Car Wash Research Articles

THE INFLUENCE OF WASTE WATER SEDIMENT AS A COMPONENT OF ASPHALT CONTAINING HEAVY METALS AND DETECTING ITS EFFECT ON SOILS UNDER MODEL EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS

Waste water sediment (WWS) is an ecological hazard to the environment and the search for its effective disposal is an urgent task. The main limitation of the WWS use is associated with the presence of the different ingredients - heavy metals, which can have a negative impact on the environment. There is asphalt production technolologies using WWS. This work considers the possibility of using asphalts with the WWS additives from car washes. This technology will reduce the negative influence on the environment due to the WWS recycling, as well as due to the possibility of using WWS instead of pure sand by replacing it in the standard asphalt production technology. In this work, a heavy metal content was determined by the ICP-OES method using an Agilent 5110 spectrometer; in the course of a model experiment, the effect on the soil of three model objects was studied: WWS from car washes in Moscow; the standard technology for asphalt production; asphalt fused with car wash WWS. We studied the change in the content of various forms of heavy metals penetrating the soil from wash-offs of these objects, and by comparing the results and assessing their absolute content, we assessed the possibility of using fused asphalt. The studies have shown that during the model experiment, the total content of heavy metals increased up to 7-10 times for Zn, Ni and Cr. In all variants of the experiment, the content of mobile forms of all Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn significantly decreased by the third stage of the experiment to 50--95%, which indicates the transition of mobile forms of heavy metals to the total content due to the processes of sorption and precipitation.

Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Car Dust from Thailand and Implications for Human Exposure

Organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) are a group of compounds frequently detected in indoor dust that pose high health risks to exposure subjects. The present study reports on the investigation of the levels and profiles of seven target PFRs in car dust samples from Thailand. The samples were collected from the discarded air conditioning (AC) filter of 14 private cars (called AC dust samples) and from the bag filter installed in vacuum cleaners of 10 car washing services (called settled dust samples) in 2019. The concentrations of 7PFRs in AC dust samples were approximately 3,800-91,000 ng/g, whereas those from settled dust samples were about 11,000 to 15,000 ng/g. Tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) was found to be the most prominent of PFRs detected in both types of car dust with the highest concentration of 39,000 ng/g for AC filter dust and 10,000 ng/g for settled dust. The main PFR contributors in both dust types were TBEP (80%, 75%), followed by Tris (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) (9%, 5%) and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TCPP) (7%, 4%), respectively. Tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP) and tri cresyl phosphate (TCP) were not detected in both types of car dust and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) was found only in settled dust samples. According to the results of exposure assessment to PFRs in car dust, the human exposures via ingestion for adults and toddlers ranged from 1.69×10-2 to 2.67 and 10.6 to 2,360 ng/kg/day. The human exposures via inhalation for adults and toddlers ranged from 3.27×10-4 to 5.17x10-2 and 2.58×10-1 to 40.9 ng/kg/day. The highest exposure among PFRs corresponded to TBEP for both adults and toddlers and the risk through ingestion was higher than inhalation intake. Toddlers were more exposed to PFR contaminants in comparison to adults. When comparing the estimated average daily intake (ADI) values with the reference doses (RfDs) for PFRs, it was found that exposure to PFRs in car cabins via inhalation and dust ingestion is unlikely to have adverse human health effects.

Treatment and Effective Utilization of Greywater: A Preliminary Case Study

Greywater has been identified as a valuable alternative water source over recent years. Few practices (i.e., recycling and reuse) of greywater have attracted global attention in meeting the future water demand. However, essential parameters should be analyzed for reliable reuse and treatment. The present study addresses the possibilities of the alternative source with the treated greywater. Gravity—governed flow methods through a column containing gravel, sand, and activated carbon was applied. The quality of treated greywater from the university campus, which included physical, chemical, and biological parameters, was assessed to check non-potable reuse suitability. The reduction percentage of organics in biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand was 64% and 42%, respectively. Similarly, the reduction percentage was obtained at 74% and 66% for turbidity and electrical conductivity. The removal efficiency was 57%, 77%, 48%, and 44% for total dissolved solids, alkalinity, chlorides, and total hardness. The pH of treated water samples was found in the neutral range suggesting its suitability for reuse. Hence, the proposed greywater treatment method is a cost-effective and straightforward approach to reuse greywater for irrigation, watering the lawns, and car washing. The greywater collected can be disinfected immediately and reused with minimal possibility of regrowth of microorganisms.

