Carbohydrate Production Research Articles

Increased carbohydrate production from carbon dioxide in randomly mutated cells of cyanobacterial strain Synechocystis sp. PCC 6714: Bioprocess understanding and evaluation of productivities

Recently, several mutants of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6714 were obtained showing superior PHB content and productivities. Here, the most promising mutant named MT_a24 is compared in detail with the wild-type in controlled photobioreactors. In order to provide an easily scalable and alternative approach to the normally done two-step process -comprising of growth phase and limitation phase- a one-step cultivation was optimized. The multivariate experimental design approach was used for the optimization of the one-step, self-limiting media. During one-step cultivation of MT_a24 with optimized media 30 ± 4% (DCW) corresponding to 1.16 g L−1 PHB was obtained. Using pulse experiments it was demonstrated that phosphate is the key driver of glycogen synthesis in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6714 and it can be used to boost glycogen productivity. The maximum glycogen content acquired was 2.6 g L−1 (76.2% DCW) for mutant MT_a24 using phosphate feeding and carbon dioxide as carbon source.

Non-Structural Carbohydrate Metabolism, Growth, and Productivity of Maize by Increasing Plant Density

Increasing plant density seems to improve the productivity of maize crops, and the understanding of how the metabolism of non-structural carbohydrates is affected in plants under high crop density is critical. Thus, with the objective of further clarifying this issue, maize plants were subjected to densities from 30,000 to 90,000 plants ha−1, and the plant growth, soluble sugars and starch contents, invertase and sucrose synthase activities, and plant production were evaluated. We found that the stalk is more sensitive to the increasing plant density than leaves and kernels. The dry weight of the stalk and leaves per single plant decreased more drastically from low to intermediate plant densities, while grain production was reduced linearly in all plant density ranges, leading to higher values of harvest index in intermediate plant densities. The sucrose concentration did not change in leaves, stalk, or kernels of plants subjected to increasing plant densities at the R4 stage. Also, the specific activity of soluble invertase, bound invertase, and sucrose synthase did not change in leaf, stalk, or kernels of plants subjected to increased plant density. The productivity was increased with the increase in plant density, using narrow row (0.45 m) spacing.

Fouling in microalgal membrane bioreactor containing nitrate-enriched wastewater under different trophic conditions

The present study examined fouling in a microalgal membrane bioreactor under mixotrophic, heterotrophic and photoautotrophic conditions. N-enriched wastewater, containing nitrate source, was used as a nutrient source for cultivation of microalgae. The results confirmed that the membrane fouling rates increased under mixotrophic cultivation through enhanced production of carbohydrates in soluble microbial products (SMPc) and protein in extracellular polymeric substances (EPSp). The transmembrane pressure (TMP) jumping was observed under mixotrophic and photoautotrophic cultivation after 31 and 47 days of operation, respectively, while the TMP of heterotrophic cultivation did not exceed 10 kPa throughout 51 days. The highest EPSp was produced under mixotrophic condition due to high nitrogen removal rate. Also, the results of resistance analysis indicated that cake resistance was the main fouling resistance in all cultivation types and the latter result was confirmed by SEM analysis. In addition, higher protein fraction of cake layer on membrane foulants in comparison to carbohydrates fraction increased the hydrophobicity of membrane's surface in all cultivations (except heterotrophic culture). Compared to mixotrophic and photoautotrophic cultures, hydrophobic properties and cell size of heterotrophic microalgae increased and resulted in low membrane fouling rates.

Effects of light intensity on biomass, carbohydrate and fatty acid compositions of three different mixed consortia from natural ecological water bodies

This study investigated the effect of light intensity on three various microalga consortia collected from natural ecological water bodies (named A, B and C) towards their fatty acid profiling and fractions, carbohydrate and protein production at different light intensities of 100, 200 and 300 μmol m−2 s−1. The results indicating that increasing light intensity positively correlated with the lipid production than carbohydrate and protein. Irrespective to the solids (Total and Volatile Solid) content, lipids and carbohydrate has varied significantly. Consortia C showed higher productivity toward lipids, whereas consortia A and B accumulated more carbohydrate and protein, respectively. The microscopic images revealed the breakdown of cells during the increase in light intensity, in spite, the similar algal species were observed in all consortia experimented. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that low light intensity aid relatively in high protein, Total Nitrogen and Total Phosphorus, meanwhile high intensity attributed carbohydrates and unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) contents.

