Caramel Color Research Articles

Effects of pyridoxine administered by different routes on the lymphopenia produced by feeding ‘ammonia caramel’ to rats

Conference Article| December 01 1986 Effects of pyridoxine administered by different routes on the lymphopenia produced by feeding ‘ammonia caramel’ to rats CHRISTINE T. CONWAY; CHRISTINE T. CONWAY 1D.H.S.S. Department of Toxicology, St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, Dominion House, 59 Bartholomew Close, London EC1 7ED, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar ALAN J. PAINE ALAN J. PAINE 1D.H.S.S. Department of Toxicology, St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, Dominion House, 59 Bartholomew Close, London EC1 7ED, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem Soc Trans (1986) 14 (6): 1040–1041. https://doi.org/10.1042/bst0141040 Article history Received: June 05 1986 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation CHRISTINE T. CONWAY, ALAN J. PAINE; Effects of pyridoxine administered by different routes on the lymphopenia produced by feeding ‘ammonia caramel’ to rats. Biochem Soc Trans 1 December 1986; 14 (6): 1040–1041. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bst0141040 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Society Transactions Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 1986 Biochemical Society1986 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Comparison of the lymphopenic and biochemical effects of feeding ‘ammonia caramel’ to rats with a vitamin B6-deficient diet and a B6 antagonist

Comparison of the lymphopenic and biochemical effects of feeding ‘ammonia caramel’ to rats with a vitamin B6-deficient diet and a B6 antagonist

Studies on constituents of ‘ammonia caramel’: the lymphopenic effects of substituted pyridines and 2-acetyl-4-tetrahydroxybutylimidazole in the rat

Studies on constituents of ‘ammonia caramel’: the lymphopenic effects of substituted pyridines and 2-acetyl-4-tetrahydroxybutylimidazole in the rat

The Determination of Aspartame in Diet Soft Drinks by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Abstract A simple procedure for the qualitative and quantitative determination of aspartame (Nutrasweet) in diet soft drinks is described. A high performance liquid chromatography method is used which requires a 250 × 4.6 mm β-cyclodextrin bonded silica gel column and a mobile phase of methanol/1% triethyl ammonium acetate (pH 4.5). The effluent was monitored at 214 nm. The method was applied for the analysis of aspartame in diet Coke, diet Pepsi, diet 7-Up and the sweetner Equal. Determination of sodium benzoate caramel coloring and caffeine is also possible by this procedure.

The mutagenicity of caramel colors

In the present study commercially available caustic and ammoniated caramel colours were tested for their mutagenic potential using the Ames assay. The test was performed using the standard test strains Salmonella typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100 with and without a metabolic activation system (S9-mix). Furthermore, a special preincubation procedure without metabolic activation system was applied. None of the tested caramel colours showed any mutagenic effect in the Ames test.

ChemInform Abstract: 2‐ACETYL‐4(5)‐(1,2,3,4‐TETRAHYDROXYBUTYL)IMIDAZOLE: DETECTION IN COMMERCIAL CARAMEL COLOR III AND PREPARATION BY A MODEL BROWNING REACTION

Chemischer InformationsdienstVolume 16, Issue 35 Heterocyclic Compounds ChemInform Abstract: 2-ACETYL-4(5)-(1,2,3,4-TETRAHYDROXYBUTYL)IMIDAZOLE: DETECTION IN COMMERCIAL CARAMEL COLOR III AND PREPARATION BY A MODEL BROWNING REACTION U. + KROEPLIEN, U. + KROEPLIENSearch for more papers by this authorJ. ROSDORFER, J. ROSDORFERSearch for more papers by this authorJ. VAN DER GREEF, J. VAN DER GREEFSearch for more papers by this authorR. C. JUN. LONG, R. C. JUN. LONGSearch for more papers by this authorJ. H. GOLDSTEIN, J. H. GOLDSTEINSearch for more papers by this author U. + KROEPLIEN, U. + KROEPLIENSearch for more papers by this authorJ. ROSDORFER, J. ROSDORFERSearch for more papers by this authorJ. VAN DER GREEF, J. VAN DER GREEFSearch for more papers by this authorR. C. JUN. LONG, R. C. JUN. LONGSearch for more papers by this authorJ. H. GOLDSTEIN, J. H. GOLDSTEINSearch for more papers by this author First published: September 3, 1985 https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.198535180AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume16, Issue35September 3, 1985 RelatedInformation

2-Acetyl-4(5)-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybutyl)imidazole: detection in commercial Caramel Color III and preparation by a model browning reaction

