Carbohydrate Source Research Articles

Endogenous Fructose Production and Metabolism Drive Metabolic Dysregulation and Liver Disease in Mice with Hereditary Fructose Intolerance.

Excessive intake of sugar, and particularly fructose, is closely associated with the development and progression of metabolic syndrome in humans and animal models. However, genetic disorders in fructose metabolism have very different consequences. While the deficiency of fructokinase, the first enzyme involved in fructose metabolism, is benign and somewhat desirable, missense mutations in the second enzyme, aldolase B, causes a very dramatic and sometimes lethal condition known as hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI). To date, there is no cure for HFI, and treatment is limited to avoiding fructose and sugar. Because of this, for subjects with HFI, glucose is their sole source of carbohydrates in the diet. However, clinical symptoms still occur, suggesting that either low amounts of fructose are still being consumed or, alternatively, fructose is being produced endogenously in the body. Here, we demonstrate that as a consequence of consuming high glycemic foods, the polyol pathway, a metabolic route in which fructose is produced from glucose, is activated, triggering a deleterious mechanism whereby glucose, sorbitol and alcohol induce severe liver disease and growth retardation in aldolase B knockout mice. We show that generically and pharmacologically blocking this pathway significantly improves metabolic dysfunction and thriving and increases the tolerance of aldolase B knockout mice to dietary triggers of endogenous fructose production.

Prospective evaluation of echocardiographic parameters and cardiac biomarkers in healthy dogs eating four custom-formulated diets

IntroductionDiet-associated dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) has been suspected in breeds that have not been previously noted to have a predisposition to the DCM phenotype. This study hypothesized that over 210 days, dogs fed diets with varying amounts of animal-sourced protein and carbohydrate sources would not be negatively impacted in terms of their cardiac parameters and function.MethodsThirty-two purebred beagles and 33 mixed-breed hounds were randomized into four diet groups and studied for 210 days. The diet groups were as follows: the high-animal-protein grain-free (HAGF) group, the low-animal-protein grain-free (LAGF) group, the high-animal-protein grain-inclusive (HAGI), and the low-animal-protein grain-inclusive (LAGI) group. Cardiac-specific biomarkers, endomyocardial biopsies, and linear and volumetric echocardiographic parameters were evaluated.ResultsThere was a treatment-by-day-by-breed effect observed for the normalized left ventricular internal diameter at end-diastole (p = 0.0387) and for the normalized left ventricular internal diameter at end-systole (p = 0.0178). On day 210, mixed-breed hounds fed the LAGI diet had a smaller normalized left ventricular internal diameter at end-diastole than on day 90. On day 210, beagles fed the LAGF diet had a larger normalized left ventricular internal diameter at end-systole than those fed the LAGI diet. Fractional shortening for beagles in the LAGF group was significantly lower (p = 0.007) than for those in the HAGI and LAGI groups. Cardiac-specific biomarkers and endomyocardial biopsies were not significantly different between breeds, diets, and various time points.DiscussionThis study did not detect the development of cardiac dysfunction throughout the study period through the echocardiographic parameters measured, select cardiac biomarkers, or endomyocardial biopsies. There were noted interactions of treatment, breed, and time; therefore, isolating a diet association was not possible. Future research should further investigate the other factors that may help to identify the variable(s) and possible mechanisms underlying suspected diet-associated DCM in dogs.

