Carbohydrate Material Research Articles

Palaeoproteomic Profiling of Conservation Layers on a 14th Century Italian Wall Painting

AbstractAhead of display, a non‐original layer was observed on the surface of a fragment of a wall painting by Ambrogio Lorenzetti (active 1319, died 1348/9). FTIR analysis suggested proteinaceous content. Mass spectrometry was used to better characterise this layer and revealed two protein components: sheep and cow glue and chicken and duck egg white. Analysis of post‐translational modifications detected several photo‐oxidation products, which suggest that the egg experienced prolonged exposure to UV light and was likely applied long before the glue layer. Additionally, glycation products detected may indicate naturally occurring glycoprotein degradation or reaction with a carbohydrate material such as starch, identified by ATR‐FTIR in a cross‐section of a sample taken from the painting. Palaeoproteomics is shown to provide detailed characterisation of organic layers associated with mural paintings and therefore aids reconstruction of the conservation history of these objects.

Palaeoproteomic Profiling of Conservation Layers on a 14th Century Italian Wall Painting.

Ahead of display, a non‐original layer was observed on the surface of a fragment of a wall painting by Ambrogio Lorenzetti (active 1319, died 1348/9). FTIR analysis suggested proteinaceous content. Mass spectrometry was used to better characterise this layer and revealed two protein components: sheep and cow glue and chicken and duck egg white. Analysis of post‐translational modifications detected several photo‐oxidation products, which suggest that the egg experienced prolonged exposure to UV light and was likely applied long before the glue layer. Additionally, glycation products detected may indicate naturally occurring glycoprotein degradation or reaction with a carbohydrate material such as starch, identified by ATR‐FTIR in a cross‐section of a sample taken from the painting. Palaeoproteomics is shown to provide detailed characterisation of organic layers associated with mural paintings and therefore aids reconstruction of the conservation history of these objects.

Synthesis, thermal properties and cell-compatibility of photocrosslinked cinnamoyl-modified hydroxypropyl cellulose

Biocompatibility of cinnamoyl-modified carbohydrate materials is not well-known, while they are attracting attention as a photoreactive material. In order to investigate biocompatible properties of cinnamoyl-modified carbohydrate, hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) was reacted with cinnamoyl chloride to yield cinnamoyl-modified HPC (HPC-C) for a cell proliferation test. HPC-Cs with three different degrees of substitution (DS) were prepared by changing a feed ratio of cinnamoyl chloride to HPC. The DS of the products ranged from 1.3 to 3.0 per one hydroxylpropyl anhydroglucose unit. Thermal analysis using DSC and TGA showed that the HPC-C with higher DS has a glass transition temperature and higher thermal stability. Ultraviolet (UV) light was irradiated on the HPC-C thin films, and changes in the UV–vis spectrum of the films were examined. In the course of UV irradiation, the absorbance at 280 nm was reduced. Fibroblast cells were cultured on the photocrosslinked HPC-C films, and cell growth was examined. The cell proliferation test revealed that the photocrosslinked HPC-C films have good compatibility with fibroblast cells.

Molecular characterization of macrophyte-derived dissolved organic matters and their implications for lakes

Chemical properties of whole organic matter (OM) and its dissolved organic matter (DOM) extracted from three types of dominant macrophytes in Lake Dianchi were comparatively characterized using elemental analysis, UV, 3D-EEM and 13C NMR spectroscopy and their implications for lakes were discussed. Ratios of C/N and C/P were least in the floating water hyacinth and submerged sago pondweed, while total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) and phosphorus (TDP), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and phosphorus (DOP) were greatest in those species. In emergent species, C/N, C/P, DON and DON/TDN were less in leaves than in their corresponding shoots. The specific UV absorbance at 254nm (SUVA254) and 280nm (SUVA280) of extracts were in the range of 0.50–1.96L/mgC·m and 0.40–1.48L/mgC·m. Both SUVA values were greater in leaves than those in shoots. 3D-EEM spectra showed only a single fulvic-like fluorescence in leaves of emergent macrophytes. In contrast, protein-like peak were observed in spectra of floating and submerged species, as well as the shoot DOM of emergent species. Solid-state 13C NMR demonstrated that leaves had greater percentage of recalcitrant alkyl C and aromatic C, while shoots were rich in labile carbohydrates. The overall characterization works suggested that macrophyte-derived DOM has less aromatic constituents than do DOM in natural waters and soil leachates. Also OM and DOM derived from shoots had greater contents of protein-like and carbohydrate materials, while leaves were rich in aromatics. Floating and submerged plants possessed potential to not only accumulate excess N and P, but also for returning them to the lake. Shoots of riparian and emergent species were also an important source of nutrients. Thus, macrophyte biomass should be a great concern in nutrient regulation in Lake Dianchi.