Car Wash Operation and Odebrecht: A case that will end?

Individuals and organizations of different types are always challenged to decide by which kind of ethical framework they will abide by. The decision may be rewarding or punitive. External agents, like communities, may influence how the decision will result. This essay claims that Odebrecht corruption scandal bears an example of such a situation. Coupled with the company’s internal decisions, the external community played a role in moving Odebrecht from being a respected player in the global construction industry to the exposition of its immoral practices. The present study also demonstrates the recent attempts at political interference in the investigations of this scandal and how former Odebrecht is trying to rebuild itself as a company.

Exploration of Automatic Car Washing Scheme for Urban Rail Transit Trains

Exploration of Automatic Car Washing Scheme for Urban Rail Transit Trains

Sistem Informasi Pelayanan Jasa Pencucian Mobil Dan Motor Pada Max Car Wash Berbasis Web

Service is the provision of a performance or invisible action from one side to another side. One of the companies that focus on services is Max Car Wash, Max Car Wash is a company engaged in car wash and motorcycles services located at Jalan Raya Batubulan, Sukawati, Gianyar, Bali. Issues contained among the recording transactions are still on a note and ledger, the distribution of commissions to the staff is not maximum yet. In addition, the service to customers is less satisfactory seen from the behavior of some existing customers that can’t wait for his vehicle in the wash. Based on these problems, Max Car Wash needs a service system that is expected to assist in serving the process of payment transactions and recording commission staff each workmanship. In this system is also available queue booking feature, where customers can make a booking queue first. This study has been successfully built an information system service car and motor wash. This system aims to help the company by improving customer service and provide ease in obtaining the reports desired company.

Assessment of the Water Quality of Chole River, Ethiopia using Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Selected Physicochemical Parameters

The water quality of Chole River was assessed based oninsitu measurements and laboratory analyses of water and benthic macroinvertebrates samples collected for three rounds from January - April, 2017 once every two months from three sites coded S1, S2 and S3 using standard procedures. Laboratory analyses of benthic macroinvertebrates samples yielded5712 specimens belonging to 26 families and 9 Orders. Percentage of sensitive taxa (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera) (%EPT), Shannon diversity (H’), ETHbios score, Average Score Per Taxon and family richness decreased with increasing level of impacts from S1 through S3 to S2 in contrast to percentage of the tolerant Chironomidae (%Chiro.), percentage of dominant taxon (%DT) and Hilsonhoff’s Family Biotic Index (H-FBI).Mean %EPT was maximum at S1 (77.7%), followed by S3 (16.4%) and lowest at S2 (9.3%) whereas red Chironomidae dominated at S2 (84.6%) and S3 (91.8%). Family richness was maximum at S1 (25) and minimum at S2 (22). The lowest dissolved oxygen (4.29±1.85 mg/l) and maximum total phosphorus (6.09 ± 0.09) were determined at S2indicating organic and detergent pollutions, respectively. Electrical conductivity (609 ±169), Ammonium Nitrogen (0.091 ±0.067mg/l), Nitrate nitrogen (NO 3 - N) and (2.02 ± 0.141mg/l) picked at S3and remained relatively higher at S2.The heavy solid and liquid wastes loaded from Ambo University campus at S2 and common stressors at S3 including solid waste disposal, cattle watering, bathing, washing clothes and car washing might be responsible for the spatial variation in benthic macroinvertebrates indices/metrics and physicochemical parameterswhich indicateddeterioration in the water quality of Chole River at downstream sites. Keywords: Biomonitoring , Ethiopia, macroinvertebrates, physicochemical parameters, Water Quality DOI: 10.7176/JRDM/73-02 Publication date: February 28 th 2021

Collusion Detection in Infrastructure Procurement: A Modified Order Statistic Method for Uncapped Auctions

