Car Road Research Articles

Automation of an automobile internal combustion engine bench calibration tests

Introduction(problemstatement and relevance).The article presents the work on the automation of an internal combustion engine (ICE) calibration tests results on a motor stand. The relevance of the article is due to the high labor intensity of such tests, the complexity of documentation and decisionmaking based on the results of the work.Purposeof the study. This work is part of a comprehensive methodology, the purpose of which is to reduce the duration of tests and improve the calibration results quality of the vehicle’s power plant. The entire methodology description as a whole is also given in the publication.Methodology and research methods.The achievement of this goal is ensured with the help of special systems – INCA-FLOW (test automation) and ASCMO (processing results and optimization), produced by Bosch/ETAS. The approbation of the technique was carried out on a motor stand in the MADI training box in relation to the problem of forming an ignition timing map.Scientific novelty and results.As a result of the methodology application, a 4.8 times reduction in the motor tests duration takes place if 2 people work in manual mode at the test bench without interruption.At the same time, the variance of the adequacy ofSadof the torque empirical modelMkturned out to be, on average, 1.5 times less if the model was built according to the automated tests results. The obtained data indicated an improvement in the quality of measurements in the transition to automated test methods.From a scientific point of view, the most original part of the work is the application of the “Gaussian process” method to build empirical models. This method provides more accurate results than, for example, the traditional method of least squares.Thepracticalsignificanceof the work lies in the ability to considerably reduce routine actions on a motor stand, and the additional time spent on developing and testing a test scenario (program) is compensated for by the fact that scenario models can be used in the future for other similar tests. The proposed methodology makes it possible to cover a significant part of the internal combustion engine calibration tests. For example, you can apply it if you possess the preliminary information about the test object (basing on which you can draw up an experiment plan) and the engine is to be prepared either for a car road tests or tests under special conditions.

The methods for determining in practice weight and mass of working equipment of a loader-bulldozer with a transforming working body

Relevance. On automobile road works are involved several types of special machines and for economically effectively by authors is proposed a new multifunctional working body for bulldozer-loader. Purpose of work. Provides a method for determining the weight, mass of the working equipment to substantiate the basic parameters of the proposed working body. Research methods. To determine the mass, weight of each working body it is necessary to conduct a force analysis of the organs, since the effect of dynamic loads on the base machine and metal constructions depends on the magnitude of the inertia (mass) measures and their acceleration. Also, when carrying a force analysis, weight data is used at a certain position of the working body at rest. Results of work. For more clarity and reliability of the results when solving the assigned tasks, as well as to increase the efficiency and accuracy of computational processes using computer technologies. Scope of the results. The obtained dependencies are used in the compilation of software products to determine the mass of the blade. Results. Main dependencies for determining the working body’s mass, which made of low-alloy and high-alloy steel in accordance with “State Standard 1050-74” (ГОСТ 1050-74).

New Generation of Smart Highway: Framework and Insights

The new generation of smart highway (NGSH) has become an irresistible global trend to improve transport efficiency and safety. The exploration of the features and framework for NGSH can guide us to upgrade the current highway system. This paper summarizes the fundamental features of the NGSH from the perspective of the interactive evolution of automobile industry and road transport. In line with the popularity of automated and connected vehicles, the primary technical features of the NGSH are proposed as (I) complete elements sensing, (II) cyber-physical systems, (III) cooperative vehicle-infrastructure applications, and (IV) 5th generation mobile communication technology. The corresponding physical framework and data flow are introduced, in which three data attributes (data accuracy, dimensionality, and freshness) are highlighted to describe the data requirements for various scenarios. The development path of the NGSH is further discussed in terms of the different vehicle automation levels. The characteristics of five levels of NGSH are identified from R1 to R5. Different combinations of NGSH level and vehicle automation level lead to distinct system functions. Several urgent problems in the current stage are pointed out in terms of system compatibility, standard specification, and information security. This paper provides new insights for sustainable and reproducible highway reformation, drawing some implications for NGSH design.