ESTRATÉGIAS PARA MITIGAR A PRODUÇÃO DE METANO ENTÉRICO

The objective of this review is to address the main strategies for mitigation of methane production by ruminants. Among the anthropogenic activities cattle ranching are considered one of the most responsible global warming. Given that, ruminants are major producers of methane, which is a major greenhouse gas, is what retains more heat in the atmosphere. The ruminal methanogenesis occurs on account of the rumen fermentation conditions, and its production besides causing environmental impacts, also means reducing the energy efficiency of the diet, directly affecting animal productivity. The methane produced by the ruminants is one of the few such sources capable of being manipulated by man gas. Therefore, various researches have been conducted in an attempt to reduce methane emission by ruminants. In an attempt to reduce methanogenesis enteric, several techniques have been developed from use of drugs (ionophore) as dietary manipulation, including soluble carbohydrate material with higher digestibility and / or tannins and saponins (antinutritional factors that manipulate rumen fermentation) and sources of oil. However, each technique in order to reduce ruminal methane production, has pro and con points which can adversely affect animal production and even cause damage to the health of animals. Therefore, it is necessary to take care when resolving to adopt some of the techniques to mitigate enteric methane production.

Degradation and characteristic changes of organic matter in sewage sludge using Vermi-biofilter system

Vermi-biofilter (VF) System could be an efficient sludge treatment unit in regard of rates and extents of total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) removal, particularly the first 10 days earthworm-treated. This study characterized the organic matter in sludge before and after VF system treatment, with or without earthworm stage. The 60 days earthworm-treated VF system reached a TCOD removal of 10,450 mg/L, bulk DOC removal of 89.5 mg/L, and earthworm density increase from 32 g/L to 43 g/L in sludge EBOM in 60 days of VF system operation. The aromatic proteins, soluble microbial byproduct-like fluorescent compounds and carboxylic components, aliphatic components (C-H related), hydrocarbon and carbohydrate materials were identified to be principally increased by 10 days earthworm-treated and then degradation in the nest days under VF system.

Pushing the limits of automated glycan assembly: synthesis of a 50mer polymannoside.

Automated glycan assembly (AGA) enables rapid access to oligosaccharides. The overall length of polymers created via automated solid phase synthesis depends on very high yields at every step to obtain full length products. The synthesis of long polymers serves as the ultimate test of the efficiency and reliability of synthetic processes. A series of Man-(1 → 6)-α-Man linked oligosaccharides up to a 50mer, the longest synthetic sequence yet assembled from monosaccharides, has been realized via a 102 step synthesis. We identified a suitable mannose building block and applied a capping step in the final five AGA cycles to minimize (n - 1) deletion sequences that are otherwise difficult to remove by HPLC.

The Regional Distribution Map of Carbohydrate Producer and the Feed Material Quality of <i>Vannamei</i> Shrimp in South Sulawesi

Shrimp needs a high protein of feed to get a maximum growth. Generally, the optimal growth of shrimp will be reached when protein content up to 40 – 50%. But in other side, when the protein substance in a feed is too high, it may decrease the water quality of cultivation media. One of ways that can be done is minimize a feed protein content and change it with carbohydrates in high protein so that, the energy from protein sources can be used to maximize a growth but the energy just for metabolism and the activity is gotten from carbohrydrates. It is needed to know the production of potential area for providing carbohydrate material source of shrimp feed in South Sulawesi. Based on the research result, there are five regencies which the highest producer of carbohydrates that takes from paddy field, paddy of unirrigated field, sweet potato, and cassava. They are Bone, Wajo, Gowa, Pinrang and Sidrap, while for corn carbohydrates comes from Jeneponto, Gowa, and Bantaeng. Luwu regency, North Luwu, East Luwu and Palopo are sago producer in South Sulawesi. The result of laboratory testing shows that sweet potato flour has a highest glucose and fructose content about 4.49% and 4.23%. The highest starch content can be gotten at soft corn flour about 59.81% then followed by pulverize rice about 57.58%, and also the tapioca flour about 57.06%.

The minimum information required for a glycomics experiment (MIRAGE) project: sample preparation guidelines for reliable reporting of glycomics datasets.