SAT162 Management Of Hypoglycemia In Von Gierke's Disease

Abstract Disclosure: A. Makda: None. A. Sood: None. O. Syed: None. K. Nihan: None. Introduction: Glycogen Storage Disease Type-1 (GSD-1)is due to deficiency in Glucose-6-Phosphatase (G6P) results in excessive accumulation of glycogen and fat in the liver, kidney. GSD-1 have a wide spectrum of symptoms including hepatomegaly, hypoglycemia, lactic acidemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia, and growth retardation. Manifestations of the disease vary in age of onset, rate of disease progression, and severity. Case:18-year-old male with GSD-1a, Von Gierke's disease, hyperuricemia and hypertension presented to the hospital with nausea and vomiting. Patient followed an hourly cornstarch regimen during the day and overnight through infusion via PEG tube. The complaints started at work where he was unable to tolerate oral cornstarch. ABG showed metabolic acidosis, labs showed Leukocytosis, hyperkalemia, acute kidney injury, elevated liver enzymes, hypertriglyceridemia, lactic acidosis. CT abdomen showed hepatomegaly and fatty infiltration with PEG tube intact. He was admitted to the ICU and started on D5NS for hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis. Per request by the patient's pediatrician, he was transitioned to IV D10- 0.45NS at 110mL/Hr to maintain blood glucose above 75 mg/L. Frequent accuchecks were done till he could tolerate his dietary regimen with cornstarch. Lactic Acid downtrended to 2.9 and accuchecks ranged between 100-110. Cr improved to 1.3, and his home medications (Allopurinol and Lisinopril) were resumed. He was discharged in stable condition with plans for further genetic therapy work up. Discussion: Mainstay therapy for Von Gierke's Disease is prevention of metabolic derangements for which dietary and lifestyle changes are recommended. A low fructose and sucrose diet is recommended with limiting the intake of galactose and lactose to one serving per day. Hypoglycemia treatment in such patients is two fold; utilizing both quick and stable release sources. Cornstarch has been once such therapy since the 1980, its slow digestion provides a steady release of glucose over a longer period of time as compared with other sources of carbohydrates. Dosing guidelines vary from age to age and person to person but it is highly recommended to check BG levels frequently to maintain a BG > 70 mg/dL. Associated high levels of triglycerides and cholesterol can be treated with statins, fibrates, etc. Conclusion: The management of hypoglycemia in GSD 1 disease presents various obstacles which could prove to be fatal. Due to the deficiency of G6P, treatment with a specialized hypoglycemic regimen is warranted. A D10 ½ NS infusion can be used to maintain blood sugar levels as well as correct metabolic or lactate imbalances. Infusion should be gradually weaned off after the patient can tolerate oral feeds as this can help prevent the risk of hypoglycemia and other derangements. Further research is needed in regards to these patients for more sustainable regimens. Presentation: Saturday, June 17, 2023

Food consumption patterns in dense coastal settlements of Kendari City, Indonesia

Food consumption is a basic human need, the most basic part of the welfare of society. In general, the food needs of low-income people have not been fully met. The purpose of this study was to study food consumption patterns in low-income people (LIP) in the coastal area of Kendari City. The population is LIP who receive social assistance in 2021. The total sample is 120 households, which were selected using the simple random sampling method. The analysis uses the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) model with the parameter estimation method using Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR). The results showed that partially, commodity price variables and respondent’s characteristics had an effect on food expenditure, except for the age variable. The price elasticity of demand for all commodities is negative, according to the theory of demand, except for vegetables, which are positive. The value of income elasticity for all commodity groups is positive, where food sources of carbohydrates tend to be inelastic and the demand for vegetables and side dishes is elastic. In general, the response to changes in cross-demand between commodities shows that there are commodities that are mutually complementary and some are complementary.

Extending the product-group-specific approach in nutritional life cycle assessment

Abstract Purpose Recent methodological developments have integrated nutritional aspects into life cycle assessment (LCA) by using nutrient indices as functional units (nFUs). Previous developments have focused on protein-rich foods, but environmental impacts and nutritional composition vary across products in other product groups, highlighting the need to develop nFUs also for other product groups. Here, we present product-group-specific nFUs for vegetables, fruit and berries, and sources of carbohydrates as an extension to our previous study on protein sources. Methods We first justified the basis of product grouping and the procedure to develop product-group-specific nutrient indices to be used as the nFU in the LCA for product groups of vegetables, fruit and berries, and sources of carbohydrates. The practical application of these indices was then tested through demonstrative LCAs for the selection of different foods. The performance and results obtained with product-group-specific nFUs, including previously developed nFU for protein sources, were evaluated through a comparison with an assessment done using a general index, which included all the nutrients with the recommended daily intake in Finnish nutrition recommendations. Results and discussion The results showed that the product-group-specific nFUs resulted in index scores that were an average of 2.5 times higher, and therefore lower climate impacts per nFU for the assessed food products, than the general index. This demonstrated that product-group-specific nFUs accurately represented the relevant nutrients for the studied product group and provided specific information on the impact of substituting currently consumed foods. The relative results obtained with either product-group-specific indices or a general index were similar except in the protein source product group, showing that a product-group-specific nFU might favour a certain type of products, such as traditional protein source foods, when applied to a very heterogenous group of products. Conclusions This study showed that the product-group-specific approach could provide valuable information when evaluating the sustainability of different meal components. The approach presented here can be adapted elsewhere and revised for different populations. However, future research is needed to extend the method to cover other product groups as well and validate the selection of nutrients in the nFUs.