Douglas-fir extractives inhibit saccharification

Phytochemical extractives can include hundreds of molecules in diverse classes—including soluble components such as flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, and terpenes—and they make-up several percent of the non-carbohydrate dry mass in small diameter Douglas-fir forestry residues. We establish that aqueous extracts from the most extractive rich tissue of Douglas-fir, bark, are inhibitory at biofuel relevant concentrations and demonstrate the inhibition with initial rate saccharification experiments using Trichoderma reesei cellulases. Initial rates of carbohydrate production from crystalline cellulose and amorphous cellulose substrates suggest that exoglucanase, endoglucanase and β-glucosidases are each inhibited between 15 and 25% in the presence of bark extracts. We find that despite the chemical complexity of this feedstock, the bulk of the inhibition comes from tannins while other suspicious extractive components we tested produced no statistically significant inhibition (in conditions of up to 3 grams per liter dry extractives).

Substitution of Corn Starch with Resistant Starch Type 4 in a Breakfast Bar Decreases Postprandial Glucose and Insulin Responses: A Randomized, Controlled, Crossover Study

BackgroundResistant starches type 4 (RS4) are chemically modified starches that are resistant to digestion by human enzymes. ObjectiveWe aimed to test our hypothesis that replacement of standard starch with RS4 in a baked breakfast bar would decrease postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses in healthy adults. MethodsIn this double-blind, randomized crossover study, 21 healthy adults [10 men; 20–45 y old; BMI (kg/m2): 19.3–27.0] consumed a baked breakfast bar containing tapioca-based RS4 (Actistar 75330; Cargill, Inc.) or a macronutrient-matched control bar, delivering 32 g and 4 g of dietary fiber, respectively. Primary outcome was the incremental area under the curve (iAUC0–120 min) for postprandial capillary glucose. Other outcomes included postprandial serum insulin iAUC0–120 min, glucose and insulin maximum concentration (Cmax), and time to Cmax (Tmax). ResultsMedian glucose iAUC0–120 min was 22% lower (P < 0.05) and median insulin iAUC0–120 min was 37% lower (P < 0.05) after consumption of the RS4 food compared with the control food. Glucose and insulin Cmax and Tmax were not significantly different (P > 0.05) between foods. ConclusionThe results suggest that replacement of standard starch with tapioca-based RS4 is a practical approach for reducing available carbohydrate in products and achieving postprandial blood glucose management. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03239288.

Environmental Friendly Deproteinization and Saccharification of Industrial Fungal Biomass by Enzymatic Processing

Aspergillus niger biomass, an industrial by-product of citric acid fermentation is an emergent source of glycoderivatives with applications in biofuel, cosmetics, feed, energy, food, medicine, and nanotechnology. In this study, the effect of purified neutral protease for deprotenization of fungal biomass studied at various levels (0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 U/100 mg of biomass) and the saccharification of fungal biomass was evaluated with amylolytic enzymes and chitosanases. The efficiency of deproteinization of fungal biomass was based on the enzyme concentration and contact time. Protease at a concentration of 20 U/100 mg of dry biomass and with a contact time of 8 h achieved 30% final deproteinization. No effect on saccharification of A. niger biomass was observed by treatment with purified amylolytic enzymes. Meanwhile, the endo- and exo-chitosanases treatment yielded 54 g of g reducing sugars (equivalent to amino sugars)/ kg of fungal biomass, which can be employed for tailor-made carbohydrate production.