Collusion occurs when companies conspire to remove competition from the process of bidding and collectively agree who will win an auction by engaging in price fixing and bid-rigging. In this article, we modify an existing method based on order statistics to improve its accuracy and reliability to detect the presence of collusion. The new approach can be robustly implemented in practice and is difficult to defraud. We use data from the Brazilian Federal Police's ongoing “Operation Car Wash” investigation to identify collusive behavior during an uncapped auction. Such a rich dataset enabled the new approach to be tested in a real-life setting. We demonstrate that our method's increased predictive power makes it the best option to determine full collusion in uncapped auctions. Our new approach can be used in conjunction with other collusion detection methods to improve their accuracy and reliability. The contributions of our article are twofold: 1) Public and private sectors procurement authorities are better positioned to detect collusion even when limited auction data is made available; and 2) law enforcement agencies are provided with a robust method that can be used together with prevailing evidence to pursue a conviction for engaging in collusive behavior.

Combatting Corruption and Collusion in Public Procurement: Lessons From Operation Car Wash

This paper examines the question of how a nation can combat corruption and collusion and prevent these practices from plaguing and undermining public procurement processes. This matter is especially important to Brazil where Operation Car Wash (Operacao Lava Jato) exposed widespread corruption and collusion affecting public procurement. Although focusing on Brazil, this paper reflects an academic and policy debate as to how a nation can escape from a “high-corruption” equilibrium, especially one strengthened by its interaction with supplier collusion. In particular, whether endemic corruption can be combatted through an invigorated law enforcement push accompanied by strategies of incremental change, or whether some “big bang” approach, with complete institutional overhaul, is required to establish a new equilibrium. The paper notes that the Brazilian experience provides support for the hypothesis that where corruption is endemic, better laws, and law enforcement, may be insufficient on their own to break a cycle and to remove the incentives and opportunities for corruption and collusion that exist. It also recognises, however, that, for many jurisdictions, wholesale big bang reform is unlikely to be feasible. It thus proposes a multipronged, and self-reinforcing, set of reforms to trigger change, concentrated on weaknesses diagnosed in the system. In particular, it suggests that where corruption affects public procurement, beyond specific adjustments to procurement, competition and anti-corruption laws, procurers, anti-corruption and competition enforcement agencies need to work closely together to coordinate policies and achieve synergies, and to combat incentives and opportunities for corruption and collusion within procurement processes. Such reforms must be combined with measures to tackle broader factors contributing to systemic corruption. Although inspired by the Brazilian case study, the diagnosis and proposed reform strategy provides a workable model for use in other jurisdictions.

Design of Car Washing Control System Based on PLC

In order to improve the efficiency of car wash and reduce the labor intensity of car washers. According to the process flow of automatic car washing and its characteristics of simple operation, high efficiency, convenience and stable operation, an automatic car washing control system based on PLC is designed, and WinCC configuration software is selected as the upper computer as the man-machine interface design. The simulation results show that the system has strong stability, improves the automation of car washing and meets the actual needs.

THE EFFECTS OF CAR WASH OPERATION ON THE BRAZILIAN CAPITAL MARKET: THE PETROBRAS CASE

ABSTRACT Purpose: The study aimed to identify the effects of the Car Wash Operation on the Brazilian capital market, focusing on the state-owned company Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. (Petrobras), including in the analysis other publicly traded companies that belong to the oil and gas sector. Originality/value: This research is relevant because it advances in discussing the influence of the Car Wash Operation on the stock price in the Brazilian context. This study contributes to revealing the use of the Google Trends tool to measure market attention and its effects. Design/methodology/approach: This is a quantitative research based on evidence of the volume of research in relation to the movement of the stock prices. The sample consisted of data from Petrobras and other companies belonging to the oil and gas sector in the period from January 2, 2013, to December 28, 2018. The most relevant dates were defined through the search volume index for the terms “Car Wash” and “corruption”, obtained from the Google Trends tool. The GARCH model (1,1) was adopted in the estimates. Findings: The results obtained from the dummies inserted to capture the abnormal returns showed a significant reaction in the behaviors of the assets. The flow of capital seems to have opted for assets of greater confidence than PETR3 and PETR4 in a few weeks of the Operation. This work showed that, in general, the outbreak of the Car Wash Operation influenced and brought some instability to other companies in the sector.