Pengenalan dan Pemanfaatan Tanaman Penghasil Karbohidrat Non Beras dan Gandum sebagai Bahan Dasar Usaha Kuliner untuk Siswa Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan

Several carbohydrate source plants are well known to the people of Indonesia, seven of which are corn, bananas, sago, cassava, potatoes, sweet potatoes, and taro. Simultaneous efforts by introducing the potential of these plants to be used as culinary products is one thing that can be done. Vocational High Schools (SMK) with culinary expertise can help. Based on this, community service activities were carried out by a team from Palangka Raya University with a target of 40 students and teachers at SMK Negeri 3 Palangka Raya. Activities were carried out by outreach, consultation, interactive discussion, and hands-on practice of introducing and making cakes made from non-rice and wheat, as well as surveys of perceptions. This activity aims to provide socialization about non-rice and wheat carbohydrate source plants, nutritional value, and using safe chemicals for food. After this work was carried out, 51.40% of students were very satisfied, and 90.02% of students understood non-rice and wheat carbohydrate-producing plants and their processing. Students' understanding of the nutrition of non-rice and wheat commodities and the use of safe chemicals increased to 74.85% of the total number of students. Furthermore, guidance is needed so students can promote their culinary products and understand the flow of obtaining SPP-IRT.

Pengaruh Dosis Asam Giberelat dan Pupuk Boron terhadap Produksi dan Mutu Benih Jagung (Zea mays L.)

Corn is a food crop that is in great demand, because corn is the second source of carbohydrates afterrice, therefore the demand for corn continues to increase from year to year. The purpose of this studywas to determine the interaction between the dose of gibberellic acid and boron fertilizer on theproduction and quality of corn seeds. This research was conducted at the Experimental Farm ofJember State Polytechnic from August to November 2022. This study used a factorial randomizedgroup design (RGD) that was repeated 3 times. The first factor was the dose of gibberellic acidconsisting of 3 levels, namely G1 (15 DAP), G2 (15 and 30 DAP), G3 (15, 30, and 45 DAP). Thesecond factor is the dose of boron fertilizer consisting of B1 (10 kg/ha), B2 (20 kg/ha), B3 (30 kg/ha).Observational data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA, if the results showed significantlydifferent effects then continued with the DMRT level of 5%.. The results showed that the treatmentinteraction between the application of gibberellic acid 15, 30, and 45 DAP and boron fertilizer 30kg/ha gave a significantly different effect on the parameters of seed weight per cob 119.62 gr, thenumber of seeds per cob 416.61 grains, seed production per hectare 5.78 tons/ha, and the weight of1000 seed grains 315.42 gr.

Illuminating the Genomic Landscape of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum PU3-A Novel Probiotic Strain Isolated from Human Breast Milk, Explored through Nanopore Sequencing.

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum stands out as a remarkably diverse species of lactic acid bacteria, occupying a myriad of ecological niches. Particularly noteworthy is its presence in human breast milk, which can serve as a reservoir of probiotic bacteria, contributing significantly to the establishment and constitution of infant gut microbiota. In light of this, our study attempted to conduct an initial investigation encompassing both genomic and phenotypic aspects of the L. plantarum PU3 strain, that holds potential as a probiotic agent. By employing the cutting-edge third-generation Nanopore sequencing technology, L. plantarum PU3 revealed a circular chromosome of 3,180,940 bp and nine plasmids of various lengths. The L. plantarum PU3 genome has a total of 2962 protein-coding and non-coding genes. Our in-depth investigations revealed more than 150 probiotic gene markers that unfold the genetic determinants for acid tolerance, bile resistance, adhesion, and oxidative and osmotic stress. The in vivo analysis showed the strain's proficiency in utilizing various carbohydrates as growth substrates, complementing the in silico analysis of the genes involved in metabolic pathways. Notably, the strain demonstrated a pronounced affinity for D-sorbitol, D-mannitol, and D-Gluconic acid, among other carbohydrate sources. The in vitro experimental verification of acid, osmotic and bile tolerance validated the robustness of the strain in challenging environments. Encouragingly, no virulence factors were detected in the genome of PU3, suggesting its safety profile. In search of beneficial properties, we found potential bacteriocin biosynthesis clusters, suggesting its capability for antimicrobial activity. The characteristics exhibited by L. plantarum PU3 pave the way for promising strain potential, warranting further investigations to unlock its full capacity and contributions to probiotic and therapeutic avenues.

