization of a typical red wine from Piedmont (north‐west Italy), Pelaverga, was performed by means of headspace solid phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Two different kinds of Pelaverga are known, hystorical and Verduno, which differ with the area of production. The main volatile compounds of the wine were identified and semi‐quantified. Principal components analysis (PCA) was performed to identify possible clusters among the different samples analyzed.ResultsForty‐eight volatile compounds were unambiguously identified in the wines sampled. The two types of Pelaverga analyzed displayed a very similar volatile profile. The most abundant volatile compounds were two esters, ethyl octanoate and diethyl succinate, and two alcohols, isoamyl alcohol and ethyl phenyl alcohol. Few varietal compounds were detected, probably due to their low concentration; among these, we were not able to detect rotundone, which is reported to impart characteristic spicy notes to this kind of wine. Application of PCA did not allow to differentiate between the two types of Pelaverga on the basis of their volatile profile.ConclusionThe present work is, to the best of our knowledge, the first complete report about the volatile profile of Pelaverga wines and represents the first step of a research project aiming at characterizing food products from Piedmont on the basis of chemical parameters. Differentiation between the two types of Pelaverga will likely require the determination of different chemical parameters in conjunction with volatile compounds.

Pollution and risk assessment of phenolic compounds in drinking water sources from South-Western Nigeria.

This study reports the occurrence and risk assessment of 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP), phenol (PHE), and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) in drinking water sources in three south-western States in Nigeria (Osun, Oyo, and Lagos). Groundwater (GW) and surface water (SW) were collected during dry and rainy seasons of a year. The detection frequency of the phenolic compounds followed the trend Phenol > 2,4-DNP > 2,4,6-TCP. The mean concentrations of 2,4-DNP, Phenol, and 2,4,6-TCP in GW/SW samples from Osun State were 639/553 μg L-1, 261/262 μg L-1, and 169/131 μg L-1 during the rainy season and 154/7 μg L-1, 78/37 μg L-1, and 123/15 μg L-1 during the dry season, respectively. In Oyo State, the mean concentrations were 165/391 μg L-1 for 2,4-DNP and 71/231 μg L-1 for Phenol in GW/SW samples, respectively, during the rainy season. Generally, in the dry season, these values decreased. In any case, these concentrations are higher than those previously reported in water from other countries. The concentration of 2,4-DNP in water posed serious ecological risks to Daphnia on the acute scale while it was algae on the chronic scale. Estimated daily intake and hazard quotient calculations suggest that 2,4-DNP and 2,4,6-TCP in water pose serious toxicity concerns to humans. Additionally, the concentration of 2,4,6-TCP in water from Osun State in both seasonsof the year and in both groundwater and surface water poses significant carcinogenic risks to persons ingesting water from these sources in the State. Every exposure group studiedwere at risk from ingesting these phenolic compounds in water. However, this riskdecreased with increasing age of the exposure group. Results from the principal component analysis indicate that 2,4-DNP in water samples is from an anthropogenic source different from that for Phenol and 2,4,6-TCP. There is a strongneed to treat water from GW and SW systems in these Statesbefore ingesting while assessing their qualityregularly.

A mild iodocyclohexane demethylation for highly enhancing antioxidant activity of lignin

Lignin, as a natural antioxidant, shows great potential in food engineering and medicine. However, the inherent macromolecular structure, high polydispersity, and few phenolic hydroxy seriously limit its antioxidant activity. In this work, a mild iodocyclohexane demethylation for highly improving the antioxidant activity of lignin was proposed. The results showed –OCH3 content exhibited an almost linear decrease as a function of treating time, and the demethylation and cleavage of β–aryl ether bonds prompt an obvious increase in phenolic hydroxyl content (4.01 mmol/g) and a significant decline in aliphatic hydroxyl (∼0.03 mmol/g). Meanwhile, attributing to the fragmentation of β–O–4, β–β, and β–5 substructures, the polydispersity of lignin molecular weight decreases from 2.7 to 2.2. As a result, the formed catechol-typed lignin showed an outstanding antioxidant activity, with the radical (DPPH·) scavenging index (inverse of concentration for 50% of maximal effect (EC50) value) over 2 000 mL/mg, much superior to the commercial antioxidants (< 500 mL/mg). Further structure-activity relationship analysis implied that the Ph–OH/–OCH3 ratio might act as a key factor influencing the antioxidant activity of lignin. This mild demethylation demonstrates a facile and effective method for highly enhancing the antioxidant activity of lignin and makes the catechol-typed lignin a green and promising product for practical use in food, medicine, and pharmacy.