Operation Car Wash: Impacts on the Executives' Liability Insurance Market

ABSTRACT Context: triggered in 2014, the Car Wash Operation (CWO) belongs to a process of changing the legal context, in the sense of greater responsibility and penalization of public and private companies’ decision makers for acts practiced in the exercise of their functions, object of the Directors’ and Officers’ liability insurance coverage (D&O). Objective: to evaluate the relationship between the growth in the revenues of D&O insurance premiums and the developments of the OCW in Brazil, under the hypothesis of a change in the perception of economic agents exposed to risks covered by D&O insurance, in a process known as probability updating. Methods: official monthly data for all active insurers, arranged longitudinally between 2003 and 2017, and using two-stage regression method for panel data. Results: the OCW had a positive effect not only to the probability of offering this type of insurance, but also to increase the volume of D&O premiums; these results are consistent with the probability-updating hypothesis. Conclusion: the OCW resulted in an increase in revenues of D&O premiums, but there was a negative relationship between OCW and the entire insurance market, suggesting significance of this operation in the sector retraction observed since its outbreak.

IMPACT OF THE MARKETING ENVIRONMENT EXTERNAL FACTORS ON SERVICE CONSUMERS’ MARKET BEHAVIOUR

Objective. The objective of the article is to analyze the impact of the marketing environment external factors on market behaviour of service consumers. Methods. The following methods are used in the research: the method of analysis and syn- thesis (while studying the approaches of scientists to the study of external factors impact on the behaviour of service consumers), the method of expert assessment (while assessing the impact of external factors on the behavior of carwash service consumers). Results. Consumer behavior in the market is determined by a set of macro and micro envi- ronmental factors, as well as internal needs, motives and values. Macro environmental factors that affect consumer behaviour directly or indirectly may be the following: changes in economic and political life of the country, social, demographic, cultural characteristics of consumers in a particular country. In the article, the next key factors of political and legal nature that affect the behaviour of carwash service consumer are identified: the existence and application of the Laws of Ukraine «On Consumer Protection» and «On Environmental Protection», Rules on labour protection on road transport, Water Code of Ukraine, compliance with national quality standards, as well as political instability in the country. It is determined that the following economic factors can positively affect the behaviour of car wash service consumers: increasing of the number of car washes and the development of the car service market, price stability on the car wash service market since early 2020, increasing of the average monthly wages and reduc- ing of the annual rate of inflation in the country. It is determined that the following factors may negatively affect the behaviour of car wash service consumers in Ukraine: political instability, inefficient structure of household expenditure, the COVID–19 pandemic and the imposition of quarantine, seasonality, etc. The practical significance of the results obtained is in the possibility of making suggestions for developing further service provider’s PR strategy.

Operation Car Wash: Impacts on the Executives' Liability Insurance Market

ABSTRACT Context: triggered in 2014, the Car Wash Operation (CWO) belongs to a process of changing the legal context, in the sense of greater responsibility and penalization of public and private companies’ decision makers for acts practiced in the exercise of their functions, object of the Directors’ and Officers’ liability insurance coverage (D&O). Objective: to evaluate the relationship between the growth in the revenues of D&O insurance premiums and the developments of the OCW in Brazil, under the hypothesis of a change in the perception of economic agents exposed to risks covered by D&O insurance, in a process known as probability updating. Methods: official monthly data for all active insurers, arranged longitudinally between 2003 and 2017, and using two-stage regression method for panel data. Results: the OCW had a positive effect not only to the probability of offering this type of insurance, but also to increase the volume of D&O premiums; these results are consistent with the probability-updating hypothesis. Conclusion: the OCW resulted in an increase in revenues of D&O premiums, but there was a negative relationship between OCW and the entire insurance market, suggesting significance of this operation in the sector retraction observed since its outbreak.

