Abstract
Greywater has been identified as a valuable alternative water source over recent years. Few practices (i.e., recycling and reuse) of greywater have attracted global attention in meeting the future water demand. However, essential parameters should be analyzed for reliable reuse and treatment. The present study addresses the possibilities of the alternative source with the treated greywater. Gravity—governed flow methods through a column containing gravel, sand, and activated carbon was applied. The quality of treated greywater from the university campus, which included physical, chemical, and biological parameters, was assessed to check non-potable reuse suitability. The reduction percentage of organics in biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand was 64% and 42%, respectively. Similarly, the reduction percentage was obtained at 74% and 66% for turbidity and electrical conductivity. The removal efficiency was 57%, 77%, 48%, and 44% for total dissolved solids, alkalinity, chlorides, and total hardness. The pH of treated water samples was found in the neutral range suggesting its suitability for reuse. Hence, the proposed greywater treatment method is a cost-effective and straightforward approach to reuse greywater for irrigation, watering the lawns, and car washing. The greywater collected can be disinfected immediately and reused with minimal possibility of regrowth of microorganisms.
Highlights
The United Nations highlighted the SDGs for 2030, where the sixth objective is to represent clean water and wastewater treatment [1]
A comprehensive characterization of greywater is essential to the design of a zero liquid discharge treatment system
Greywater samples were collected from the university campus to assess the characterization of physical, chemical, and biological parameters and their removal efficiency after passing through the column containing gravel, sand, and activated carbon
Summary
The United Nations highlighted the SDGs (sustainable development goals) for 2030, where the sixth objective is to represent clean water and wastewater treatment [1]. The present form of treatment plant has few qualities (i.e., simple operations and annexation of natural gravity-based technologies to reuse the wastewater in situ) to show the low-cost method’s main advantages with unique household techniques over traditional plants [9]. Many water demands (i.e., gardening, car washing, floor cleaning, etc.) by institutions and university campuses can be achieved by low-cost treatment units [10,11,12]. To reduce the water demand for future sustainability, a simple operation and low-cost method with a unique household technique was introduced to reuse the greywater from the university campus’s administrative block. The main objective is to develop a low-cost and effective method to treat greywater using gravity-governed filtration techniques
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