Charaka Samhita Research Articles

Utility of Shadangapaniya in Various Ailments – A Review

Introduction: Ayurveda has mentioned many Kalpanas, one among them is Paniya Kalpana (medicated drinking water). It comes under Upakalapana (derivative) of Kwatha (process of medicated liquid). It is regarded as the most beneficial and potent because it is very easy to digest and readily absorbed by our bodies. Dosha (one which governs and maintains the health), Dhatu (fundamental tissues that constitute the human body), and Mala (metabolic end products) are the components of Sharira (human body), which is governed by Agni (digestive fire). In a healthy state, Sharira (human body) maintains regular physiological functioning; when it is impaired, Sharira (human body) results in various ailments. Shadangapaniya is a special formulation that controls all the aforementioned aspects. Six herbs, including Musta, Parpataka, Ushira, Chandana, Udichya, and Nagara, make up the Shadangapaniya. Materials and methods: The classic Ayurveda literature, including the Charaka Samhita, Sushrutha Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya, and Bhavprakasha Niganthu books of Dravyaguna Vignana, and other Nighantus. Result and Discussion: Shadangapaniya not only acts on Jwara (fever) but also is useful in various conditions and as well as on various systems. For example, we can give in Rakthapitta (bleeding conditions), Atisara (diarrhea and dysentery), Ati sweda (excessive perspiration), and Trishna (thirst), which will be discussed with references from classical textbooks. Conclusion: Maintaining the equilibrium state of Dosha (one which governs and maintains the health), Dhatu (fundamental tissues that constitute the human body) Mala (metabolic end products), and Agni (digestive fire) is the fundamental goal of all Ayurvedic treatments for ailments. Shadanga Paniya (medicated drinking water made up of six herbs) is a distinctive and popular recipe that preserves the above-mentioned state of equilibrium.

Anatomical Concept of Guda (Rectum and Anal Canal) in Ayurveda

Abstract: Ayurveda is a holistic science. In ancient ayurvedic literature anatomical knowledge about body was describe in all ayurvedic Samhita like charak Samhita sushruta Samhita. They provided important anatomical information. Guda is a part of distal alimentary canal. Importance of guda in Ayurveda describe as a mahamarm because it is an important part of the body.

Unveiling the Mode of Action of Dravya Vikalpa

Shodhana-shamana is one of the treatment classifications in Ayurveda. Medicines for Shodhana can be administered in single drug or combination form. The explanation regarding formulations has been dealt in Ayurveda. Though single drugs have been indicated in various disorders, they may fail to target every stage of disease and may therefore fail in treatment. Thus, the permutation and combination of drugs can act efficiently and target every stage of disease. In the Charaka Samhita Chikitsasthana, shodhana yogas are briefly described for specific ailments, however in the Kalpasthana, dravyavikalpa are extensively explained for shodhana. It is difficult to understand choice of dravyavikalpa as there is no direct description on mode and site of action of yogas mentioned. Hence there is a need for proper understanding of the mode and site of action of various dravyavikalpa. Understanding a specific combination and its kalpana helps one understand how medicines are targeted at vitiated doshas and sthanasamshraya. To illustrate the same, Dravyavikalpa for panduroga mentioned in Charaka Samhita Kalpasthana has been taken as an example. In this study an effort will be made to analyze mode and site of action of Dravyavikalpa mentioned in Charaka Samhita Kalpasthana.
 Keywords: Dravyavikalpa, kalpana vishesha, pandu roga

ANTI DERMATOPHYTIC EFFECT OF KUSHTAGHNA DASHEMANI IN DADRU KUSHTA (DERMATOPHYTOSIS), AN IN-VITRO STUDY

Background: Shadvirechanashatashritiya adhyaya of Charaka Samhita describes fifty group of drugs (Panchashanmahakashaya) and Kushtaghna dashemani is one among them. Dadru is classified under Kshudra kushta by Acharya Charaka. On the basis of presenting symptomatology Dadru kushta can be interpreted as Dermatophytosis. The prevalence of superficial fungal infection in India is 27.6% of which Dermatophytes are the most common agents (75.6%) though the disease is not a life threatening, the relapsing nature of this disease makes it much annoyance for patient and bothersome for physician too. Hence an attempt was made to evaluate the effect of Kushtaghna Dashemani on Dadru Kushta through in-vitro study. The In-vitro study on Anti- dermatophytic action of Kushtaghna dashemani Kashaya was carried out by Agar Well diffusion method on the dermatophyte species Trichophyton tonsurans, Microsporum Canis and Trichophyton rubrum with different concentrations of Kushtaghna dashemani Kashaya. Anti-dermatophyte effect of different concentrations of Kushtaghna dashemani kashaya was seen at the different volume used against the taken dermatophytes species.