Geoportal for highways as a basic element of spatial data infrastructure

This article is devoted to the development of geographic information systems, WEB-mapping and information integration into the spatial data infrastructure (SDI). The analysis of the history of the creation of spatial data infrastructure in the world community and in Russia is carried out, the specifics of the development of Web-GIS and SDI are revealed. As part of the study, the analysis of the world experience of using the Web-GIS of highways, as well as the current state of applied geoinformation systems in Russia was carried out. The key issue considered in the article is the development of the architecture of a Web GIS (geoportal) of highways for the purposes of accounting, analysis and systematization of spatial data. The main features of the formation of systems for recording data on highways are determined, the main tasks solved by these systems are given. The automobile road is a complex and lengthy object, which should become the spatial basis for the development of spatial data infrastructure in Russia. A block diagram of the main modules of the geoportal has been developed and proposed. The main functionalities implemented at each stage of the Web GIS operation are highlighted. As a result of the implementation of the proposed architecture of the geoportal, a system of analysis, systematization and management of spatial data of a road enterprise was introduced. The use of a geoportal significantly affects the optimization of the performance of various works on highways. Also, the result of the work (Web-GIS) can be implemented as a system for analysis, accounting and systematization of data on other extended linear objects (power lines, gas pipelines, water pipelines, etc.). A user interface of a geoportal, a structure for storing spatial data, modules for transforming coordinates and information, blocks for loading, analyzing and unloading data have been developed. The proposed architecture is versatile and easy to use, which is a clear advantage over the analog systems described in the study. Further study of the research topic opens up prospects for the rapid development of integrated geoinformation software tools on the Internet and a deeper understanding of the need to develop spatial data infrastructure.

Obstacles and risks in the traffic environment for users of powered wheelchairs in Sweden

ObjectiveAccording to the European Union, fatal road accidents involving Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs) are equal in proportion to fatal car road accidents (46%). VRUs include individuals with mobility challenges such as the elderly and Powered Wheelchair (PWC) users. The aim of this interdisciplinary qualitative study was to identify obstacles and risks for PWC users by exploring their behaviour and experiences in traffic environments. MethodsVideos and in-depth interviews with 13 PWC users aged 20–66 were analysed for this study. The interviews and videos, which include real-life outdoor observations, originate from a qualitative study exploring experiences of PWC use on a daily basis in Sweden. Underlying causal factors to identified risks and obstacles were identified, based on human, vehicle (PWC) and environmental factors in accordance with the Haddon Matrix. ResultsThe results show significant potential for improvement within all three perspectives of the Haddon Matrix used in the analysis. Participants faced and dealt with various obstacles and risks in order to reach their destination. For example, this includes uneven surfaces, differences in ground levels, steep slopes, as well as interactions with other road users and the influence of weather conditions, resulting in PWC users constantly accommodating and coping with the shortcomings of the vehicle and the environment. ConclusionsThere are still major challenges with regard to preventing obstacles and risks in the traffic environment for PWC users. To discern PWC users in traffic accident and injury data bases, a start would be to register type of aid used for persons involved in an accident. Furthermore, to emphasise PWC users’ role as VRUs, it may also be advantageous to describe them as drivers rather than users when navigating the traffic environment. Given the limited sample, further research covering more data from a broader perspective would be beneficial. By incorporating emerging knowledge of PWC users’ prerequisites and needs, and including them in research and traffic planning, the society will grow safer and more inclusive, and become better prepared for meeting future demands on accessibility from an aging population.

Retrospective Statistical Study of Thoracic Trauma Patients in Al-Hussein Hospital, Al-Azhar University

Background: Trauma is reported to be the leading cause of death. Thoracic trauma comprises 10-15% of all traumas. Thoracic trauma directly accounts for approximately 25% of trauma related mortality and is a contributing factor in another 25%. Eastern Mediterranean region had one of the highest rates of trauma mortalities around the world. Objective: to determine chest trauma cases as regards the pattern, etiology, type of chest trauma, management and outcome of chest trauma in Al-Hussein Hospital, Al-Azhar University. Patients and methods: A retrospective study was done on one hundred patients with traumatic chest injuries admitted to Al-Hussein Hospital, Al-Azhar University and were randomly chosen. Data were collected from patient’s files. Results: The highest incidence of thoracic trauma was found in age groups of 3rd and 4th fourth decades. The cause of trauma was work related; 42%, assault; 31%, road traffic accident; 20% respectively. Forty seven percent of cases had open cardiothoracic injury, 26% had closed lung injury and hemothorax, and 18% had chest cage fracture while 9% had pneumothorax only. Conclusion: Assault related injury was found to be the commonest cause of chest trauma followed by road and motor car accident, which could be explained by characters of population activities in the area surrounding Al-Hussein hospital.