Hot Water Extraction Improves the Characteristics of Willow and Sugar Maple Biomass With Different Amount of Bark

Shrub willows are being developed as a short rotation woody crop (SRWC) that can grow on marginal agricultural land. Willow has a high net energy ratio (energy produced/ fossil fuel energy consumed), low greenhouse gas footprint and high carbohydrate production potential. Willow biomass can be combined with forest biomass, but willow often has a higher proportion of bark that creates challenges because it increases the ash content and decreases the melting point. Hot water extraction is a pretreatment that has been shown to improve the quality of chipped material while producing a marketable stream of byproducts. This study evaluated how the amount of bark (0%, 33%, 66% and 100%) on three willow cultivars and sugar maple impact the output of hot water extraction in terms of mass removal and extract composition, as well as its influence on the heating value, ash and elemental content. The hot water extraction process resulted in ash content up to 50% for sugar maple and willow, but there was variation among the willow varieties. The heating value after hot water extraction was about 5% higher because of the removal of mostly hemicelluloses, which have relatively low heating value. HWE led to significant reductions of calcium, potassium, magnesium and sulfur contents. The hot water extraction provides a fermentable sugar stream and other co-products after multiple separation and treatment steps, and improves the characteristics of willow and sugar maple biomass for combined heat and power. This paper demonstrates how biomass with higher bark content can generate a useable sugar stream while improving the quality of the biomass for combined heat and power by managing its ash content while simultaneously producing other valuable products.

Effect of Salinity and pH Ranges on the Growth and Biochemical Composition of Marine Microalga- Nannochloropsis salina

Nannochloropsis salina is a free living unicellular marine microalga. The present study analyse the influence of salinity and pH on the growth and biochemical composition of this microalga. The alga could tolerate a wide range of salinities. Maximum growth rate and production of chlorophyll, carotenoids and protein was noted in cultures with 40ppt salinity. Cultures with a salinity of 50ppt recorded maximum carbohydrate and lipid production. However, the organism could not tolerate low salinity levels as no growth was observed at zero and 10ppt salinity. The optimum pH required for the maximum production of biochemicals varied considerably. While maximum growth rate and Chl a production were noted at pH 9, carotenoid production was more in cultures with pH 6. Production of protein and carbohydrate was high at pH 10, and lipid at pH 7.

Thermostable alpha-glucan phosphorylases: characteristics and industrial applications.

α-Glucan phosphorylases (α-GPs) catalyze the reversible phosphorolysis of α-1,4-linked polysaccharides such as glycogen, starch, and maltodextrins, therefore playing a central role in the usage of storage polysaccharides. The discovery of these enzymes and their role in the course of catalytic conversion of glycogen was rewarded with the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1947. Nowadays, however, thermostable representatives attract special attention due to their vast potential in the enzymatic production of diverse carbohydrates and derivatives such as (functional) oligo- and (non-natural) polysaccharides, artificial starch, glycosides, and nucleotide sugars. One of the most recently explored utilizations of α-GPs is their role in the multi-enzymatic process of energy production stored in carbohydrate biobatteries. Regardless of their use, thermostable α-GPs offer significant advantages and facilitated bioprocess design due to their high operational temperatures. Here, we present an overview and comparison of up-to-date characterized thermostable α-GPs with a special focus on their reported biotechnological applications.

Hematologic Findings of Inherited Metabolic Disease: They are More Than Expected.

Inherited metabolic diseases are pathologic conditions that generally develop as a result of impairment of the production or breakdown of protein, carbohydrate, and fatty acids. Early determination of hematological findings has a positive effect on the prognosis of metabolic diseases. Three hundred eighteen patients who were being followed-up within the previous 6 months at Department of Pediatric Nutrition and Metabolism, Gazi University, Turkey, were included in the study. The hematological findings were classified under 7 main groups: anemia of chronic disease, iron deficiency anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency anemia, hemophagocytosis, leukocytosis, and thrombocytosis. Nine hundred twenty-two hematological examinations of the 319 patients were included in the study, and 283 hematological findings were determined, 127 anemia of chronic disease, 81 iron deficiency anemia, 56 cytopenia, and 4 vitamin B12 deficiency anemia. Leukocytosis (n=1), thrombocytosis (n=5), and hemophagocytosis (n=9) were also observed. It was determined that, although anemia of chronic disease and nutritional anemia are the most common hematological findings, these may be diagnosed late, whereas neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, pancytopenia, and hemostasis disorders may be diagnosed earlier. Our study is the most comprehensive one in the literature, and we think it would positively contribute to the monitoring and prognosis of congenital metabolic diseases.