Physicochemical and Phytochemical analysis of Wild and Cultivated Chitrak (Plumbago zeylanica Linn.)

Chitrak (Plumbago zeylanica Linn.) is a perennial shrub that grows slowly. Its roots become mature enough for medicinal use after a long time. The major source of Chitrak is wild and mainly roots are used in medicine preparation, so it needs to be uprooted and plant sustainability can’t be maintained. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the physicochemical and phytochemical parameters of wild and cultivated root, stem, and leaves of Chitrak. Wild and cultivated Chitrak was collected from Kharangana forest and Herbal garden, MGACH&RC, Dist. Wardha respectively in an appropriate season as per the guidelines mentioned in Charak Samhita. Collected plant material was cleaned properly, shed-dried, ground, stored in an airtight container, and labeled for further study. For the Chromatographic study, a standard Plumbagin marker was procured from Sigma Aldrich Company, Bengaluru. This study concluded that all test samples contain Plumbagin but cultivated Chitrak root contains more Plumbagin than leaves and stem. So, according to ancient Ayurveda texts, the use of Chitrak root for various diseases as compared to leaves and stem is justified and ideal as far as the Plumbagin is concerned. But as leaves and stems also contain some amount of Plumbagin then it may be used for less chronic diseases or in patients who cannot tolerate the Tikshnatva and Ushnatva of Chitrak root. In this study, cultivated Chitrak root showed more Plumbagin than the wild source. So we can say that cultivated sources can be used in therapeutics instead of the wild sources after confirmation by clinical trials thereby minimizing the unauthorized collection practices and motivating the cultivation of this plant to some extent.

A Review on Kashyapokta Sama Jwara in Children with respect to Viral Fever

"Jwara" is important and critical among all the diseases, because it affects each and every living being. Hence, it has been given first place in the classical texts of Ayurveda. In Ayurveda, Jwara is not merely the concept of raised body temperature, but as is said in Charaka Samhita, 'Deha- Indriya- Manah- Santap' is the cardinal symptoms of Jwara. This can be defined as the state where the body, mind as well as sense organs suffer due to the high temperature. Acharya Kashypa in Vishamjawar chapter explained Sama Jwara. He is only author who explained Sama Jwara. Sama Jwara is characterized by Alpahetu, Bahirmarga, vaikruta, Nirupadrava, ekashraya Laghupaka and Sukhasadhya. Materials and Methods: This study is based on literately review of classical information, published research work and modern literature. The possible correlation has been made between collected information and has been presented in systemic way. Discussion and conclusion: Sama Jwara is explained only by Kashyapa, Lakshanas of which is similar to Bahirvegi Jwara, Rasa dhatugat Jwara, in modern era it can be compared with viral fever.

Clinical Approach of Charaka Samhita W.S.R. to OPD Level Formulations

Ayurveda – Originating from the necessity to comprehend and treat illnesses and preserve human health, life science. Charaka Samhita is a knowledge of encyclopedia comprehensive and provides an approach to Ayurveda. The time period of Charaka Samhita is considered to in between 1500 BC to 2nd century AD. The context of the treatise was first thought by Atreya and then subsequently codified by Agnivesha revised by Charaka later reconstructed by Drudhabala. As per the evidence, 12,000 verses are documented but presently 9295 verses are available in Charaka Samhita. To sum up, the Ayurvedic notion of the three Sutras—Hetu (reason), Linga (symptoms), and Aushadha (medicine)—is stated as follows: two of the Sutras are intended for illness diagnosis, while the third is intended for therapy. Making an accurate diagnosis of any illness is crucial to its effective treatment. Aim and objectives: To investigate the ideas of eight Sthana of the Charaka Samhita's therapeutic applicability in the modern day. Material and Methods: The majority of the Samhita that is now accessible is Charaka Samhita, with annotations in Hindi and Sanskrit. Discussion: This Samhita consists of eight Sthana covering a plethora of topics that a clinician should be familiar with before beginning practice. Clinical application with respect to Sthana is addressed. Conclusion: Acharya Charaka's eight Sthana include a progressive, scientific approach to illness management that is currently being used in modern therapeutic settings.