Theminimum information required for a glycomics experiment (MIRAGE) project was established in 2011 to provide guidelines to aid in data reporting from all types of experiments in glycomics research including mass spectrometry (MS), liquid chromatography, glycan arrays, data handling and sample preparation. MIRAGE is a concerted effort of the wider glycomics community that considers the adaptation of reporting guidelines as an important step towards critical evaluation and dissemination of datasets as well as broadening of experimental techniques worldwide. The MIRAGE Commission published reporting guidelines for MS data and here we outline guidelines for sample preparation. The sample preparation guidelines include all aspects of sample generation, purification and modification from biological and/or synthetic carbohydrate material. The application of MIRAGE sample preparation guidelines will lead to improved recording of experimental protocols and reporting of understandable and reproducible glycomics datasets.

Adsorption of copper on chitin-based materials: Kinetic and thermodynamic studies

Copper (Cu (II)) is one of the most toxic heavy metals usually found in the environment. Thus its removal from aqueous waste streams is an important issue in nowadays. The present work focuses on the comparison of the copper adsorption on chitin-based adsorbents, i.e. chitin (CH), chitosan (CS) and chitosan- ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (CS-EDTA). Chitin derivatives are carbohydrate materials well known to remove heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. The effects of contact time, initial concentration, the temperature, pH, and mass of the adsorbent in the adsorption process were studied. The adsorption isotherms were well simulated by Langmuir and Freundlich models. The maximum adsorption capacity of CH, CS and CS-EDTA at 25°C, pH 7.0 was found to be 58, 67 and 110mg g−1, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters of adsorption processes such as Gibb's free energy (ΔG0), standard enthalpy (ΔH°) and entropy (ΔS0) were also calculated. The results showed that the studied materials could be used as effective adsorbents for removal of copper from water.

Fermentable Carbohydrates Differentially Affect Colon Tumor Formation in Azoxymethane-Induced Male Fischer 344 Rats

Background: The role of fermentation compared with the source or type of the fermentable material in colon tumorigenesis remains an issue in refining the definition of dietary fiber (DF).Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the fermentation and source-specific effects of various carbohydrates in a medium-term colon tumorigenesis model.Methods: Six-week-old male Fischer 344 rats were randomly allocated into 6 groups (n = 36/group) to receive either AIN-93G (control) or diets containing fructooligosaccharides, wheat bran (WB), oat bran (OB), polydextrose, or high-amylose maize starch (HAMS), each adjusted to contain a total DF concentration of 7% (wt:wt) and have a fermentability of 3% (wt:wt). After 2 wk, 24 rats/group received 2 subcutaneous doses of azoxymethane (at 15 mg/kg body weight) 1 wk apart while 12 rats/group were injected with a saline vehicle; all rats were maintained on the assigned diets for 24 wk postinjection and then killed. Colon tumor outcomes and pathology together with cecal short-chain fatty acid composition were assessed.Results: No tumors were found in saline-injected rats, and all subsequent analyses were restricted to azoxymethane-injected rats. Colon tumor incidence was significantly lower in the polydextrose (21%) and WB (13%) groups than in the control group (63%; P < 0.05) but not different from the fructooligosaccharide (58%), HAMS (46%), and OB (33%) groups. In comparison to the control group (8 proximal/31 total tumors), fermentable materials reduced the number of tumors (P < 0.05) originating in the proximal colon: HAMS (5/15), polydextrose (2/7), OB (2/9), fructooligosaccharides (1/21), and WB (1/3). The mean ± SEM number of tumors/tumor-bearing rats was significantly lower in the WB (1.00 ± 0.00), OB (1.13 ± 0.13), and HAMS (1.36 ± 0.15) groups than in the control group (2.07 ± 0.27; P < 0.02); other groups did not differ. The mean ± SEM tumor burden/diet group was lower in the WB (1.2 ± 0.7 mm2), polydextrose (6.7 ± 3.2 mm2), and OB (7.0 ± 3.0 mm2) groups than in the control (21.4 ± 5.9 mm2) and fructooligosaccharide (22.1 ± 7.1 mm2; P < 0.05) groups but not significantly different from the HAMS group (15.1 ± 6.1 mm2). Total cecal SCFA concentrations did not differ among diet groups (overall mean ± SEM: 81 ± 4 μmol/g wet weight).Conclusion: The rate and extent of fermentation of the carbohydrate material as well as the characteristics of the material in the lumen of the lower gastrointestinal tract all appear to have an important role in tumor outcomes in the azoxymethane-induced rat colon tumorigenesis assay.