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT2-Acetyl-4(5)-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybutyl)imidazole: detection in commercial Caramel Color III and preparation by a model browning reactionU. Kroeplien, J. Rosdorfer, J. Van der Greef, Robert C. Long Jr., and J. H. GoldsteinCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1985, 50, 7, 1131–1133Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1985https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00207a047RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views270Altmetric-Citations47LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (401 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

Long-term toxicity and carcinogenicity test of ammonia-process caramel colouring given to B6C3F1 mice in the drinking-water

Caramel colouring (ammonia process) was given at levels of 0 (control), 1.25 and 5.0% in the drinking-water to groups of 50 male and 50 female mice for 96 wk, and then all the animals were maintained without caramel for a further 8 wk. Males given 5.0% caramel showed increased cumulative mortality from wk 100 to the end of the experiment. The white blood cell count in treated males was significantly elevated in a dose-related manner. However, these changes were not considered to be biologically significant. There were no treatment-related effects on clinical signs, body or organ weights, results of urine analyses, or histological features. Therefore, this study did not demonstrate any carcinogenic effect of caramel on mice at levels of up to 5.0% in the drinking-water.

Mutagenic activity at different stages of an industrial ammonia caramel process detected in Salmonella typhimurium TA100 following pre-incubation

Mutagenic activity of a commercial ammonia caramel colouring was demonstrated in Salmonella typhimurium TA100 without metabolic activation. The activity in strain TA100 was increased using a 10-min pre-incubation, and a clear dose-response relationship was seen using this method. Investigation of samples taken from the different stages in the industrial process showed a constant level of mutagenic activity in samples from the middle to the end of the heating process with a steep increase in the sample taken after the end of heating. No mutagenic activity was seen in assays with S. typhimurium strains TA1535 and TA98

Caramel colours under review

Nutrition BulletinVolume 7, Issue 1 p. 27-30 Caramel colours under review F. WOOD CPC, F. WOOD CPC (United Kingdom) Ltd, Claygate House, Esher, Surrey KT10 9PNSearch for more papers by this author F. WOOD CPC, F. WOOD CPC (United Kingdom) Ltd, Claygate House, Esher, Surrey KT10 9PNSearch for more papers by this author First published: January 1982 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-3010.1982.tb00510.xCitations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume7, Issue1January 1982Pages 27-30 RelatedInformation

Effects of caramel color (ammonia process) on mammalian vitamin B 6 metabolism

The ability of caramel color (ammonia process) (AC) to inhibit rabbit brain pyridoxal kinase (EC 2.7.1.35) and pyridoxine uptake and release by rabbit brain slices was investigated. AC contains a heatstable, competitive inhibitor of pyridoxal kinase that can be removed by dialysis or activated charcoal. A concentration of 0.6% AC in the pyridoxal kinase assay reduced activity by 50%. By Sephadex column chromatography, the apparent molecular weight of the inhibitor was ⋍360. AC at concentrations of 2 μl/ml medium also inhibited the accumulation of pyridoxine by brain slices and accelerated the release of vitamin B 6 from brain slices. AC is not a specific inhibitor of ATP-dependent kinases since AC had no effect on thymidine kinase activity. The inhibition of pyridoxine uptake and acceleration of vitamin B 6 release from brain slices by AC are probably related to the inhibition of pyridoxal kinase since accumulation and retention of vitamin B 6 in brain slices depend on pyridoxal kinase activity.

Quantitative ion-pair extraction of 4(5)-methylimidazole from caramel colour and its determination by reversed-phase ion-pair liquid chromatography

A procedure for quantitative ion-pair extraction of 4(5)-methylimidazole from caramel colour using bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid as ion-pairing agent has been developed. Furthermore, a reversed-phase ion-pair liquid chromatographic separation method has been established to analyse the content of 4(5)-methylimidazole in the extracts. A rapid and adequate separation was achieved on a column of Nucleosil 5 C 8 eluted with methanol—0.2 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate—water (32.5:25:42.5) containing 0.005 M sodium dodecanesulphonate. This method of determination is superior in speed and repeatability to, and at higher contents of 4(5)-methylimidazole gives a better accuracy than, the World Health Organization method currently official in Denmark. The limit of detection is estimated at 4 μg/g.

High Pressure Liquid Chromatographic Determination of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-Furaldehyde in Caramel Solution

Abstract An HPLC method is described for the detection of caramel color by measuring the level of 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde (5-HMF). For the several products of caramelization examined, 5-HMF was the most sensitive indicator of the presence of caramel. The method specifies a reverse phase C18 column, a UV detector set at 277 nm, and a methanol-water gradient to separate 5-HMF from interfering substances. Other flavor compounds resolved by the same gradient are vanillin, ethyl vanillin, coumarin, benzaldehyde, caffeine, anethole, theobromine, and cinnamaldehyde.