“ARISTHA LAKSHANAS (NEAR DEATH SIGN) RELATED TO PRANAVAHA SROTAS – A REVIEW”

Ayurveda is a science of life with a holistic approach to healthy life and personalized medicine. Patient’s strength, morbidity (disease strength) and Life span must be assessed before proceeding for the treatment. For the evaluation of life span of patient a separate section called Indriya sthana is given in Charak Samhita. Susruta Samhita, Asthang Haridya, Bhela Samhita, Harita Samhita also having similar description showing near death signs in various places with adequate importance. Aim: to review and analyze near death signs / symptoms related to Pranavaha Srotas in present era. Material and method: Ayurvediya classical books especially Brihatrayee, Bhela Samhita, Harita Samhita, symptoms related to Pranavaha Srotas were compiled and re-arranged. Further to review 24 published articles related to the topic internet search engine like Google scholar was used. Compiled matter has been re-arranged to understand those signs / symptoms in light of contemporary science. Observation: Charak samhita, Susruta Samhita, Asthang Haridya, Bhela Samhita, Harita Samhita all of them Arishta Lakshanas related to Pranavaha Srotas in their text in different chapters. In this study compile and evaluate near death signs related to Pranavaha Srotas in present era. Result:-In this review study approx 29 Aristha lakshanas (near death signs) related to Pranavaha Srotas compile and evaluate with co-morbid disease condition. Conclusion:-Though all the Arista lakshanas given in Ayurveda classics are not examined by the modern parameters still they are found in the patients and are quite significant. The current study paves the path for future research directions.

Medical Negligence with Special Reference to Act of Commission and Omission: A Narrative Review

A doctor’s failure to uphold the standards of his profession, causing the death of a patient whom the doctor hoped to save, is known as medical negligence. The most embarrassing act one can commit is medical negligence, which usually results in the patient’s death. Legally, medical negligence is a breach of the duty of care leading to harm. Lack of clinical competence can be interpreted as negligence. Indian courts decide cases of medical negligence based on the Bolam test. According to Black’s Law Dictionary, negligence is defined as “conduct, action, or omission, which may be declared as negligence without any argument or proof as it violates the dictates of common prudence”. The three cardinal elements in negligence are duty of care failure, failure to exercise duty of care (Dereliction), and causation of damage to the patient on account of dereliction. References to medical negligence can be found in classical texts such as Manusmriti, Kotilya Arthashastra, Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, and others. To mitigate medical negligence, various measures can be taken, such as improved communication, strengthening training and education, emphasising quality assurance, and legal reforms. The rapid development of medical science and technology has proven to be a powerful tool for doctors to better diagnose and treat patients, but it has also become a tool to exploit people for profit. Accurate information about negligence and its laws is needed as there is not enough data in this regard. To avoid medical negligence, practitioners should show strict adherence to modern surgical ethics, which also include concepts like the importance of informed consent, doctor-doctor relationship, doctor-patient relationship, doctor-state relationship, doctor-attendant relationship, attendantpatient relationship, and patient autonomy.

Pharmacognosy and Analytical Profile of Bhunimbadi Churna: A Polyherbal Formulation