Оценка эффективности определения производительности дорожных машин экспериментальным и расчётным путями

The performance study of road machines was a relevant scientific study. This is due to the fact that the performance of road machines is a criterion that connects the volume of work performed by machines and the issues of their operation. The implementation of the volume of work is one of the main purposes of road vehicles. Ensuring the working condition of road vehicles does not guarantee the performance of the required amount of work. Ensuring the working condition of road vehicles does not guarantee the performance of the required amount of work. To solve the problem of performing the required amount of work, the article examines the performance of road cars. The article discusses issues related to the determination of the operational performance of road vehicles on the basis of two approaches — experimental and calculated. The aim of the presented studies is to solve the problem of determining the operational performance of road vehicles and to carry out a qualitative and quantitative assessment of two different approaches to solving this problem.

Monitoring the aerosol solids deposited in snow in the area affected by the technological road of the Gorlov anthracite mining pit (Novosibirsk region, Russia)

The aim of the study. To monitor and assess the chemical composition of the solid aerosols deposited in the snow in the area affected by the technological road of the Gorlov anthracite mining site. Location and time of the study. The study was conducted in the Iskitim district of the Novosibirsk region (54.58o N, 83.57o E) in 2018–2020. Methodology. The content of total solids in snow was measured by gravimetric method after filtering the melted snow sample through the filter with 0.22 µm mesh size. Micromorphology of the solids was studied by using scanning electron microscope Hitachi TM-3000 (Japan) with attached EDS detector console Bruker Quantax 70 for the element analysis of the surface. The carbon content, С/Н and C/N ratios were determined by dry combustion using the СHN-analyzer (Perkin Elmer 2400 Series II, USA). The content and composition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were determined by gas chromatography using Agilent Technologies АТ 6890N with AT 5975N mass-selective detector and AT 7683B autosampler. Main results. The article presents the results of the three-years long study of the solids accumulated in snow along the technological road in the north of the Gorlov anthracite basin. The influence of the automobile road used for the anthracite transportation was shown to reach as far as 2000 m in all directions. The snow cover was found to accumulate from 1.4 to 1131.6 g/m2 of deposited aerosol solids. Those solids were mostly represented by coal particles, the carbon content ranging 26.5–64.1% and increasing with the distance from the road. The aerosol solids, accumulated in snow, were found to contain significant amounts of PAH, including the carcinogenic ones. In the snow samples collected at 25–2000 m off the road, carcinogenic PAH content was found to be 9–13000 times higher than at the control site remoted from the road. Conclusion. The presented study helped to elucidate the factors, contributing to decreasing the spread of the anthracite solids during automobile transportation. Such spread can be attained by a) establishing wide multi-storeyed forested protective belts along technological automobile roads; b) compulsory covering of the loads in the coal-transporting vehicles; c) decreasing the speed limit of the vehicles; and d) taking into consideration a wind rose while projecting locations new automobile roads and coal mining spoils.

GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NETWORK OF INTER-FARM RURAL HIGHWAYS OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN

GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NETWORK OF INTER-FARM RURAL HIGHWAYS OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN Barno Salimova PhD in Engineering, Associate Professor, Exploration and automobile road designing department, Tashkent State Trans

Investigation on the response time of a self-regulation variable compression ratio engine

Today, the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (specifically, CO2) represent the greatest challenge of the internal combustion (IC) engine and consequently, now, more than ever, the passenger car industry is looking for technologies meant to address this issue. Since CO2 emission is related to the combustion process occurring inside the engine, its reduction is inherently connected to lowering the fuel consumption, meaning that the only way to reduce it in the IC engine is to increase its overall efficiency. One solution to do this over the whole operating area is to fit the engine with a variable compression ratio (VCR) system, which may be advantageously combined with other enhancing-efficiency technologies. However, to avoid knocking and pre-ignition, such an engine should feature an adequate response time during the transition from the maximum compression ratio to the minimum one. Consequently, this paper describes a theoretical investigation on the kinematics and dynamics of a hinged VCR engine’s upper block tilting motion, aiming to show that this engine, as an automatic system with self-regulation of compression ratio, can respond adequately when the operating conditions change fast. This is paramount for the passenger car road mobility, which means anything but steady operation.

Identification and modelling of race driving styles

A good understanding and modelling of the human driver is essential for modern vehicle development, particularly in motorsports, where the race car should fit its driver perfectly. At the same time, an objective assessment and especially imitation of professional race drivers is difficult due to individual driving styles, complex and non-deterministic decision making processes, and small stability margins. In this paper, we present a holistic approach to identify and model individual race driving styles in a robust way. We develop the Driver Identification and Metric Ranking Algorithm (DIMRA) as a data-based method for an in-depth objective analysis and assessment of professional race drivers. Supported by this knowledge, we extend and adapt the imitation learning framework Probabilistic Modeling of Driver Behavior (ProMoD) in order to model race drivers in a complex simulation environment. An evaluation with data from professional race drivers shows the capability of DIMRA to derive metrics which describe human race driving styles, as well as ProMoD to robustly generate competitive laps with human-like controls in a professional motorsport driving simulator. The ability to identify and imitate individual driving styles does not only support the performance optimisation of race cars but could also aid the development of road cars and driver assistance systems in future work.

Исследование точности определения превышения на станции нивелирования по результатам многократных измерений

The author considers the accuracy of multiple measuring the excess obtained during the work on geodesic support of the definition of certain road sections surface wear-and-tear degree in the Altai region. Basing on these results in nine cycles for seven federal highways’ sections, the accuracy of determining the excess between the reference points and the roadway points was evaluated. It is noted that at performing the work, the standard deviation measuring excess at the station can serve as a criterion for accuracy. Various options of its calculation are considered, depending on which measurements are taken in joint processing. The analysis of the root-mean-square errors obtained as a result of parsing different variants is performed. It is also noted that the data gathered during the research should be considered at engineering-technical leveling as well as in the process of measuring the values of seasonal road base points’ changes in automobile road sections which are surveyed to define the deterioration rate of the road pavement.

Mapping and Analysis of the Temporal Changes of Road Traffic Accident Hotspots Using GIS and Remote Sensing in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria

The accident rates per vehicle in Nigeria are alarmingly high. The traffic condition in the city of Owerri is no different. The traffic accidents are predictable and can be avoided by improving preventions. These pose a lot of concern in Owerri Municipal Council and its environs of Imo State, Nigeria because road traffic accident has done more harm than good in the city, it has led to loss of lives and properties, severe injuries and pains and above all it has deteriorated the socio-economic growth and development of the city. This paper is aimed at mapping and analysis of the temporal changes of road traffic accident hotspots using GIS and Remote Sensing in Owerri Municipal Council and its environs in Imo State, Nigeria. The methodology adopted was the GIS method of Digitization/Data conversion, Creation of relational database table of road traffic accident hotspots records and performance of GIS analysis such as spatial queries, buffering operation and spatial overlay using Arc GIS 10.3 and Infoterra satellite imagery of 0.5 resolution. Test of hypothesis using Chi-Square was also used to analyze the data obtained from social survey (questionnaires) . Result showed that there was an increase in road traffic accidents (RTAs), RTDs, RTIs and Car damages in 2017 than in 2016. Depression and Careless Driving, Over-speeding, night driving and impatience and were the major Human factors that contributed to the cause of the road accidents in 2017. Vehicle with bad tyres and no speed limits contributed to road accidents. Tarred and pothole roads and Driving during Rainy Season were observed to be the highest Road factor that contributed to the cause of accidents. Hotspot cluster was along Owerri-OkigweRaodat IMSU junction. It was recommended that there should be good quality roads and the bad ones should be frequently maintained; people should be made to know the importance of Safe Landing when driving; Speed limit control/gadgets should be made compulsory, every vehicle found without speed limit gadgets should be penalized; there should be strict adherence and enforcement of road safety measures and rules on road users and drivers, defaulters should be heavily penalized and punished. The Digital map, the results obtained in both queries and SPSS were shown in digital thematic maps, tabular data and charts respectively.