Growth, Carbohydrate Assimilation and Leaf Gas Exchange Characteristics of Elaeis guineensis Jacq Seedlings under Nitrogen Fertilization

Aims: This study was conducted to characterise the growth, carbohydrate and leaf gas exchange patterns of oil palm seedlings performance (Deli Yangambi) under nitrogen fertilisation. Study Design: The palms were fertilised with three nitrogen rates: (1) Control (90 g/palm); (2) twice the control (180 g/palm), and (3) thrice the control (270 g/palm). Randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was used during the experiment using Deli Yangambi seedlings Place and Duration of Study: Ladang 2, Universiti Putra Malaysia from March 2017 to June 2017. Methodology: The nitrogen treatments started when the oil palm seedlings reached four months old using Urea (46% N) as a source of nitrogen. Growth, carbohydrate and leaf gas exchange properties were measured at the end of the treatment period of two months. Results: As the level of nitrogen application increased, from 90 - 270 g/palm, the plant height, number of frond per plant, basal diameter, leaf area per seedling, root biomass, total dry matter, net assimilation rate (NAR) and relative growth rate (RGR) was statistically significantly increased between nitrogen treatments. The production of total non-structural carbohydrate (TNC) was reduced under high rates of nitrogen. The reduced in TNC under high nitrogen rates was supported by a decrease in sucrose and starch content under low nitrogen fertilisation. The net photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E) and Intercellular CO2 also was found to be increased under high nitrogen rates indicated that higher rates of nitrogen would enhance the leaf gas exchange characteristics of the palms. Conclusion: In conclusion, the growth of oil palm seedlings growth was enhanced with high rates of nitrogen supplementation. As the nitrogen rates (90>270 g/palm), more production of TNC was produced and increased the sink strength of the palms. The enhanced growth and TNC accumulation also increased the leaf gas exchange properties that were showed by increased in A, gs, E, Ci and Water use efficiency in the oil palm seedlings.

Metabolic survey of Botryococcus braunii: Impact of the physiological state on product formation.

The microalga Botryococcus braunii is widely regarded as a potential renewable and sustainable source for industrial applications because of its capability to produce large amounts of metabolically expensive (exo-) polysaccharides and lipids, notably hydrocarbons. A comprehensive and systematic metabolic characterization of the Botryococcus braunii race A strain CCAP 807/2 was conducted within the present study, including the detailed analysis of growth-associated and physiological parameters. In addition, the intracellular metabolome was profiled for the first time and showed growth- and product-specific fluctuations in response to the different availability of medium resources during the cultivation course. Among the identified metabolites, a constant expression of raffinose was observed for the first time under standard conditions, which has until now only been described for higher plants. Overall, the multilayered analysis during the cultivation of strain CCAP 807/2 allowed the differentiation of four distinct physiological growth phases and revealed differences in the production profiles and content of liquid hydrocarbons and carbohydrates with up to 84% of organic dry weight (oDW). In the process, an enhanced production of carbohydrates with up to 63% of oDW (1.36±0.03 g L-1) could be observed during the late linear growth phase, whereas the highest accumulation of extracellular hydrocarbons with up to 24% of oDW (0.66±0.12 g L-1) occurred mainly during the stationary growth phase. Altogether, the knowledge obtained is potentially useful for the general understanding of the overall physiology of Botryococcus braunii and provide important insights into the growth behavior and product formation of this microalga, and is thus relevant for large scale biofuel production and industrial applications.

Salinity-induced oxidative stress-mediated change in fatty acids composition of cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC7942

The present study was undertaken to examine the salinity stress-induced physiological and biochemical alterations in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942. Cyanobacterial cultures supplemented with different concentrations of NaCl were evaluated for growth, carbohydrate, total lipid, ROS generation, and stress biomarkers to evaluate the ROS-mediated lipid production in Synechococcus 7942. Salt concentration of 500 mM induced a five- and threefold increase in the production of carbohydrates and lipids, respectively. The fatty acids composition in terms of total quantity and oleic acid content of the investigated species was also improved as the salinity level increased from 0 to 500 mM NaCl. The data showed maximum MUFA production at 10 mM NaCl with dominance of palmitoleic acid (88.3%) and oleic acid (0.31%), whereas PUFA was found to be maximally produced at 250 mM NaCl with dominance of linoleic acid. Salt stress enhanced the accumulation of carbohydrate and total lipids and antioxidative enzymes, and modulates the fatty acids and hydrocarbon composition of cyanobacterium. Production of fatty acid and hydrocarbon under saline conditions indicates that salinity can be used as a factor to modulate the biochemical pathways of cyanobacteria toward efficient biofuel production.