ABSTRACT Background: Charak Samhita, an ancient Ayurvedic text, offers a vast repository of effective polyherbal formulations for treating various diseases. Ensuring the standardization and authentication of these compound formulations is crucial for quality control and enhancing their therapeutic efficacy. Establishing reliable data to set standard parameters is essential for verifying the genuineness of individual formulations and drugs as a whole. Aims and Objectives: The primary aim of this study is to evaluate and assess Bhunimbadi Churna, a classical formulation mentioned in the Grahanidosha Chikitsa Adhyaya of Charak Samhita, known for its multiple therapeutic indications. The objectives include conducting a comprehensive pharmacognostical and pharmacological assessment of the formulation to establish standard parameters for quality control. Materials and Methods: The study involved a detailed examination of Bhunimbadi Churna using standard scientific protocols. The assessment included organoleptic characteristics, physico chemical parameters, physical characteristics of the powder (Churna), preliminary phytochemical analysis, and high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis. Results: On performing the experiments for three consecutive readings, loss on drying was found to be 7.66 ± 0.21, pH was 5.53 ± 0.19, total ash value of powder was found to be 6.64 ± 0.20 w/w, and acid insoluble ash was found to be 0.52 ± 0.11 w/w. These parameters provide a reliable framework for assessing the quality and authenticity of the formulation. Conclusion: The findings of this study offer valuable tools for regulatory authorities, scientific organizations, and manufacturers to develop standardized formulations of Bhunimbadi Churna. The reproducible parameters established in this study can assist in ensuring the quality and efficacy of this classical Ayurvedic formulation.

Clinicopathological Evaluation of Pandu from Grahani Roga with special references to Haematological Parameters

Ayurveda means wisdom or knowledge of life, is the natural holistic system of medicine. The disease Grahani is signified by its nomenclature i.e., incomplete digestion, malabsorption and mal formation of stool. In Ayurveda, Grahani Roga (malabsorption syndrome) is a chronic disease of Annavaha srota (GI tract) vividly explained in our classics. Above the umbilical region Grahani is located, is the seat of Agni (digestive enzyme). Main function of Grahani is to hold undigested food and after digestion it releases the food through the sides of its lumen. But the main cause behind Grahani roga is poor digestive fire and Amadosa (products of impaired digestion and metabolism) as per Caraka Samhita. It is important symptoms are Sukta pakam (fermentation), Muhu baddha muhu dravam (alternate pass of hard and loose stool), Adhman (flatulence), Manasa sadanama (mental frustration) etc. In modern it is correlated to Mal-Absorption Syndrome (MAS). In Grahani Roga the Pittadhara kala fails to recognize the digested and undigested food, often release the undigested food towards small intestine. The insufficient digested food is unable to yield the required Poshak Rasa (plasma) for transformation of Rakta (blood). The person suffers from diminished blood in the system. Hence Grahani patients suffer from Pandu (anaemia). In this present study 60 cases of Grahani roga along with symptoms of Pandu were divided into two groups. Group A (30 patients) were treated with Bhunimba churna. Group B (30 patients) were treated with Pippali churna. The statistical analysis reveals that Bhunimba churna statistically more significant than Pippali churna in the management of Grahani roga and Pandu.

ROLE OF AYURVEDA IN THE MANAGEMENT OF OBESITY (STHAULYA): A LITERARY REVIEW

In this era, most people are suffering from lifestyle disorders like cardiovascular diseases, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, diabetes mellitus, etc. unhealthy diet, wrong sleeping patterns, less physical activity, stress all these things are leading people towards lifestyle disorders. The occurrence of these diseases is directly linked to the day-to-day habits of an individual. People are inclined towards a sedentary lifestyle that can lead to various chronic diseases, which can have life-threatening consequences. Today’s generation has become physically inactive due to the modernization and development of multiple technologies, which leads people towards a sedentary lifestyle. Obesity (Sthaulya) is one of the lifestyle disorders which is more complex and invites several complications like hypertension, multiple joint pain, diabetes mellitus, fatty liver, etc. In Ayurveda, it is described under the term medoroga. In Charaka Samhita Acharya Charaka has described sthaulya under ashtoninditiya purusha. The main factor in sthaulya vyadhi is the abnormal function of med-dhatvagni. A metabolic disorder occurs due to an imbalance between the intake of energy and its expenditure, which results in the growth of adipose tissue and increased body weight. Ayurveda is one of the most ancient sciences which describes fundamental and applied principles of health disease and its management. There are many drugs, various formulations, pathya-apathya, dincharya, rutucharya, and yoga which are helpful in the treatment and prevention of obesity. Ayurveda has preventive and treatment aspects about sthaulya (obesity), which this article studies. The objective of this study is to study the effectiveness of ayurvedic management in obesity, to study obesity, to study sthaulya, study medoroga.