Nutritional composition, health benefits and bio-active compounds of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.).

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), an annual plant of the family Fabaceae is mainly grown in semiarid and temperate regions. Among pulses, cultivated worldwide chickpeas are considered an inexpensive and rich source of protein. Chickpea is a good source of protein and carbohydrate, fiber, and important source of essential minerals and vitamins. The quality of protein is better among other pulses. Consumption of chickpeas is related to beneficial health outcomes. Dietary peptides from the protein of chickpeas gaining more attention. Peptides can be obtained through acid, alkali, and enzymatic hydrolysis. Among all these, enzymatic hydrolysis is considered safe. Various enzymes are used for the production of peptides, i.e., flavorzyme, chymotrypsin, pepsin, alcalase, papain, and trypsin either alone or in combinations. Chickpea hydrolysate and peptides have various bioactivity including angiotensin 1-converting enzyme inhibition, digestive diseases, hypocholesterolemic, CVD, antioxidant activity, type 2 diabetes, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticarcinogenic activity. This review summarizes the nutritional composition and bioactivity of hydrolysate and peptides obtained from chickpea protein. The literature shows that chickpea peptides and hydrolysate have various functional activities. But due to the limited research and technology, the sequences of peptides are unknown, due to which it is difficult to conduct the mechanism studies that how these peptides interact. Therefore, emphasis must be given to the optimization of the production of chickpea bioactive peptides, in vivo studies of chickpea bioactivity, and conducting human study trials to check the bioactivity of these peptides and hydrolysate.

Association between changes in carbohydrate intake and long term weight changes: prospective cohort study.

To comprehensively examine the associations between changes in carbohydrate intake and weight change at four year intervals. Prospective cohort study. Nurses' Health Study (1986-2010), Nurses' Health Study II (1991-2015), and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (1986-2014). 136 432 men and women aged 65 years or younger and free of diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, neurodegenerative disorders, gastric conditions, chronic kidney disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus before baseline. Weight change within a four year period. The final analyses included 46 722 women in the Nurses' Health Study, 67 186 women in the Nurses' Health Study II, and 22 524 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. On average, participants gained 1.5 kg (5th to 95th centile -6.8 to 10.0) every four years, amounting to 8.8 kg on average over 24 years. Among men and women, increases in glycemic index and glycemic load were positively associated with weight gain. For example, a 100 g/day increase in starch or added sugar was associated with 1.5 kg and 0.9 kg greater weight gain over four years, respectively, whereas a 10 g/day increase in fiber was associated with 0.8 kg less weight gain. Increased carbohydrate intake from whole grains (0.4 kg less weight gain per 100 g/day increase), fruit (1.6 kg less weight gain per 100 g/day increase), and non-starchy vegetables (3.0 kg less weight gain per 100 g/day increase) was inversely associated with weight gain, whereas increased intake from refined grains (0.8 kg more weight gain per 100 g/day increase) and starchy vegetables (peas, corn, and potatoes) (2.6 kg more weight gain per 100 g/day increase) was positively associated with weight gain. In substitution analyses, replacing refined grains, starchy vegetables, and sugar sweetened beverages with equal servings of whole grains, fruit, and non-starchy vegetables was associated with less weight gain. The magnitude of these associations was stronger among participants with overweight or obesity compared with those with normal weight (P<0.001 for interaction). Most of these associations were also stronger among women. The findings of this study highlight the potential importance of carbohydrate quality and source for long term weight management, especially for people with excessive body weight. Limiting added sugar, sugar sweetened beverages, refined grains, and starchy vegetables in favor of whole grains, fruit, and non-starchy vegetables may support efforts to control weight.