Polymer accumulation in mixed cyanobacterial cultures selected under the feast and famine strategy

In this study, a sequencing batch reactor (SBR), operated with transient carbon availability (feast and famine) and different nutrients loads, was used to select cyanobacteria accumulating poly (3-hydroxyalkanoate) (PHB) and carbohydrates from a mixed wastewater-borne microbial culture. The SBR was operated with 12 h aerobic light and 12 h anaerobic dark phases, evaluating the effect of three different operational conditions consisting on; 1) carbon limitation, 2) carbon and phosphorus limitation and 3) phosphorus limitation. Once a steady state was reached in each operational period of the SBR, part of the biomass was collected and submitted to separate batch tests in order to investigate the maximum PHB and carbohydrates accumulation levels. Batch tests were performed during 24 h of illuminated aerobic condition and 24 h of dark anaerobic condition, while inorganic carbon was constantly present. During the SBR operation, inorganic carbon was mostly used for biomass and carbohydrate production, showing very low PHB accumulation levels (<1%). Notwithstanding, in subsequent batch tests, PHB was accumulated after a complete depletion of nitrogen, reaching almost 4%. Concerning carbohydrates, it was found that phosphorus limitation (with and without carbon limitation) led to a culture mostly dominated by cyanobacteria and higher levels of carbohydrate content (43%–48%) than the culture with carbon limitation and high loads of nitrogen and phosphorus (29%). Such contents were obtained in only 24 h of incubation under aerobic illuminated conditions. Hence, these encouraging results indicate that carbon uptake and the consequent polymers production from cyanobacteria can be enhanced through carbon and nutrient feeding strategies.

Solubilized Carbohydrate Production by Acid‐Catalyzed Depolymerization of Cellulose in Polar Aprotic Solvents

AbstractThis paper explores the effectiveness of several polar aprotic solvents, including 1,4‐dioxane, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran (THF), methyl iso‐butyl ketone, acetone, acetonitrile, and gamma‐valerolactone (GVL), in depolymerizing cellulose into solubilized carbohydrates in the presence of acid catalyst. Whereas the yields of solubilized carbohydrates were strongly dependent on the polar solubility parameters of solvents, the use of acid catalyst substantially eliminated differences in the yields for the various solvents, which were in the range of 83–97%. The yields of levoglucosan and solubilized carbohydrates from cellulose in 1,4‐dioxane, THF, and acetone approached that of GVL, almost completely solubilizing cellulose within 1–7 min. Low initial rates of levoglucosan degradation caused these low polarity, low boiling point solvents to exhibit high stability and competitive yields of the anhydrosugar compared to high polarity and high boiling solvent such as GVL. The ease of recovery of low polarity, low‐boiling solvents makes them attractive media for production of solubilized carbohydrates, which the use of acid catalyst makes possible.

Production of lipid and carbohydrate from microalgae without compromising biomass productivities: Role of Ca and Mg

Abstract We report the cultivation of Chlorella sorokiniana str. SLA-04 in media containing trace amounts of Ca and Mg. The differences in productivities of biomass, lipids and carbohydrates were assessed relative to cultures grown in standard media (BG-11) that contain approximately 8 × higher concentration of Ca and 30 × higher concentration of Mg. Culture performance in N-limited standard media was also investigated. In addition to growth and accumulation of storage products (lipid and carbohydrate), we measured the utilization of N, Ca and Mg and monitored changes in cell size and photosynthetic activity. Our results showed that limitation of Ca or Mg did not inhibit cell replication and culture growth. On the contrary, Ca-limited (CaL) cultures had ∼30% higher biomass productivity relative to the control with excessive nutrients possibly due to improvement in cell wall flexibility and cell division. We also observed that CaL and Mg-limited (MgL) cultures had nearly 3-fold higher lipid concentration (measured as fatty acid methyl ester) and 50% higher carbohydrate concentration than the nutrient excess control cultures. Simultaneous culture growth and lipid accumulation in CaL and MgL cultures suggest that de novo synthesis was the primary mechanism for lipid accumulation in Ca/Mg-limited media. Overall, our study demonstrates that micronutrient optimization, in addition to optimization of macronutrients, could significantly improve microalgal biorefinery yields.

