Carbohydrate Source Research Articles

Nitrogen doped carbon dots as a photocatalyst based on biomass. A life cycle assessment

The effectiveness of various transition metal phosphate-based acid catalysts, including vanadium and niobium, in the hydrothermal synthesis of carbon dots (CDs), has been assessed. Two sources of carbohydrates were employed for this: commercial xylose and liquor of xylose produced by processing olive pits. Catalysts were identified using the NH3-TPD, DTA/TG, XRD, and XPS techniques. The reaction was conducted for 4 h at a temperature of 180 °C. The existence of such nanoparticles, regardless of the carbohydrate source, was confirmed by an analysis of the features and characteristics of CDs nanoparticles. N-doped CDs with increased fluorescence were also created at the same time using a similar hydrothermal technique, and their photocatalytic activity was investigated. A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was conducted for both syntheses with the goal of comparing the environmental effects of the synthesis from commercial xylose to the synthesis from biomass. It was revealed that, although energy is the primary driver of both synthesis pathways' effect categories, the fundamental variations that seem to determine their relative sustainability are connected to the nature of the carbon precursor. Regarding the latter, it is determined that electricity has the greatest environmental impact.

Association of carbohydrate intake from different sources with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among chronic kidney disease populations: assessment of 1999–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey participation

This study analysed the data from the NHANES (1999–2018) to examine how different sources of carbohydrate intake affected the all-cause and cardiovascular mortality of 11,302 chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. The data were adjusted for other factors using various methods. The results showed that CKD patients (stages 1-2 and 3-5) who consumed more carbohydrates from whole grains, fruits, vegetables and less carbohydrates from fruit juice or sauces had lower mortality rates. Replacing fat intake with carbohydrates from whole grains (HR = 0.86[0.78–0.95]), fruits (raw) (HR = 0.79[0.70–0.88]) and non-starchy vegetables (HR = 0.82[0.70–0.96]), but not protein intake, was linked to lower all-cause mortality. The fibre content in carbohydrates might partly account for the benefits of selected carbohydrate intake. This study provided practical recommendations for optimising the carbohydrate sources in CKD patients.

PERANAN KELOMPOK TANI TERHADAP PENINGKATAN PRODUKSI JAGUNG ( Zea Mays) DI DESA MARIO, BONE

One of the commodities that plays a role in the development of the agricultural sector is corn (Zea Mays). The second most important source of carbohydrates after rice, most of these crops are used for food and animal feed. This study aims to determine the role of farmer groups in increasing corn production (Zea mays). This research was conducted in April - June 2023, in Mario Village, Dua Boccoe District, Bone Regency. Data collection techniques through observation, questionnaires and documentation. The type of data used in this research is descriptive analysis using a scoring system, namely giving a score to each statement item used to see the role of farmer groups. The results showed that farmer groups in Mario Village played a role in increasing corn production. This is shown in the role of farmer groups in providing agricultural facilities and equipment at 80.6%, group activity planning at 50%, information dissemination at 63.9%, cooperation with financial institutions 52.8% and complying with agreements 91, 7%.

Analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome reveals phenylpropanoid mechanism in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) responding to salt stress at sprout stage

AbstractCommon bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seeds are important legume crops and an important source of dietary proteins and carbohydrates. Therefore, it is important to develop strategies to improve salt tolerance in common beans. In this study, transcriptome and metabolome analyses were conducted on local common bean variety under salt stress at the sprout stage for a period of 0, 12, and 24 h. Results showed that phenylpropanoid pathways (including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and phenylalanine metabolism) and flavonoid pathways (including flavonoid biosynthesis and flavone and flavonol biosynthesis) played an important role in controlling responses to salt stress as evidenced by analysis of differentially expression genes, common expression patterns, WCGNA, and differentially altered metabolites (DAMs) analyses. In addition, exploration of the activities of 4‐coumarate‐CoA ligase (4CL), caffeoyl‐CoA O‐methyltransferase (CCoAOMT), peroxidase (POD), chalcone isomerase (CHI), dihydroflavonol‐4‐reductase (DFR), and flavonol synthase (FLS) further showed that phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways participate in plant responses to salt stress. Moreover, the phenylpropanoid pathways and flavonoid pathways were found to be potential pathways regulating plant response to salt stress based on transcriptome and metabolome analysis. The activities of 4CL, CCoAOMT, POD, CHI, DFR, and FLS revealed that these pathways are crucial to the regulation of plant responses to salt stress. These findings provided theoretical basis for further improvement of salt tolerance in common bean.