Morphological, physicochemical, and functional properties of 15 different dietary carbohydrate sources in Sri Lanka

AbstractBackgroundCarbohydrate is the primary source of energy in the human diet and plays an important role in a healthy diet. In this study, 15 different carbohydrate sources (white raw rice, red raw rice, white basmati rice, red basmati rice, wheat, atta flour, soy, black gram, corn, finger millet, water lily seeds, kithul, chickpea, oats, and palmyra sprouts) in Sri Lanka were investigated for their physicochemical and functional properties.ResultsThe shape of the extracted starch granules varied according to the source, and the amylose content ranged from 17.22% to 36.12%. Kithul and black gram showed the highest water swelling capacity and water absorption index, respectively. Flour of white raw rice and finger millet showed significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) freeze–thaw stability than other sources. Flour of Soy, black gram, and chickpea showed significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) dietary fiber content and potassium content than other samples. Water lily seeds showed remarkable in vitro prebiotic activity from the studied carbohydrate sources.ConclusionThe study indicates the potential utilization of raw white rice, palmyra, and finger millet starch in the food processing industry as alternatives to conventional starch sources. Furthermore, the flour from water lily seeds, white basmati rice, soy, and black gram has the potential for use in functional food preparation, offering a wide range of health benefits.

Finding the sweet spot: Managing parenteral nutrition-related glycemic complications in hospitalized adults.

Parenteral nutrition (PN) remains an important aspect of treating hospitalized adult patients who are otherwise unable to achieve adequate nutrition intake. PN is highly individualized and requires careful adjustment of macronutrients and micronutrients to minimize complications. One frequent complication associated with PN involves blood glucose (BG) derangements including both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. PN-related glycemic complications are complex and multifactorial. Close BG monitoring is required for selecting and evaluating therapeutic interventions. BG goals for patients treated with PN may vary depending on patient-specific characteristics. Since dextrose provides the carbohydrate source in PN prescriptions, hyperglycemia may be expected, but nondextrose causes must also be considered. Insulin is a mainstay of therapy for managing glycemic complications related to PN, and the regimen chosen depends on patient-specific factors. However, insulin therapy also places the patient at an increased risk of hypoglycemia. Similarly, insulin is not the sole cause of hypoglycemia in these patients. The aim of this review is to describe the factors associated with dysglycemia during PN therapy and provide recommendations for minimizing and managing these complications, which is paramount to providing high-quality patient care and improving clinical outcomes.

Microbial conversion of agro-wastes for lactic acid production

Lactic acid (LA) is an organic compound produced via fermentation by microorganisms that can utilize a wide range of carbohydrate sources and has gained relevance in food industries for preservation, pharmaceutical industries as additives, textile industries as mordants and production of cosmetics and bioplastics. In spite of the various applications of lactic acid, its availability is a challenge, especially in developing countries like Nigeria and therefore has to be imported, making it very expensive. One of the core substrates for lactic acid production is glucose. This study focused on the production of lactic acid using reducing sugar from locally sourced agro-wastes (corncob, sugarcane bagasse, plantain peduncle and groundnut shell). Bacteria were isolated from the agro-wastes dumpsite and screened for lactic acid production using De Man Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) agar. The agro-wastes were pretreated using NaOH and hydrolyzed using cellulase produced from Aspergillus niger. The lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were identified based on their cultural, morphological, biochemical and molecular characteristics. The screened isolates were used for the production of lactic acid in an MRS medium containing the agro-waste hydrolysates as the sole carbon source. The LAB isolate with the best ability for lactic acid production was ascertained using the spectrophotometric method. Eleven (11) isolates were obtained from the agro-wastes dumpsites. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (accession number OM510300) from plantain peduncle dumpsites had the highest potential for lactic acid production (1.9558 g/L). The study revealed that Nigerian-locally sourced agro-wastes can be developed as an alternative source of reducing sugar for lactic acid production and thus leads to agro-wastes management in the environment.

Bioethanol Production from Mixture of Banana and Durian Peels

Bioethanol is ethanol produced by digesting sugar from carbohydrate sources with the assistance of microorganisms. This study was divided into four stages: durian and banana peel pre-treatment, hydrolysis, fermentation, and distillation. Banana and durian peels were mixed with a blender to make flour, then dignified with 1% NaOH and heated in an autoclave for 30 minutes at 120 o C before being cooled and stored. The pre-treatment results were mixed in an Erlenmeyer, then 1% H 2 SO 4 sulfuric acid was added and heated in an autoclave for 45 minutes at 120 o C for the hydrolysis stage. At the fermentation stage, 30 g of cultured yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and nutrients were added to a hydrolyzed mixture of banana skin pulp and durian peel, which was then fermented for 6 days. The fermented solution is placed in the distillation flask during the distillation stage. The temperature is kept between 70 and 80 degrees Celsius. The distillation process took 1.5-2 hours until the ethanol ceased leaking, after which the distillate findings were measured. The variable ratio of banana peel : durian peel was 100:0 yielding the most significant results in this trial, with an ethanol production of 0.01485%.