Optimization of Controlled Queueing Systems: the Case of Car Wash Services

The paper is devoted to optimization of the accumulation functional of controlled queueing systems with regard to customer satisfaction: the case of car wash services. Any system is created in order to achieve a specific effect and its effectiveness is judged using a chosen indicator. However, when dealing with the service sector it is important to consider not only the main economic indicators, but also the satisfaction of customers, which are equated to queries received by the system. The goal of conducting investigations using queuing service systems is the development of recommendations which will ensure that the system will function at high efficiency. In this study, the management of a queuing system taking into account customer satisfaction is considered within the framework of controllable semi-Markov processes in the case of car wash services. In order to calculate the accumulation functional, which indicates customer satisfaction, satisfaction coefficients were introduced, which were obtained as a result of a qualitative assessment using a sample of patrons of a car wash.

A Group-Based Centrality for Undirected Multiplex Networks: A Case Study of the Brazilian Car Wash Operation

One challenging issue in information science, biological systems, and many other fields is determining the most central or relevant networked systems agents. These networks usually describe scenarios using nodes (objects) and edges (the objects' relations). The so-called standard centrality measures aim to solve this kind of challenge, ranking the nodes by their supposed relevance and elect the most relevant nodes. This problem becomes more challenging when one single network is not enough to depict the whole scenario. In these cases, we can work with multiplex networks characterized by a set of network layers, each describing interrelationships that can change depending on external factors, e.g., time. This paper proposes a new centrality measure, the Group-based Centrality for Undirected Multiplex Networks, to find the most relevant nodes in an undirected multiplex network. As a case study, we use a Brazilian corruption investigation known as the Car Wash Operation. Our proposed centrality outperforms well-known centrality methods such as betweenness, eigenvector, weighted degree, Multiplex PageRank, closeness, and cross-layer degree centrality.

The inference for the best explanation and the crime of cartel in the context of the Car Wash operation

The inference for the best explanation and the crime of cartel in the context of the Car Wash operation

Treatment of Car Wash Wastewater Using the Fered-Fenton Process with an Iron Mesh Polarized Electrode: Feasibility and Cathodic Behavior

Treatment of Car Wash Wastewater Using the Fered-Fenton Process with an Iron Mesh Polarized Electrode: Feasibility and Cathodic Behavior

From the Banestado Case to Operation Car Wash: Building an Anti-Corruption Institutional Framework in Brazil *

ABSTRACT The article analyzes the development process of a new anti-corruption institutionality in Brazil, based mainly on judicial tools and on the legal system – police officers, prosecutors, and judges – that finds its highest expression during the Operation Car Wash. The hypothesis is that the new anti-corruption institutionality was built in the first term through justice policies coordinated by the Federal government, but was taken over by the Public Prosecution’s Office and the Judiciary. The article highlights the main characteristics of the new anti-corruption institutionality and introduces its historical construction, frame by frame, based on the evolution of task forces in Brazil from the Banestado Case to Operation Car Wash.

Intervensi Pendidikan Kesehatan tentang Dermatitis Kontak terhadap Peningkatan Pengetahuan pada Pekerja Pencuci Mobil

Occupational disease is an artificial disease or man made disease. Occupational contact dermatitis is one of the most common occupational skin diseases, car wash workers are at risk of getting contact dermatitis because in the long term they have direct contact with chemicals during the work process. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of health education interventions on contact dermatitis using flip chart media on increasing knowledge of car wash workers. The type of research used is quasi-experimental research with a one group pre-test-post-test design research design. The population of this research is car wash workers who are in Pangkalan Masyhur Village, Medan Johor City Medan, totaling 52 people. by using primary data and secondary data. The data analysis used in this study consisted of univariate and bivariate analyzes. This analysis uses descriptive statistics to describe the frequency distribution of the independent and dependent variables which are presented in tabular form. The bivariate analysis used in this study was the paired sample t-test. The results showed that there were differences in knowledge of car wash workers before and after health education interventions regarding contact dermatitis and health education interventions using flip chart media about contact dermatitis had an effect on increasing knowledge of washing workers. cars in the Pangkalan Masyhur Urban Village, Medan City in 2020.