Hydrothermal conversion of alginic acid to furfural catalyzed by Cu(II) ion

Alginic acid, a major carbohydrate material of macroalgae, was hydrothermally treated to produce furfural over various metal cations as catalysts. Among the metal cations, Cu(II) ions showed the highest furfural yield (13.19mol%) at 200°C for 30min. In the hydrothermal reaction of alginic acid catalyzed by Cu(II) ion at reaction temperatures from 160 to 220°C, the yields of furfural were proportional to reaction time, however, the maximum furfural yields decreased after certain reaction times due to the conversion of furfural to humins or organic acids. The catalyst concentration was significantly influential on the yield of furfural, the optimal concentration of Cu(II) ions was 0.01M for the most effective production of furfural. In addition to furfural, lactic acid, glycolic acid and formic acid were produced in different amounts depending on the metal cations. The effect of Cu(II) ion on the depolymerization of alginate was studied with gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis in various reaction conditions. A plausible reaction pathway of furfural production catalyzed by Cu(II) ions was suggested.

Digestibility of new dietary fibre materials, resistant glucan and hydrogenated resistant glucan in rats and humans, and the physical effects in rats.

Resistant glucan (RG) and hydrogenated resistant glucan (HRG) are newly developed non-digestible carbohydrate materials that decrease lifestyle-related diseases. The bioavailability of RG and HRG was investigated by in vitro experiments using human and rat small intestinal enzymes and by in vivo experiments using rats in the present study. Oligosaccharides, which are minor components of RG and HRG, were hydrolysed slightly by small intestinal enzymes of humans and rats, and the hydrolysing activity was slightly higher in rats than in humans. The amount of glucose released from HRG was greater than that from RG. However, the high-molecular-weight carbohydrates of the main components were hardly hydrolysed. Furthermore, neither RG nor HRG inhibited disaccharidase activity. When rats were raised on a diet containing 5 % of RG, HRG, resistant maltodextrin or fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) for 4 weeks, all rats developed loose stools and did not recover during the experiment, except for the FOS group. Body weight gain was normal in all groups and was not significantly different compared with the control group. Caecal tissue and content weights were significantly increased by feeding RG or HRG, although other organ and tissue weights were not significantly different among the groups. In conclusion, RG and HRG consist of small amounts of glucose and digestible and non-digestible oligosaccharides, and large amounts of glucose polymers, which were hardly hydrolysed by α-amylase and small intestinal enzymes. RG and HRG, which were developed newly as dietary fibre materials, had no harmful effects on the growth and development of rats.

Edible Coating Materials: Effect on the Quality of Smoked-dried African Catfish ( Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822)

The effect of edible coating materials on the quality of smoked catfish was conducted. Dried mixed beads coating was made from difference carbohydrate materials (corn, cassava and wheat flour) respectively with the addition of carboxy-methyl cellulose at 5:1 ratio. Twenty five table-sizes catfish was into cut of 4-5cm length and then divided into four parts according to the type of coating beads and smoked using traditional method. The adhesion degree, smoking loss and yield was determined. Also, the proximate composition, mineral elements and sensory evaluation of the smoked fish cuts was analyzed. The adhesion degree, smoking loss and yield was different significantly (p< 0.05) among the smoked fish samples. The proximate composition values and sensory attributes of samples were deferred. The fish sample coated with wheat beads had the highest 13.22 and 94.84% values for adhesion degree and yield respectively, but showed the least smoking loss 17.25%. The range value of proximate composition such as 66.11-67.97% protein and 15.10-16.10% fat of the coated smoked fish was higher than 63.09% and 13.45% (control). The control sample had the least moisture content 8.80% and highest nitrogen free extracts. There was no well-defined pattern for mineral content (mg/100g), calcium (6.92) was the highest among the mineral elements of the smoked fish, followed by 3.78 potassium, 1.98 iron, 1.27 zinc and the least value of 0.321mg/100g was discovered on manganese. This result showed the potential of using edible coating material most especially when using traditional method of fish smoking.

Slow digestion property of octenyl succinic anhydride modified waxy maize starch in the presence of tea polyphenols.

The in vivo slow digestion property of octenyl succinic anhydride modified waxy corn starch (OSA-starch) in the presence of tea polyphenols (TPLs) was studied. Using a mouse model, the experimental results showed an extended and moderate postprandial glycemic response with a delayed and significantly decreased blood glucose peak of OSA-starch after cocooking with TPLs (5% starch weight base). Further studies revealed an increased hydrodynamic radius of OSA-starch molecules indicating an interaction between OSA-starch and TPLs. Additionally, decreased gelatinization temperature and enthalpy and reduced viscosity and emulsifiability of OSA-starch support their possible complexation to form a spherical OSA-starch-TPLs (OSAT) complex. The moderate and extended postprandial glycemic response is likely caused by decreased activity of mucosal α-glucosidase, which is noncompetitively inhibited by tea catechins released from the complex during digestion. Meanwhile, a significant decrease of malondialdehyde (MDA) and increased DPPH free radical scavenging activity in small intestine tissue demonstrated the antioxidative functional property of the OSAT complex. Thus, the complex of OSAT, acting as a functional carbohydrate material, not only leads to a flattened and prolonged glycemic response but also reduces the oxidative stress, which might be beneficial to health.