Using Science and Technology to Unveil The Hidden Delicacy Terfezia arenaria, a Desert Truffle.

Terfezia arenaria is a desert truffle native to the Mediterranean Basin region, highly appreciated for its nutritional and aromatic properties. Despite the increasing interest in this desert truffle, T. arenaria is not listed as an edible truffle authorized for trade in the European Union. Therefore, our objective was to showcase T. arenaria's nutritional and chemical composition and volatile profile. The nutritional analysis showed that T. arenaria is a good source of carbohydrates (67%), proteins (14%), and dietary fibre (10%), resulting in a Nutri-Score A. The truffle's volatile profile was dominated by eight-carbon volatile compounds, with 1-octen-3-ol being the most abundant (64%), and 29 compounds were reported for the first time for T. arenaria. T. arenaria's nutritional and chemical compositions were similar to those of four commercial mushroom and truffle species, while the aromatic profile was not. An electronic nose corroborated that T. arenaria's aromatic profile differs from that of the other four tested mushroom and truffle species. Our data showed that T. arenaria is a valuable food resource with a unique aroma and an analogous composition to meat, which makes it an ideal source for plant-based meat products. Our findings could help promote a sustainable future exploitation of T. arenaria and ensure the quality and authenticity of this delicacy.

Assessment of Intestinal Parasites and Its Associated Factors among Fruits and Vegetables Collected from Local Markets of Bule Hora Town, Southeast Ethiopia.

Vegetable and fruit consumptions are important for health as they are good sources of carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and fiber. However, contamination of vegetables and fruits is indicated as the main contributing factor to parasitic contamination. This study aims to assess the prevalence and associated factors of intestinal parasites among fruits and vegetables collected from local markets in Bule Hora Town, Southeast Ethiopia. A cross-sectional assessment was carried out on 391 raw fruits and vegetables from the market in Bule Hora Town from July 29 to August 17, 2022. After being soaked in physiological saline and vigorously shaken for 15 minutes with the help of a mechanical shaker, a total of 391 samples taken from various fruits and vegetables were evaluated using the sedimentation concentration technique. Software SPSS version 25 was used to analyze the data after it had been entered using EpiData version 3.1. To assess various associated factors, binary and multivariable logistic regression was employed. 142 (36.3%) of the 391 samples analyzed had at least one species of parasite. The parasite Ascaris lumbricoides (40.1%) was found the most frequently, whereas Strongyloides spp. was found the least frequently. Variables such as fingernail trimming (AOR = 1.99; 95% CI: 1.274-3.108), hand washing habit with soap after using toilet (AOR = 2.912; CI: 1.896-4.47), and eating raw vegetables or fruits (AOR = 0.604; CI: 0.394-0.925) were associated with parasitic contamination. The results of this study show that eating vegetables that are raw in the study area carries a potentially significant risk of contracting parasitic illnesses. Therefore, the appropriate bodies should make an effort to lower the rate of product contamination with intestinal parasites by educating vendors and the general public.

Effects of alkalinization and addition of pea protein as a co-protein to zein for the development of gluten-free doughs

The effects of adding pea protein isolate (PPI) as a co-protein to calcium hydroxide deamidated zein were evaluated by fundamental rheological properties of gluten-free doughs measured at room temperature and FT-IR. Rice starch was used as a carbohydrate source at a constant concentration. Gluten-free doughs prepared with PPI, PPI + zein, zein under alkaline conditions, and PPI + zein under alkaline conditions were compared with a control sample containing gluten. Small and large deformation rheological tests indicated that the combination of PPI and the alkaline treatment of zein improved the gluten-free rheological properties, leading to a similar rheological performance to the control containing gluten. The sole addition of PPI to zein, or the alkaline deamidation of zein alone, did not generate doughs with desirable rheological behaviors. Quantification of the different conformations of the protein's secondary structure by FT-IR analysis confirmed that better rheological properties of dough containing PPI and zein under alkaline conditions are associated with higher amounts of β-sheets conformations. The use of zein is often limited to temperatures above its glass transition temperature (≈28 °C), but the results from this study provide important insights for the application of zein at room temperature in gluten-free doughs.