Variations of Washing Agent on The Physicochemical And Microbiology Properties of Sago Starch

Food is a basic necessity that must be provided in sufficient quantities, of high quality, and continuously. Utilizing the potential of natural resources, such as using locally available sago as a carbohydrate or starch source, can help alleviate the problem of food availability. Additionally, a washing procedure that produces starch could improve the caliber of the final product. The goal of the study was to identify the most effective washing agent for producing high-quality sago starch. The study’s design used a totally random approach. Chlorine, water, and metabisulphite (500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 ppm) are used in the washing process for sago starch (500, 1000, 1500, 2000 ppm). As a control, unwashed sago starch was used. According to SNI 3729:2008, the weighing and sago starch quality results showed that water was the best washing agent. The results showed a normal color, taste, and aroma as well as a moisture content of 9.92%, an ash content of 0.17%, an 87% starch content of 0.44%, an acidity level of 2.99%, the absence of SO2, Hg, and As levels, 0.7 ppm of Pb, 2.34 ppm of Cu, and a TPC value of 2.93 log cfu/g. Molds had 1.57 log cfu/g and E. coli had 0 log cfu/g.

Genetic response of hybrid maize line to downy mildew caused by Peronosclerospora spp. infection

Maize is the second staple food commodity in Indonesia. Apart from being the main source of carbohydrates and protein, the production of maize continues to increase along with the escalation of population growth and animal feed requirements in the last few years. The potential to increase the national production of maize is still feasible because of the yield gap between the potential yields of new superior varieties and the level of yields obtained by farmers. The yield gap caused by biotic stress in maize is mainly caused by pathogens such as downy mildew due to Peronosclerospora spp. Downy mildew distribution is sporadic that can infect a wide area. In Indonesia, it spreads widely and significantly reduces yields in the areas of maize production centres in East Java, Central Java, South Sulawesi, North Sulawesi, Gorontalo, Lampung, and Sumatera. These obstacles can be overcome by integrated pest and disease control technology. One strategy is to discover downy mildew-resistant varieties that can be combined with other control treatments. The phenomenon of resistance to downy mildew infection of several hybrid maize strains began to be detected in the vegetative growth phase, with symptoms beginning at 14 days after planting (DAP), increasing with plant age, and reaching its peak after 28-35 DAP and then the symptoms will gradually disappear until no infection after 42 HST. This study analyses the resistant maize varieties from 2020 to 2022. The data showed the susceptible comparison variety (Anoman) was infected with 88.94% to 100%. In 2020, BMD73 showed a resistant reaction to Philippinensis species, other strains were classified as susceptible in P. maydis except BMD 76. All strains showed highly susceptible and susceptible reactions. In 2021, in P. philippinensis all strains FCP10-FCP16 showed a resistant reaction, but line FCP10-FCP16 had a resistance response that was classified as moderately resistant to P. maydis. The incidence of genetic response in 2022, except BMD86, strains BMD81-BMD85 were classified as resistant, as well as in the P. maydis endemic area all strains showed the same reaction.

Prospect of utilizing botanical pesticides for maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) management to preserve national maize production

Maize plays a strategic role in the national food map as well as a mainstay commodity in accelerating the realization of food self-sufficiency. It is because maize has wide adaptability and is relatively easy to cultivate. However, the attack of maize weevil obstructs the increase of maize productivity. This pest is the most destructive and reduces maize productivity as a national source of carbohydrates. The global policy of limiting the use of synthetic pesticides to control agricultural pests has become a topic of discussion in international forums today. It is due to the large number of deaths reported by synthetic pesticides. WHO reports that every year pesticide poisoning occurs between 44,000-2,000,000 people worldwide, and the highest poisoning rates occur in developing countries. In response to this, the government has made regulations through Government Regulation No.6 of 1995 concerning synthetic pesticides. It is contained in. Plant-based materials are very prospective to be used as active ingredients for environmentally friendly botanical pesticides. It has been identified that around 10,000 potential secondary metabolite components can be processed into active ingredients of botanical pesticides. This paper discusses the potential of botanical pesticides in Indonesia’s national plant treasures.