Lipase-catalysed changes in essential oils revealed by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography

Candida antarctica lipase A (CALA) was applied for the chemo-selective enzymatic transesterification of terpene and phenyl alcohols in 35 different essential oil samples. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC×GC‒MS) analysis enabled the separation and tentative identification of a cohort of 125 compounds, allowing the instant visualisation of the reaction process changes, amid the complex chemical background of the samples. The results indicate that 42 out of 79 alcohols so-identified were fully or partially esterified within 48 h of reaction, with primary alcohols being the substrates of preference of the enzyme (90–100% conversion), followed by secondary alcohols (mostly ~ 80–100% conversion). No significant conversion of tertiary alcohols and phenols was observed using the tested conditions. Overall, the enzyme’s performance was consistent for primary alcohol substrates identified in multiple samples of different compositions. The observed selectivity, efficiency, robustness, scalability (enzyme/substrate working concentration ratio > 1:160), potential reusability, mild reaction conditions, and other factors make this process a greener and more sustainable alternative for industry applications, particularly for the manufacture of novel flavours and fragrances.Graphical

Wood Extractives: Main Families, Functional Properties, Fields of Application and Interest of Wood Waste

Abstract The extractives contained in wood are compounds with a very high added value in various fields (e.g., pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, agri-food). These extractives can be classified into four groups: lipid components (terpenes and terpenoids), waxes and fats, phenolic compounds, and alkaloids. This review is particularly focused on the description of the main families of extractives contained in wood waste, with their properties and the potential applications made to date. It also makes a brief report on some conventional techniques for extracting wood extractives, with an eye toward recovering wood waste in our country. These extractives, particularly phenolic compounds, fall into several categories: simple phenols, lignans, flavonoids and tannins. They have chemical and biological properties such as antioxidants, antiradicals, anti-termites, antifungals, anticancer, inhibitors of type 1 human immunodeficiency virus, antimutagenics, and antimicrobial properties. They are also used in food preservation as well as wood protection. This review sums up the interest that should be focused on the availability in large quantities of wood waste in our environment, which, far from being a problem, could be the solution to certain current and future problems.

Changes in Polyphenols and Anthocyanin Pigments during Ripening of Vitis vinifera cv Maratheftiko: A Two-Year Study

The vineyard of Cyprus is comprised largely of native Vitis vinifera varieties, which are rather underexploited with regard to wine production to date. Although empirical observations concur that several of these varieties may possess a high potential for the production of quality wines, analytical data pertaining to their polyphenolic composition are scarce. This study was undertaken with the aim of providing a detailed picture of the evolution patterns of several important polyphenolic constituents during the last stages of ripening of Maratheftiko, which is one of the major native grape varieties. This study included monitoring of representative simple phenolics, flavonoids and anthocyanin pigments for two consecutive years, 2021 and 2022, to obtain a more integrated portrayal of changes occurring during the critical period prior to harvest. It was revealed that there was a very high difference in the content of almost all polyphenols considered for the harvests in 2021 and 2022. The grapes harvested in 2022 had a much higher content in catechin, but most importantly, the content in total anthocyanins was 3.91-fold higher in 2022 compared to 2021. On the other hand, trans-resveratrol was the only polyphenolic metabolite whose difference was rather marginal. In seeds, the predominant substance was catechin, which displayed pronounced fluctuations during the period examined. It was concluded that the contents of major polyphenolic metabolites in Maratheftiko grapes might exhibit large variations during the period prior to harvest, most possibly reflecting differences in the average temperature and rainfall. Thus, tight monitoring of technologically important constituents, e.g., anthocyanins, is recommended to ensure the harvest of grapes with optimal maturity.