Multiple-input and multiple-output force control for automobile component road simulation using model predictive control with proportional–integral–derivative

When developing an entire vehicle system, testing the structure of the vehicle or each component as a module or individually is necessary to determine the reliability and ensure the endurance of the entire vehicle. Various tests have been conducted to check the durability of the parts. However, the most important part is the verification of the fatigue limit of the load vibration from the road surface when the vehicle is being driven. Verification can be achieved by experimenting while driving on a real road with a prototype vehicle best suited to the actual conditions. However, issues such as problems in time, space, and environmental constraints, inconsistency in driving characteristics of the test driver, and continuous monitoring exist. For testing the load vibration of the road surface in automobile parts in the laboratory, hydraulic servo actuators are used because they provide vibrational loads in multiple directions by configuring them in multiple axes rather than a single axis. In this article, a multiple-input multiple-output model predictive control–proportional–integral–derivative hybrid controller is proposed as the method for optimal control of a multi-axis hydraulic servo actuator used in a random road signal reproduction experiment. Its performance is compared with the simple proportional–integral–derivative controller. A method for obtaining an efficient black box multiple-input multiple-output system model using LabVIEW in a laboratory in the field is also introduced, and the effectiveness of the model predictive control–proportional–integral–derivative hybrid controller is shown by reproducing the actual road load.

Определение технической и эксплуатационной производительностей дорожных машин на основе анализа объёмов работ

Performance of road cars is criterion which connects all stages of life cycle of the road and life cycle of road cars. To ensure the life cycle of roads and the life cycle of road machines, at least three conditions must be fulfilled: the completion of the necessary volumes of pre-construction work on time; Maintenance of road machines at the level enabling them to perform technical tasks; The quality of the scope of work should meet the requirements. Thus, one of the objectives of the work carried out was to study the relationship between the volumes of work carried out by road machines while ensuring the life cycle of roads and the stages of the life cycle of road machines through their performance. The purpose of this article is to show how the technical, operational planned (necessary) and actual performance of road machines was determined when working at specific facilities during the experiment.

Evaluating the efficiency of the motorway network in Anbar Governorate

The subject of car transport is of special importance, therefore studies focused on analyzing car transport networks to detect problems that are reflected in the efficiency of traffic, since most of the current car road networks do not meet the requirements of population activities. Therefore, the researchers aim from this research to analyze the efficiency of motorways in Al-Anbar Governorate to reveal the problems that the network suffers from, whether it is related to winding road paths that are sleepy along the roads or the difference in accessibility and difficulty of communication between the nodes as well as the imbalance of the network density with the distribution of cities and administrative units In the province.Therefore, the research problem was identified by a scientific question about the efficiency of the road network of cars in Anbar Governorate, Anbar Governorate. The research hypothesis was formulated according to which the road network of cars in Anbar province is inefficient, as it suffers from a number of problems that made it not meet the requirements of economic and social activities and the requirements of development

Road Overbridges of Car Lift Type for Crossing Railway Tracks in Densely Built-Up Areas of Modern Cities

The theoretical prerequisites for construction of road overbridges of car lift type for crossing railways by automotive vehicles are suggested. A technical solution has been proposed that makes it possible to ensure the crossing by cars of «problem» railway crossings during periods of their long-term closure for road traffic. The same solution can be used to organise a road overbridge in other locations where there is no railway crossing. The technical solution itself is based on the use of overhead road overpasses and is a «simplified» version of the solution implemented by Elon Musk and his company in Los Angeles based on a tunnel, moving platforms and freight elevators. For development of car lift type road overbridges, computational methods of theoretical mechanics, technical diagnostics and monitoring, as well as the theory of queuing should be used to estimate the number of cars passed through it when crossings are closed. It is proposed that the structures of the overbridge should be «built-in» into the landscape, equipped with alternative sources of energy supply and technical means of control, diagnostics and monitoring of rolling stock and of location of direct intersection of automobile and railway roads (an intelligent monitoring zone). The proposed promising technical solution in the form of a road overbridge makes it possible to increase comfort of road transportation and improve traffic safety at level crossings.