AN APPRAISAL OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF AGADTANTROKTA CHATURVIMSHATIVISHA CHIKITSA UPAKRAMA IN KAUMARBHRITYA

Visha chikitsa is the main aspect of Agadtantra, one of the branches of Ashtanga Ayurveda. Though Agadtantra deals with poisons, their properties, and their toxic effects, it primarily focuses on its treatment part. For this purpose, various classical texts describe different treatment modalities of the poisoning. Charaka explained the basic principle of poisoning treatment as Chaturvimshati Visha Chikitsa Upakrama. This is a unique contribution by Acharya Charaka in the management of poisoning. Poisoning is one of the leading causes of childhood mortality and morbidity worldwide. The indication of twenty-four Visha Chikitsa Upakrama in the pediatric age group is unclear. Hence, there is a dilemma in the Ayurved physician’s mind regarding its use in Kaumarbhritya (Pediatric). The classical texts, precisely Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Samgraha, Ashtanga Hridaya, Kashyapa Samhita, Harita Samhita and Bhavaprakasa Samhita, were searched and scrutinised for references of use of these 24 treatment modalities in pediatric age group. Various related research articles from the internet were also studied. The present study provides compiled knowledge about indications and contraindications of these Chaturvimshati Visha Chikitsa Upakrama, which will be helpful while treating poisoning cases in the paediatric age group. Hence, this is an attempt to evaluate the significance of Agadtantrokta Chaturvimshati Visha Chikitsa Upakrama in Kaumarbhritya.

Ayurvedic management of Unknown Insect Bite (Keeta Visha) - A Case Report

Acharya Charaka in Chikitsasthan of Charaka Samhita, Acharya Sushruta in Kalpasthan of Sushruta Samhita and Acharya Vagbhata in Uttartantra of Ashtanga Hridaya recited the origin of Visha and Keeta Visha. Acharya Sushruta has explained Keeta Visha under Jangama Visha (Animate poison) and categorized 67 different type of Keeta under mainly 4 groups. It causes acute as well as severe manifestations in the human beings. The main characteristics of insect bite are itching, burning sensation, erythema at the site of bite. As there are various types of Keeta Visha, hence they vary in their diagnosis and treatment and most of the time they are unidentified as signs and symptoms may resembles the skin disease. This is case report of 25 year old female who had given the history of unknown insect bite and presented to the outpatient department with the complaints of itching, burning sensation, spreading erythema over the skin of neck region. In Sushruta Samhita in Kalpasthan Acharya Sushruta has mentioned Dushivishari Agad as a most potent Agad for all types of Visha. Hence, patient was treated with Dushivishari Agad orally along with local application of Shatdhautghrita which also has Vishaghna properties. In present case Dushivishari Agad and Shatdhautghrita have shown assuring results in the management of unknown insect bite.

Understanding Grahani as an Anatomical Structure: A Correlative Study

The word Grahani incepted from Grahana which means to hold or to retain something. According to Shabdakalpadruma, Grahani is Agnyadhishtana Naadi referring it to a tubular structure. In Samhitas we get references for Grahani as Agni Adhishtana, which is the site for Agni. Grahani also does the Karma of Annagrahana to which Chakrapani comments Grahana means Dharana. Charaka Samhita explains Grahani is situated above Nabhi and it holds Apakwa Anna and eliminates the Pakwa Anna. Susruta and Vagbhata additionally explain Grahani as synonymous to Pittadhara Kala and it extends from Amashaya to Pakwashaya. So, Grahani includes all those anatomical structures wherein Annagrahana, its Shoshana due to Pitta Tejas, Pachana and Vimunchana of Pakwa Anna takes place. The structural and functional involvement of gastro intestinal region in the digestion, absorption, assimilation and excretion of ingested food materials is well understood. This correlative study is an effort to understand the possible anatomical entities and applied anatomy of Grahani as explained by our Acharyas.