Achieving prediction of starch in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) by data fusion of Vis-NIR and Mid-NIR spectroscopy via machine learning

Cassava is an important crop for both the food and bio-energy industries, serving as a primary carbohydrate source and a staple food. Knowledge of the starch content (SC) is a key parameter index its quality. Non-destructive measurement of SC is needed to track the same tubers to study behaviours of SC accumulation in cassava tubers, which benefit for breeders in discovering a good variety and farmer to indicating harvesting period. This paper involves the prediction of cassava tuber starch content (SC) using multiple near infrared (NIR) spectrometers, aiming to measure SC in fresh cassava tuber. This study applies both portable NIR spectrometers at 570–1031 nm and 860 – 1760 nm. The best results of the model which developed provided R2p and RPD were 0.69 and 1.80 for VIS-NIR region. Meanwhile, the Mid-NIR region provided poor performance with R2p and RPD of 0.46 and 1.36, respectively. Therefore, this study aims to assess whether it was better for predicting SC if the model was developed using combined selected significant wavelength from both VIS-NIR and Mid-NIR regions using machine learning. Genetics algorithm (GA) and variables important projection (VIP) were used for selecting significant wavelength. Selected wavelengths were combined and then generate calibration models via machine learning (ML). The results of the SC model developed using NIR spectra from selected wavelength with SV regression method had the highest performance, with R2c and RMSEc of 0.88 and 1.28%. Meanwhile, the R2p, RMSEp, and RPD of 0.74, 1.86% and 1.97, respectively. Then, the best calibration model was used to measure the unknown sample which corrected from a different harvest season. The external test set provided R2p, RMSEp were 0.88 and 1.38%. The results indicate that combination of NIR with different region can achieve.

Identification of the distribution and characteristics of local sago from Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi

In eastern Indonesia, particularly Southeast Sulawesi, sago is an important commodity as a carbohydrate-producing plant. Carbohydrate output can reach 15-24 tons ha-1 annually, surpassing rice, corn, and wheat. Southeast Sulawesi, notably the Kendari mainland, relied on sago starch until rice became the predominant carbohydrate source. Sago starch, like other basic starches, has no taste. Sago does not contain fat or protein, so it must be eaten alongside other local foods that do. Sago palms grown naturally produce 2–5 tons of dry starch per hectare. With 500 sago clumps per acre of varied ages, 100 trees might be harvested annually. Well-maintained farms can generate 150 kg of starch palm and 15 tons ha−1. Currently, only 5,912 ha are planted with sago, from the total area in 1985 was 13,000 ha. Sago development requires characterizing and identifying Kendari Southeast Sulawesi’s local sago. The results showed that there were three dominant types of local sago in Kendari, namely sago molat, sago tuni and sago borowila, originating from the main sago production centres in Kendari such as in Tobimeita, Abeli and Pohara.

Substitution of cassava, wheat and carrot on wet noodles to support local food

Cassava is one of Indonesia’s local carbohydrate sources, ranking third after rice and corn. Cassava flour can be used to make noodles. One way to increase the nutritional value of noodles is to fortify nutrition with carrots. This study aims to determine the effect of substituting cassava flour with the addition of carrots on the quality of wet noodles. This study used a completely randomized design with three replications. The results showed that substituting cassava, wheat and carrot significantly affects the moisture content, β carotene, colour, texture, flavour and taste of wet noodles. Wet noodles that meet SNI standards treatment A (100% wheat + 0% cassava + 0% carrot), treatment B (70% wheat + 20% cassava + 10% carrot) and treatment D (10% wheat + 60% cassava + 30% carrot). The highest β carotene content and the best sensory was produced in the D treatment (10% wheat + 60% cassava + 30% carrot) with moisture 33.26%, β carotene 0.98 µg, a colour score of 3.93, texture score of 3.55, flavour score of 3.79 and taste score 3.71.