NMR chemical shift prediction of glycans: application of the computer program CASPER in structural analysis.

Carbohydrate molecules have highly complex structures and the constituent monosaccharides and substituents are linked to each other in a large number of ways. NMR spectroscopy can be used to unravel these structures, but the process may be tedious and time-consuming. The computerized approach based on the CASPER program can facilitate rapid structural determination of glycans with little user intervention, which results in the most probable primary structure of the investigated carbohydrate material. Additionally, (1)H and (13)C NMR chemical shifts of a user-defined structure can be predicted, and this tool may thus be employed in many aspects where NMR spectroscopy plays an important part of a study.

Performance evaluation for Bioethanol production in three reactors: Batch, packed bed and Fluidized bed bio-reactors

Ethanol demand has continued to grow, both as an alternative fuel and as a petroleum fuel extender because of gasoline shortages. Ethanol production from renewable carbohydrate materials has attracted worldwide interest, and much research has focused on ethanol production using immobilized viable microbial cells in continuous systems. Biochemical pathway, the main reactor used for fermentation is classical well-mixed reactor need to be improved to the continuous reactor to reduce the operation cost, product inhibition and wash out. Immobilized biomass (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) activity has been given more attention, since it has been acknowledged to play a significant role in bioreactor performance. An attempt has been made to compare the production of bioethanol in batch, packed, fluidized bed bio-reactors. Present study, focused mainly sodium alginate (2% to 6%) as micro-organism support for production of bio-ethanol in all three reactors and find the better reactor and better concentration of sodium alginate for immobilization of yeast.

Mechanistic study of carvacrol processing and stabilization as glassy solid solution and microcapsule

Essential oils and other liquid active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are frequently microencapsulated to improve shelf life, handling, and for tailoring release. A glassy solid solution (GSS), a single-phase system, where the excipient is plasticized by the API, could be an alternative formulation system. Thus this study focuses on the investigation of two formulation strategies using carvacrol as a model compound, namely a microcapsule (MC) and a glassy solid solution (GSS). Applying the solubility parameter approach, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was chosen as a suitable matrix material for a GSS system, whereas maltodextrin and sucrose served as excipients for a microcapsule (MC) system. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements of the excipients’ glass transition temperatures and the melting point of carvacrol verified plasticizing properties of carvacrol on PVP. Batch mixing processes, as preliminary experiments for future extrusion processes, were performed to prepare GSSs and MCs with various amounts of carvacrol, followed by crushing and sieving. Maximally 4.5% carvacrol was encapsulated in the carbohydrate material, whereas up to 16.3% were stabilized as GSS, which is an outstanding amount. However, grinding of the samples led to a loss of up to 30% of carvacrol.

Effects of high hydrostatic pressure and chemical reduction on the emulsification properties of gum arabic

Gum arabic is widely used in the food industry as an additive, both as a thickener and an emulsifier. This study has compared the emulsification properties of two types of gums, KLTA (Acacia senegal) and GCA (Acacia seyal), both in their native/untreated forms and after exposure to high pressure (800MPa). Further studies were undertaken to chemically modify the disulphide linkages present and to investigate the effects of their reduction on the diffusion of the carbohydrate materials. The emulsification properties of the gum samples were examined by determining the droplet size distribution in a “model” oil-in-water system. Results showed that high pressure treatment and chemical reduction of gums changed the emulsification properties of both gums. The high molecular weight component in arabinogalactan-proteins (AGP/GP), and more “branched” carbohydrates present in gum arabic, may be responsible for the emulsification properties of GCA gum, indicating that the emulsification mechanisms for KLTA and GCA were different.

Tricks of the trade in glycoscience: The preparation and analysis of a blood group A-active mucin glycoprotein

Many aspects of glycosylation are conserved among animals, and it can be advantageous and sometimes critical to identify a readily available and abundant source of carbohydrate material that harbours a hard-to-characterize antigen or ligand of interest. The Biochemical Journal Classic paper by Morgan and King is a well-written account of serviceable methods for the extraction and quantification of a carbohydrate antigen. These methods were highly influential in subsequent studies of the blood group antigens. Some of these tricks of the trade still have a place in modern glycobiology.