A new resonance Rayleigh scattering method for phenol based on Cr(III) metal–organic framework probe and 4-aminoantipyrine reaction

Stable Cr(III) metal–organic framework (CrMOF) was prepared and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It was found that in the presence of potassium periodate (KIO4), phenol (PN) reacted with 4-aminoantipyrine (AAP) to form red quinone imine (QI) product, and a resonance Rayleigh scattering energy transfer (RRS-ET) occurred between the acceptor QI and the donor CrMOF. With the increase of PN concentration, RRS-ET increased, and the RRS intensity at 500 nm decreased. Based on this, a new and simple RRS-ET method for the detection of PN was established, with a detection range of 0.01–0.15 mmol/L and a detection limit (DL) of 0.005 mmol/L. The new RRS-ET method was applied to the determination of PN in water. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was 0.94–7.43%, and the recovery was 97–107%.

Hairy Root Cultures as a Source of Phenolic Antioxidants: Simple Phenolics, Phenolic Acids, Phenylethanoids, and Hydroxycinnamates.

Plant-derived antioxidants are intrinsic components of human diet and factors implicated in tolerance mechanisms against environmental stresses in both plants and humans. They are being used as food preservatives and additives or ingredients of cosmetics. For nearly forty years, Rhizobium rhizogenes-transformed roots (hairy roots) have been studied in respect to their usability as producers of plant specialized metabolites of different, primarily medical applications. Moreover, the hairy root cultures have proven their value as a tool in crop plant improvement and in plant secondary metabolism investigations. Though cultivated plants remain a major source of plant polyphenolics of economic importance, the decline in biodiversity caused by climate changes and overexploitation of natural resources may increase the interest in hairy roots as a productive and renewable source of biologically active compounds. The present review examines hairy roots as efficient producers of simple phenolics, phenylethanoids, and hydroxycinnamates of plant origin and summarizes efforts to maximize the product yield. Attempts to use Rhizobium rhizogenes-mediated genetic transformation for inducing enhanced production of the plant phenolics/polyphenolics in crop plants are also mentioned.

Co nanoparticles modified N-doped carbon nanosheets array as a novel bifunctional photothermal membrane for simultaneous solar-driven interfacial water evaporation and persulfate mediating water purification

Solar-driven interfacial water evaporation is an effective way to produce clean freshwater. However, it is still challenging that volatile organic compounds might enter the condensate in the evaporation process. Herein, we designed a novel bifunctional photothermal membrane (Co-N-C/CF) that can be applied for simultaneous water evaporation and persulfate mediating water purification. Due to the molecular thermal vibrations effect of carbon-based materials, plasmonic effect of Co NPs, the membrane exhibited an impressive water evaporation rate of 1.88 kg m−2 h−1 (1 sun irradiation). Furthermore, Co-N-C/CF could effectively activate persulfate for phenol (PE) removal through a non-radical reaction process. Experiments and density functional theory calculations illustrated that PE is favorable to be degraded while water molecules are easier to be converted into vapor in the photothermal evaporation process. Hence, the combination of persulfate-based oxidation and solar-driven water evaporation shows great application potential in the durable and efficient production of clean water.

Phenolic Profile and Cholinesterase Inhibitory Properties of Three Chilean Altiplano Plants: Clinopodium gilliesii (Benth.) Kuntze [Lamiaceae], Mutisia acuminata Ruiz & Pav. var. hirsuta (Meyen) Cabrera, and Tagetes multiflora (Kunth) [Asteraceae

This research aimed to identify the phenolic profile and composition of the aerial parts of three native species used in traditional medicine in the Andean Altiplano of northern Chile: Clinopodium gilliesii (Benth.) Kuntze [Lamiaceae] (commonly known as Muña-Muña), Mutisia acuminata Ruiz & Pav. var. hirsuta (Meyen) Cabrera [Asteraceae] (commonly known as Chinchircoma), and Tagetes multiflora (Kunth), [Asteraceae] (commonly known as Gracilis), as well as to evaluate their potential inhibitory effects against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Polyphenolic enriched-extracts (PEEs) of the species were prepared and analyzed and the main components were quantified using HPLC-DAD. In total, 30 phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in all species, including simple phenolics, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavan-3-ols (monomers and polymers), flavanones, and flavonols. In addition, other main phenolics from the extracts were tentatively identified by ESI-MS-MS high-resolution analysis. T. multiflora extract showed the greatest anti-AChE and BChE activity in comparison with C. gilliesii and M. acuminata extracts, being the anti-AChE and BChE activity weak in all extracts in comparison to galantamine control. To comprise to better understand the interactions between cholinesterase enzymes and the main phenolics identified in T. multiflora, molecular docking analysis was conducted.