Amorphophallus muelleri blume diversity based on morphological characteristics in South Sulawesi

Porang is an alternative carbohydrate source plant that contains the highest glucomannan among other Amorphophallus species in Indonesia. Amorphophallus muelleri Blume is an important species of the genus Amorphophallus, which belongs to the same subspecies A. bulbifer and A. yuloensis. A. muelleri Blume has good disease resistance and heat tolerance tendency, and high KGM content. Kinship relationships can be used as a basis for assembling more potential genotypes. To find out the kinship between existing varieties we must exploration and identify. This research was carried out using qualitative methods analysed in the numerical taxonomy and multivariate analysis system version 2.02i (NTSYS) program. The genetic materials used in this study were explored from wild growing habitat in agroforestry areas in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The results obtained that the MR6 and BL10 genotypes which had a similarity coefficient value of 1.00, between genotypes MR4, MR9, MR10, BT4 and BT10 had a similarity coefficient value of 1.00, between genotypes BT5 and BT7 have a similarity coefficient value of 1.00, and between genotypes BT1, BT2, BT9 have a similarity coefficient value of 1.00. Furthermore, BL1, BL4, and BL6 contribute significantly of the variation as showed by PC1.

Investigation of dry dog food market trends and valuation of carbohydrate sources for dog diets

Investigation of dry dog food market trends and valuation of carbohydrate sources for dog diets

Millets-A Powerhouse for Food Security and Combating Malnutrition

Malnutrition remains a global challenge, affecting millions of people and posing a significant threat to food security. It has become the emerging challenge in the contest of raising uncertainty of food supplies. Malnutrition factors like hidden hunger and micronutrient deficiency has become life threatening for children and women, as they become susceptible to common infections and life-threatening diseases. Millets are the ancient heritage grains valued for their nutritional properties as well as due to their high resistance to abiotic stress and low input requirement. These coarse grains are a rich source of carbohydrates, dietary fibres, fats, proteins, vitamins, essential minerals and trace elements, essential amino acids, and anti-oxidants, and hence can be regarded as miracle grains. Despite the ease of cultivation and various nutritional and therapeutic properties, very less importance is given for its promotion. These neglected crops can assure food security and sustainable production. In this review, a brief account on the role of millets to combat malnutrition and achieve nutritional security has been furnished.

Assessment of Phytoextracts and Synthetic Chemicals for Controlling Leaf Blight of Syzygium Cumini

Jamun (Syzygium cumini) is a distinguished source of protein, fat, minerals (Iron, Calcium, and Potassium), fiber, carbohydrates, phosphorous, and vitamin C (ascorbic acid). Leaf blight of S. cumini, caused by Pestalotiopsis spp., poses a potential threat to the successful production of Jamun fruit. The appearance of small, round, dark, and sunken spots on the fruit diminishes its quality and results in yield losses of 10 to 20%. Fungicides and plant extracts were employed to address this fungal problem under laboratory and greenhouse conditions using a Completely Randomized Design whereas field trials were performed using a Randomized Complete Block Design. In vitro experiments revealed that among the fungicides, minimum fungal growth was observed with Score (12.5 mm), followed by Topsin M (16.89 mm), Fossil (18.37 mm), Excel (23.17 mm), Evito (27.56 mm), and Bloom (32.32 mm), as compared to the control (55.56 mm). Among the phytoextracts, Moringa extracts showed the least fungal growth (15.7 mm), followed by Neem (18.76 mm), Eucalyptus (19 mm), Garlic (22.72 mm), Ginger (27.57 mm), and Cinnamomum verum (Dar Cheni) (31 mm), in comparison to the control (53.17 mm). The most effective fungicides and plant extracts determined in the laboratory experiments were further evaluated in greenhouse and field conditions, both alone and in combinations. In the greenhouse evaluation, the combination of Moringa + Score exhibited the lowest disease incidence (23.63%), followed by Score (28.12%) and Moringa (29.56%), in contrast to the control (52.9%). Under field conditions, among all treatments, Moringa + Score exhibited the least disease incidence of 17.44%. These findings confirm that leaf blight of S. cumini can be managed by using Score fungicide and Moringa oleifera extract.