Enzymatic modification of vegetable protein: Mechanism, kinetics, and production of soluble and partially soluble protein in a batch reactor

AbstractEnzymatic hydrolysis of insoluble soybean protein by a protease enzyme produced by Penicillium duponti K 1104, was investigated in a batch reactor. The reaction conditions were 30–55°C and pH 3.4–3.7. The mechanism of solubilization of the insoluble protein by the Penicillium duponti enzyme was deduced from a series of experiments. Kinetic models were developed that involved adsorption followed by peptic digestion of protein, inhibition of low‐molecular‐weight peptides, and enzyme deactivation. The uncoupled kinetic parameters were estimated using the Marquardt nonlinear parameter estimation algorithm. A bang–bang production of soluble and partially soluble protein is suggested for higher productivity. The essential amino acids pattern of the enzyme‐Hydrolyzed soy protein was comparable with the unhydrolyzed protein isolate. Aggregation of the soluble protein for an extended time was observable. The low‐molecular‐weight soluble protein was incorporated into noncarbonated beverages. The amount of protein that could be incorporated into a can of 355 ml noncarbonated beverage, without observable changes in the optical density and also aggregation of the protein, was 2.5 g soluble protein. Beverages with caramel color showed excessive decrease in optical density and precipitation. The kinetics and diffusion in a multipore immobilized‐enzyme recycle reactor will be considered in part II of this series.

The effect of pH on flux and rejection of coloring matters on ultrafiltration of caramel color.

The effect was examined on ultrafiltrability of caramel solution of the change in pH due to addition of sulfuric acid or sodium hydroxide. Ten % caramel solution of which pH was adjusted to the range from 1 to 13 was ultrafiltered to measure the flux and the rejection of coloring matters. The flux was almost constant over the pH range from 3 to 12, and progressively decreased below pH 3 and above pH 12. The rejection of coloring matters was varied little within the pH range from about 2.5 to 7, progressively increased below pH about 2.5, and progressively decreased above pH 7. These results showed that for releasing the bound imidazole compounds addition of an adequate of an adequate amount of sulfuric acid is desirable to avoid the excessive reduction of flux and rejection of coloring matters.

An improved method for the determination of 4-methylimidazole in caramel color

An improved method for the determination of 4-methylimidazole in caramel color

Removal of Imidazoles from Caramel Color by Ultrafiltration

Removal of Imidazoles from Caramel Color by Ultrafiltration

Quantitative determination of 4-methylimidazole as 1-acetyl derivative in caramel color by gas-liquid chromatography.

Quantitative determination of 4-methylimidazole as 1-acetyl derivative in caramel color by gas-liquid chromatography.

Preparation of Activated Carbon from Crude Atmospheric Residue

Activated carbon was prepared from the residual fixed carbon by the dry distillation of Khafji Crude Atmospheric Residue mixed with alkali as an activation agent, along with the reformed distillate (desulfurized, deasphalted and demetallified). The yield varied from 3 to 12% based on the Residue, depending on the condition of the dry distillation (at 450-650°C) and the amount of alkali (1/8-1/1 to the Residue). The liquid-phase adsorptive power of the activated carbon was estimated for caramel color (-99%), methylene blue (-450mg/g) and iodine (-1, 530mg/g). The prepared activated carbon and commercial activated carbons were tested for measurement of specific surface area, total pore volume, micro-pore volume and pore size distribution curve by the reported method2)-6). Also, the effect of alkali upon the formation of non-graphitizing carbon was shown by the X-ray diffraction measurement.

The isolation of 4-methylimidazole from caramel color and its determination by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography

The presence of small quantities of 4-methylimidazole (4-MeI) in caramel color has been confirmed by retention time data, and infrared and mass spectroscopy. This paper describes a method for the quantitative extraction of 4-MeI from caramel color, and two chromatographic procedures—thin-layer (TLC) and gas-liquid (GLC) chromatography—for the quantitative determination of 4-MeI in the extracts. The accuracy and precision of the extraction and the chromatographic procedures were tested by analysis of: (a) model caramel color systems; (b) samples of experimental caramel colors of low 4-MeI content; and (c) duplicate samples of caramel color by two participating laboratories. The extraction procedure permits the quantitative recovery of 4-MeI from samples of caramel color; the TLC and GLC analysis procedures provide approximately equal accuracy, with somewhat greater precision afforded by the GLC procedure. The GLC procedure is therefore recommended when precise determinations of 4-MeI concentrations are required; the TLC procedure is recommended for screening studies where a rough estimation of 4-MeI is sufficient.