Simple preparation of gold nanoparticle-decorated copper cross-linked pectin for the sensitive determination of hydrogen peroxide

The synthesis of highly stable metallic organic–inorganic hybrid nanocomposites from the non-toxic and biodegradable organic–inorganic metallic precursors, which are the natural polymer products of organic molecules, carbohydrates, and amino acids, has engrossed the recent researchers. In this work, a simple potentiostatic approach has been designed for the electrochemical preparation of gold nanoparticle-decorated copper cross-linked pectin (CuCP–AuNPs). Here, CuCP act as a scaffold or stabilizing agent for the preparation of uniform AuNPs. The studies for surface morphology and crystal structure of our composite were carried out using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was employed for the elemental analysis of the composite. A remarkable cathodic peak current response was obtained by our modified electrode for the presence of H2O2. CuCP–AuNP-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) possesses the values for limits of detection (LOD) and sensitivity of 0.22 μΜ and 6800 μA mM cm−2, respectively, in a linear range from 1 to 2110 μΜ. The detection of H2O2 in presence of other biologically interfering molecules represents the high selectivity of our fabricated electrode. The examination for the sensitive determination of H2O2 conducted in commercially available lens cleaning solutions validates the practical feasibility of the proposed modified electrode.

Oral administration of short chain fatty acids could attenuate fat deposition of pigs.

Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are the main products of indigestible carbohydrates that are fermented by microbiota in the hindgut. This study was designed to investigate the effects of oral SCFAs administration on the lipid metabolism of weaned pigs. A total of 21 barrows were randomly allocated into three groups, including control group (orally infused with 200 mL physiological saline per day), low dose SCFAs group (orally infused with 200 mL SCFAs containing acetic acid 20.04 mM, propionic acid 7.71 mM and butyric acid 4.89 mM per day), and high dose SCFAs group (orally infused with 200 mL SCFAs containing acetic acid 40.08 mM, propionic acid 15.42 mM and butyric acid 9.78 mM per day). The results showed that the average daily feed intake of SCFAs groups were lower than that of control group (P<0.05). Oral administration of SCFAs decreased the concentrations of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol and insulin (P<0.05), and increased the leptin concentration in serum (P<0.05). The total fat, as well as TC and TG levels in liver, was decreased by oral SCFAs administration (P<0.05). In addition, SCFAs down-regulated the mRNA expressions of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (P<0.05), and enhanced the mRNA expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1α (CPT-1α) in liver (P<0.05). SCFAs also decreased FAS, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor σ mRNA expressions in longissimus dorsi (P<0.05). And in abdominal fat, SCFAs reduced FAS and ACC mRNA expressions (P<0.05), and increased CPT-1α mRNA expression (P<0.05). These results suggested that oral administration of SCFAs could attenuate fat deposition in weaned pigs via reducing lipogenesis and enhancing lipolysis of different tissues.

Green alga cultivation with monoethanolamine: Evaluation of CO2 fixation and macromolecule production

This study aimed to assess the growth of Chlorella strains isolated from adverse environments at various concentrations of monoethanolamine (MEA), evaluating the CO2 fixation and macromolecule production. For this purpose, the green algae Chlorella sp. and Chlorella fusca LEB 111 were tested against five concentrations of MEA: 50, 75, 100, 200 and 300 mg L−1. The strain C. fusca LEB 111 exhibited higher tolerance to MEA as well as higher accumulation of dissolved inorganic carbon and efficiency of CO2 utilization (approximately 37.0% w w−1) with the addition of 100 and 150 mg L−1 of MEA. In addition, the highest carbohydrate productivity and the highest lipid productivity were obtained with 50 and 100 mg L−1 of MEA, respectively. Thus, the absorbent increased the carbon concentration in the medium, and its use in culture can be exploited by C. fusca LEB 111 to produce higher macromolecule concentrations.