Pharmaceutical approach of Taro (Colocasia esculenta)

Colocasia esculenta is a widely cultivated plant belonging to the family Araceae. It is commonly known as “Taro” the name was given to this family’s tubers and roots. It is an annual herbaceous plant with a long history of uses in traditional medicine and as a food in several countries. Taro is an extremely valuable source of carbohydrates as an energy source. It is rich in mucilage and starch granules. Traditionally, it has been employed in the treatment of asthma, arthritis, diarrhea, neuro disorders, and skin disorders. It possesses ingredients having antitumor, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, anti-bacterial, anti-hepatotoxic, and anti-melanogenic properties. The literature survey carried out revealed that taro can serve as a potential film-forming agent, disintegrant, diluent, and granulating agent. The review revealed that taro can be used in the pharmaceutical industry for its various properties. Taro mucilage was found to be a suitable alternative to conventional mucilage’s in formulations and development. Also in this review, we described different extraction techniques used to extract mucilage from the corms of the taro plant. The review concluded that all parts of the taro plant are useful and have a variety of health benefits. The starch and the gum obtained from the corms of C. esculenta can be used in the pharmaceutical industries for its various properties such as in the form of binder, matrix forming agent etc.

Proximate Analysis of <i>Telfairia Occidentalis</i> (Fluted Pumpkin) and <i>Telfairia Pedata</i> (Oyster Nut) Leaves Consumed in Katsina Metropolis: A Comparative Study

Telfairia occidentalis and Telfairia pedata are highly valued for their nutritious seeds and are consumed widely in sub-Saharan Africa. However, the potential application of their leaves was not thoroughly investigated and documented. Therefore, proximate analysis of their leaves for potential applications is sacrosanct. Samples of the leaves were obtained from the Katsina metropolis and analysed for their proximate compositions using standard analytical procedures. The result indicates that the percentage carbohydrate, crude fibres, and moisture contents values for Telfairia pedata and Telfairia occidentalis leaves were 49.23±0.79, 19.50±0.31, 62.06±0.49 and 49.44±0.55,14.68±1.04, and 71.40±0.31, respectively. The crude protein, crude fat, and ash contents were 16.04±0.51, 2.00±0.50, 13.33±0.31 and 22.45±0.50, 4.80±0.34, and 8.60±0.21 for Telfairia pedata and Telfairia occidentalis, respectively. The crude fibre and ash content were higher in Telfairia Pedata than in Telfairia Occidentalis leaves. There was no significant difference in the carbohydrate content of the leaves. However, the crude protein, moisture content, and lipid were higher in the Telfairia Occidentalis leaf. The leaves could be a good carbohydrate, protein, and dietary fibre source. However, further study is recommended on the leaves’ anti-nutrients, mineral and phytochemical analyses

Whole Unripe Plantain Flour as Unconventional Carbohydrate Source to Prepare Gluten‐Free Pasta with High Dietary Fiber Content and Reduced Starch Hydrolysis

AbstractThe effect of non‐starch polysaccharides of whole unripe plantain flour (WUPF) on the starch hydrolysis rate provides information on the potential glycemic impact of the use of this flour to produce gluten‐free foods. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of the non‐starch polysaccharides (dietary fiber (DF)) present in the peel of unripe plantain flour on starch digestion, texture, and DF content of laminated pasta. The unripe plantain pulp flour (UPF) is used as a reference. Pasta based on these flours is prepared by sheeting. Proximate composition, cooking quality, texture, polyphenol content, antioxidant activity, and starch hydrolysis rate of the pasta are evaluated. An appreciable higher DF content is recorded in the cooked WUPF pasta which is associated with the non‐starch polysaccharides of the peel. In general, the cooking quality and texture of both pastas are similar, falling within the range considered for good quality pasta. The resistant starch content is higher in the pasta of WUPF. The presence of polyphenols in the cooked WUPF pasta may also contribute to reducing the starch digestion rate. The WUPF can be an alternative to preparing gluten‐free pasta with reduced starch hydrolysis and high DF content.