Clinical pharmacokinetic evaluation of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal root extract in healthy human volunteers: A non-randomized, single dose study utilizing UHPLC-MS/MS analysis

Ethnopharmacological relevanceWithania somnifera (L.) Dunal; (Solanaceae), commonly known as Ashwagandha, is one of the most significant medicinal herbs in ‘Ayurveda’, a traditional Indian medicine used for centuries with evidence in scriptures. Ashwagandha was mentioned in old Ayurvedic medical literature such as Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita for improving weight and strength, with multiple citations for internal and exterior usage in emaciation and nourishing the body. Ethnopharmacological evidence revealed that it was used to relieve inflammation, reduce abdominal swelling, as a mild purgative, and treat swollen glands. The root was regarded as a tonic, aphrodisiac, and emmenagogue in the Unani tradition of the Indian medicinal system. Further, Ashwagandha has been also described as an Ayurvedic medicinal plant in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India extending informed therapeutic usage and formulations. Despite the widespread ethnopharmacological usage of Ashwagandha, clinical pharmacokinetic parameters are lacking in the literature; hence, the findings of this study will be relevant for calculating doses for future clinical evaluations of Ashwagandha root extract. AimThis study aimed to develop a validated and highly sensitive bioanalytical method for quantifying withanosides and withanolides of the Ashwagandha root extract in human plasma to explore its bioaccessibility. Further to apply a developed method to perform pharmacokinetics of standardized Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal root extract (WSE; AgeVel®/Witholytin®) capsules in healthy human volunteers. MethodsA sensitive, reliable, and specific ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of five major withanosides and withanolides (withanoside IV, withanoside V, withanolide A, withaferin A, and 12-deoxy-withastramonolide) in human plasma. Further for the study, eighteen healthy male volunteers (18–45 years) were enrolled in a non-randomized, open-label, single period, single treatment, clinical pharmacokinetic study and given a single dose (500 mg) of WSE (AgeVel®/Witholytin®) capsules containing not less than 7.5 mg of total withanolides under fasting condition. Later, pharmacokinetic profiles were assessed using the plasma concentration of each bioactive constituent Vs. time data. ResultsFor all five constituents, the bioanalytical method demonstrated high selectivity, specificity, and linearity. There was no carryover, and no matrix effect was observed. Furthermore, the inter-day and intra-day precision and accuracy results fulfilled the acceptance criteria. Upon oral administration of WSE capsules, Cmax was found to be 0.639 ± 0.211, 2.926 ± 1.317, 2.833 ± 0.981, and 5.498 ± 1.986 ng/mL for withanoside IV, withanolide A, withaferin A, and 12-deoxy-withastramonolide with Tmax of 1.639 ± 0.993, 1.361 ± 0.850, 0.903 ± 0.273, and 1.375 ± 0.510 h respectively. Further, withanoside V was also detected in plasma; but its concentration was found below LLOQ. ConclusionThe novel and first-time developed bioanalytical method was successfully applied for the quantification of five bio-active constituents in human volunteers following administration of WSE capsules, indicating that withanosides and withanolides were rapidly absorbed from the stomach, have high oral bioavailability, and an optimum half-life to produce significant pharmacological activity. Further, AgeVel®/Witholytin® was found safe and well tolerated after oral administration, with no adverse reaction observed at a 500 mg dose.

A REVIEW ON CONCEPT OF PRAMANA IN NYAYA DARSHANA AND CHARAK SAMHITA

Both Nyaya Darshana and Ayurveda are highly influenced and complemented by each other as both sciences developed in the same period. The concepts of Nyaya Darshana have been selectively incorporated into Ayurve-da to suit its purposes, viz. Swasthya Rakshana and RogaPrashamana. Most of the concepts of the Nyaya are accepted as such, but some are modified as needed. There are similarities between some concepts of Charaka Samhita and Nyaya Darshana Shastra, in which Pramana is the main source of Nyaya Darshana, and it has given Pratyaksha, Anumana, Upamana, and Shabd. In Charak Samhita, Acharya Charak accepted Pramana as Pariksha. In this article, we will try to correlate the Pramana of NyayaDarshana and their influence upon Charak Samhita.