Life cycle assessment of fermentative production of lactic acid from bread waste based on process modelling using pinch technology

Bread waste (BW), a rich source of fermentable carbohydrates, has the potential to be a sustainable feedstock for the production of lactic acid (LA). In our previous work, the LA concentration of 155.4 g/L was achieved from BW via enzymatic hydrolysis, which was followed by a techno-economic analysis of the bioprocess. This work evaluates the relative environmental performance of two scenarios - neutral and low pH fermentation processes for polymer-grade LA production from BW using a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA). The LCA was based on an industrial-scale biorefinery process handling 100 metric tons BW per day modelled using Aspen Plus. The LCA results depicted that wastewater from anaerobic digestion (AD) (42.3–51 %) and cooling water utility (34.6–39.5 %), majorly from esterification, were the critical environmental hotspots for LA production. Low pH fermentation yielded the best results compared to neutral pH fermentation, with 11.4–11.5 % reduction in the overall environmental footprint. Moreover, process integration by pinch technology, which enhanced thermal efficiency and heat recovery within the process, led to a further reduction in the impacts by 7.2–7.34 %. Scenario and sensitivity analyses depicted that substituting ultrapure water with completely softened water and sustainable management of AD wastewater could further improve the environmental performance of the processes.

Suitability of Flours and Gels From Crops Affected by Climate Change in Honduras: Crystallinity, Thermal, Dynamic Rheological and Textural Behavior

In Honduras, various tubers, roots, and cereals are cultivated as starchy crops. The current climatic crisis affects these crops' productivity, leading to an increase in agricultural residue, resulting in food insecurity. Agricultural residues from these crops have the potential to be processed, marketed, and contribute to the regular diets of consumers. In addition to serving as an essential source of carbohydrates, these crops provide several nutrients and health benefits. This study aimed to characterize the flours and gels of Colocasia esculenta (taro), Manihot esculenta (cassava), and Zea mays (maize) in terms of crystallinity and thermal parameters for flours and dynamic rheological, firmness, and color behavior of gels. The relative crystallinity of the selected crop samples is reported. There were considerable variations in the thermal parameters among the three cultivars. All flour suspensions at different concentrations led to gels with solid-like behavior (G′ &gt; G″) at 25 °C, with the highest consistency for maize gels at the same concentration. The Avrami mathematical model was effectively applied to analyze the firmness kinetics of taro, cassava, and maize gels stored at 4 °C. All properties characterized suggest that flours from these crops affected by climate change would be suitable ingredients in different food formulations. Keywords: Food security; Climate change; Crystallinity; Thermal properties; Gel rheology.

Analisis Antioksidan Cookies Subtitusi Terpung Jewawut (Foxtail Millet) dan Tepung Bekatul sebagai Sumber Energi Protein untuk Balita Underweight

Background: Underweight is one of the major nutritional problems in Indonesia. In order to address nutrition issues, the government issued Presidential Instruction No. 1 on Supplementary Feeding in 1997. Foxtail millet is one of the crops with the potential to be developed as a source of carbohydrates to replace rice in order to strengthen food security. Food security as a carbohydrate source to replace rice. Rice bran and Foxtail Millet has the potential to contribute to Indonesia's food security. Aims: This study aims to determine the presence of antioxidant compound activity compounds qualitatively. Methods: This is a descriptive laboratory-based study. Laboratory examination includes screening for flavonoid, phenolic, and tannin compounds based on the selected formula that has been tested for acceptability, namely F17. Cookies will be extracted using methanol and tested with color change indicators using several reagents to determine the presence of flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and tannin compounds. Antioxidant activity was tested with the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method. Results: The results showed that flavonoid, phenolic, and tannin compounds were detected in the cookie extract. As for antioxidant activity, it is categorized as moderate, with an IC50 value of 119.55 ppm. Conclusion: Through this study, it can be concluded that cookies substituted with Foxtail millet and Bran Rice flour have moderate antioxidant activity and contain several phytochemical compounds.&#x0D;