An Analysis of the Water-to-Ice Phase Transition Using Acoustic Plate Waves.

It is shown that, in spite of the wave radiation into the adjacent liquid, a large group of Lamb waves are able to propagate along piezoelectric plates (quartz, LiNbO3, LiTaO3) coated with a liquid layer (distilled water H2O). When the layer freezes, most of the group’s waves increase their losses, essentially forming an acoustic response towards water-to-ice transformation. Partial contributions to the responses originating from wave propagation, electro-mechanical transduction, and wave scattering were estimated and compared with the coupling constants, and the vertical displacements of the waves were calculated numerically at the water–plate and ice–plate interfaces. The maximum values of the responses (20–30 dB at 10–100 MHz) are attributed to the total water-to-ice transformation. Time variations in the responses at intermediate temperatures were interpreted in terms of a two-phase system containing both water and ice simultaneously. The results of the paper may turn out to be useful for some applications where the control of ice formation is an important problem (aircraft wings, ship bodies, car roads, etc.).

АНАЛІЗ МЕХАНІЗМА ПІДКРІПЛЕННЯ ПЛИТОЮ КОНСТРУКЦІЇ ДОРОГИ З РОЗВАНТАЖУЮЧИМ РОЗРІЗОМ

The problem posed is about the mechanism for reinforcing the road structure with a slab with an unloading cut. The reasons for the appearance of transverse cracks in the upper layer of the road surface in winter have been investigated. Solvable equations are formulated, their finite element analogs are constructed. Cases of loads at different values of elastic module and plate sizes are considered. At low temperatures, the upper layers of the road try to reduce their length, however, due to their almost infinite length, they cannot do this and transverse disordered cracks appear in the upper layer, which, due to the action of transport loads and the forces of frozen water, lead to further delamination and destruction of the road structure. Therefore, the introduction into another layer of a reinforced slab made of a stiffer and more durable material that is capable of absorbing increased stresses allows the upper layer to shorten and lengthen freely and removes the arising longitudinal thermal stress. Due to the fact that this plate is located in the zone of stress concentration, these stresses become less dangerous. KEYWORDS: AUTOMOBILE ROAD, ASPHALT-CONCRETE COATING, LOADING RISK, TRACKED TRACKS, TRANSPORT LOADS, STRESS FIELD, THERMO ELASTIC STATE

3D-LIDAR Based Object Detection and Tracking on the Edge of IoT for Railway Level Crossing

Object detection is an essential technology for surveillance systems, particularly in areas with a high risk of accidents such as railway level crossings. To prevent future collisions, the system must detect and track any object that passes through the monitored area with high accuracy, and this process must be performed fulfilling real-time specifications. In this work, an edge IoT HW platform implementation capable of detecting and tracking objects in a railway level crossing scenario is proposed. The response of the system has to be calculated and sent from the proposed IoT platform to the train, so as to trigger a warning action to avoid a possible collision. The system uses a low-resolution 3D 16-channel LIDAR as a sensor that provides an accurate point cloud map with a large amount of data. The element used to process the information is a custom embedded edge platform with low computing resources and low-power consumption. This processing element is located as close as possible to the sensor, where data is generated to improve latency, privacy, and avoid bandwidth limitations, compared to performing processing in the cloud. Additionally, lightweight object detection and tracking algorithm is proposed in this work to process a large amount of information provided by the LIDAR, allowing to reach real-time specifications. The proposed method is validated quantitatively by carrying out implementation on a car road, emulating a railway level crossing.