CONCEPT OF MUKHA SWASTHYA (ORAL HYGIENE) WITH AYURVEDIC PER-SPECTIVE

Background: Mukha is an Anga who is exposed to several risk factors on a regular basis, hence Mukha Swasthya (oral hygiene) is becoming more and more significant. Tobacco chewing, smoking, and other habits have increased the prevalence of oral cavity diseases. In Ayurveda, Dantdhawana, Kavala, Gandusha, and various other remedies are mentioned to maintain Mukha Swasthya. Ayurvedic classical texts prescribe Dan-tadhwana by Datuna (Chewing Sticks) in the morning and after every meal to prevent mouth ailments. Kavala comprises swishing a certain oil or herbal decoction in the mouth for a particular duration, whereas Gandusha involves retaining a larger quantity of liquid in the oral cavity for a longer period of time. Both treatments pro-mote comprehensive cleansing by eliminating dirt, pollutants, and potentially hazardous germs from the mouth and throat. Material and Method: This review paper has been taken from different Ayurvedic classical textbooks, Text-books of Swasthavritta, and various modern and Ayurvedic research papers from PubMed, Google scholar, SCI etc. Discussion: Ayurveda defines Dantdhawana vidhi as routine oral hygiene maintenance procedure in Dinachar-ya, including Kavala, Gandusha etc. Similar to this, modern practices like tooth brushing and gargling help to maintain oral hygiene to become healthy and free of diseases. These practices enhance dental health, reduce plaque formation, prevent cavities, alleviate halitosis, and promote gum health. Dantadhawana with its antimi-crobial, anti-inflammatory, and tissue-strengthening properties, may contribute to improving oral hygiene and gum health. On the other hand, in Kavala and Gandusha, the swishing action and the prolonged contact of the liquid with the oral tissues enhance the absorption of these beneficial compounds, aiding in the removal of pathogens and the restoration of oral balance. Result: A vital sign of general health, happiness, and quality of life is good oral health. Dental caries, periodon-tal disease, tooth loss, oral cancer, orodental trauma, noma, and congenital impairments including cleft lip and palate are just a few of the illnesses and problems it covers. In Charaka Samhita, Dantadhawana is mentioned as the subset of Dincharya, whereas it was referenced by Acharya Sushruta in the section on cures (Chikista Sthana) and Ashtanga Hridaya primarily mentioned its preventive aspects. In various studies, it is found that Dantadhawana makes natural whitening of teeth, improves oral hygiene, Strengthen teeth and gum. Whereas Kavala and Gandusha help in reduction of harmful bacteria, makes breathe fresh, enhances oral health, nourish oral tissues.

A REVIEW ON KUSHTHAGHNA MAHAKASHAYA

Skin diseases are being regarded as a major health issue as it leads to discomfort and significant morbidity. In Ayurveda, skin diseases have been comprehended under the heading of Kushtha. Kushtha is further classified as Mahakushtha and Kshudrakushtha. In Charaka Samhita, Acharya Charaka has described a group of ten medicines for skin diseases under Kushthaghna mahakashaya. In the Kushthaghna Mahakashyaya, the majority of the drugs were noted to have Rasayana (rejuvenation) properties. So, these drugs help to lessen the aid in the management of chronic skin problems. In this paper, drugs of Kushthaghna Mahakashaya have been reviewed on scientific lines through published work and it is observed that the drugs have various related activity.

CLINICAL STUDY ON EFFECT OF SHULAPRASHAMANA MAHAKASHAYA ON UDAVARTINI YONIVYAPAD VIS-À-VIS PRIMARY DYSMENORRHEA

‘Sama Dosha Samaagnischa Sama Dhatu Malakriya……’ are the lakshanas of swastha purusha. Any deviation from these lakshanas, impairment in dosha, dhatu, mala, etc will definitely lead to Vyadhi. Every vyadhi has its own characteristic feature, among which Shula is one of the pradhana lakshana. The synonym of Shula is roga, which signifies the importance of this lakshana in every vyadhi. Shula is the atmaja lakshana of vata dosha, and without the involvement of vata dosha, shula cannot manifest. Udavartini yonivyapad is one with Shula as its pradhana lakshana and can be correlated to Primary dysmenorrhea in contemporary science. The concept of shula needs to be understood as there are other terms like vedana, toda, and ruja which also convey a similar meaning. Panchashan mahakasaya of Charaka Samhita is a unique classification of dravya based on the pradhana karma. Shulaprashamana is one among those groups which help in relieving Shula. Shula prashamana mahakasaya is not used as a whole in any of the formulations in classics, while as individual dravyas are used in chikitsa. With this background, a conceptual and applied study of shulaprashamana gana and an evaluation of its efficacy in the subjects of udavartini was selected.