Bifidobacterium infantis utilizes N-acetylglucosamine-containing human milk oligosaccharides as a nitrogen source

ABSTRACT Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis (B. infantis) utilizes oligosaccharides secreted in human milk as a carbohydrate source. These human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) integrate the nitrogenous residue N-acetylglucosamine (NAG), although HMO nitrogen utilization has not been described to date. Herein, we characterize the B. infantis nitrogen utilization phenotype on two NAG-containing HMO species, LNT and LNnT. This was characterized through in vitro growth kinetics, incorporation of isotopically labeled NAG nitrogen into the proteome, as well as modulation of intracellular 2-oxoglutarate levels while utilizing HMO nitrogen. Further support is provided by comparative transcriptomics and proteomics that identified global regulatory networks deployed during HMO nitrogen utilization. The aggregate data demonstrate that B. infantis strains utilize HMO nitrogen with the potential to significantly impact fundamental and clinical studies, as well as enable applications.

Minerals and essential amino acids of bovine colostrum: Phenotypic variability and predictive ability of mid- and near-infrared spectroscopy

Colostrum quality and volume are fundamental for calves because it is the primary supplier of antibodies and the first source of energy, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, minerals, and vitamins for the newborn. Assessing the detailed composition (i.e., AA and mineral content) of bovine colostrum (BC) on-line and at a reasonable cost would help dairy stakeholders such as farmers or veterinarians for precision feeding purposes and industries producing preparations containing BC such as foodstuff, supplements, and medicaments. In the present study we evaluated mid- (MIRS) and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) prediction ability for AA and mineral composition of individual BC. Second, we the investigated the major factors affecting the phenotypic variability of such traits also evaluating the correlations with the Ig concentration. Results demonstrated that MIRS and NIRS were able to provide sufficiently accurate predictions for all the AA. The coefficient of determination in external validation (R2V) fell, in fact, within the range of 0.70 to 0.86, with the exception of Ile, His, and Met. Only some minerals reached a sufficient accuracy (i.e., Ca, P, S, and Mg; R2V ≥ 0.66) using MIRS, and also S (R2V = 0.87) using NIRS. Phenotypically, both parity and calving season affected the variability of these BC composition traits. Heifers' colostrum was the one with the greatest concentration of Ca and P, the 2 most abundant minerals. These minerals were however very low in cows calving in summer compared with the rest of the year. The pattern of AA across parities and calving season was not linear, likely because their variability was scarcely (or not) affected by these effects. Finally, samples characterized by high IgG concentration were those presenting on average greater concentration of AA. Findings suggest that infrared spectroscopy has the potential to be used to predict certain AA and minerals, outlining the possibility of implementing on-site analyses for the evaluation of the broad-sense BC quality.

COMPARING BIOAPATITE AND COLLAGEN RADIOCARBON DATES FROM A 16TH CENTURY CEMETERY CONTEXT—EL JAPÓN, XOCHIMILCO, MEXICO CITY

ABSTRACT El Japón is a 16th century hamlet site in the marshlands of the southern Basin of Mexico in central Mesoamerica. Radiocarbon (14C) dating and OxCal modeling of human bone collagen (n = 11) identifies a range of burials at El Japón cemetery from 1550–1650 cal. CE. The refined chronology identifies use of this rural settlement well after the onset of colonial government-sponsored relocation of Indigenous people to larger settlements (congregaciones). Historically documented information in this work supports chronological modeling beyond stand-alone calibration. Stable isotopic study of bone samples demonstrates similar sources of dietary protein and carbohydrates. The similarity of carbon sources for bone apatite (bioapatite) and collagen offers security that both bone fractions are viable 14C dating opportunities. Recent extension of this work examines bioapatite 14C dates (n = 5) from the same bone samples when quality parameters are met—atomic carbon-nitrogen ratios of 3.2–3.3 and collagen yield of 10–20%. No significant difference is found between collagen and bioapatite dates of the same individuals (p = 0.17, Mann-Whitney U test). 14C dates from human bone samples in this primarily terrestrial dietary context can be successfully acquired from either collagen or bioapatite fractions.