Car Manufacturers Research Articles

The Effect of Changing the Angle of the Passenger Car Seat Backrest on the Head Trajectories of the 50th Percentile Male Dummy.

The aim of the study is to compare the head displacement of the KPSIT C50 dummy during a frontal collision at a speed of 20 km/h, along with the change in the angle of the car seat backrest. Passenger car manufacturers recommend setting the backrest angle of the car seat between 100 and 125 degrees. It should be noted that the driver's position is of great importance in the event of a collision injury. In the event of a rear-end collision, the position of the headrest of the car seat is an element that affects the degree of the driver's injuries. In extreme cases, incorrect positioning of the headrest, even at low speed, can lead to serious injuries to the cervical spine and even death. The article is part of a large-scale study on low-speed crash testing. The research problem concerned the influence of the seat backrest angle on the head displacement during a low-speed collision. The article compares the displacement of the head of the KPSIT C50 dummy during a series of crash tests, where the angle of the car seat backrest was changed. On the basis of the research, it was found that the optimal angle of the car seat backrest is 110 degrees. In addition, a preliminary analysis of the displacements of the dummy's head showed a high risk of whiplash injury in people sitting in a fully reclined seat.

Peran Public relations dalam Membangun Ekuitas Merek Mobil Listrik Wuling Air EV di Indonesia

This research employs a quantitative research methods to analyze the important role of Public relations (PR) in building brand equity and the existence of Wuling Air EV electric car products in Indonesia. In an era that increasingly emphasizes environmental issues, the automotive industry is turning to environmentally friendly vehicles such as electric cars. Wuling, as a newcomer in this market, faces challenges in building consumer trust and competing with established brands. Through effective PR strategies, such as media relations, digital campaigns, and active participation in social media, Wuling strives to increase brand awareness, positive image, and customer loyalty. With a focus on educating consumers about the benefits of electric vehicles, Wuling Air EV is expected to maintain and strengthen its position in the competitive automotive market.

ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF GONDOLA CAR BODY STRUCTURES

The article is devoted to the analysis of promising directions for the development of gondola car body structures. It considers the history of the emergence of gondola cars as a separate type of railway rolling stock. The authors systemise the design of gondola cars and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of various designs. The study has shown that the manufacture of the two-axle gondola cars began in the second half of the 19th century. They were designed mainly for transporting coal and iron ore, with their bodies made of wood. Further design improvement led to the appearance of four-axle gondola cars with increased load capacity. Rolled metal began to be used in body structures to improve strength. Particular attention in the article goes to analysing the results of innovative design and technological solutions intended to enhance the efficiency and reliability of body structures. The research indicates that attempts to replace steel with aluminium alloys in manufacturing bodies did not yield results. The reason is the high cost of aluminium and the labour-intensive manufacturing. A promising direction is the use of low-alloy steels 10KhSND and 10KhNDP. For many years, there has been a trend in the railcar-building industry toward producing higher-load gondola cars. It requires increasing the axle load to 25 tons. However, implementing such cars necessitates a substantial restructuring of the railway infrastructure. We consider the design features of innovative domestic gondola cars in detail. The latest technical solutions for the body frame, efficient materials, and components with improved performance have doubled the overhaul mileage. The article analyses the North American experience of gondola car construction and operation. It shows that some models of American gondola cars use longitudinal cylindrical boxes to increase the body volume and reduce the car’s centre of mass. They are on both sides of the girder beam and occupy the space between the carts. Aluminium alloys are also widely used: the frame and lower part of the body are steel, and the side and end walls are aluminium alloy. Keywords: gondola car, body, girder beam, pivot beam, side walls, hatch cover, reliability.

Proactive product warranty service planning and control: unravelling the boons of customer-generated content and multi-frequency analyses

Proactive warranty service problems planning and control serve a crucial role in service continuity and sustainability. In this regard, for the majority of manufacturers, predicting warranty claims for complicated goods is a reliability problem. The prediction of warranty claims is a complex task that also inherently possesses ambiguity, uncertainty, and volatility due to various factors. This study tries to overcome these challenges by providing a unique hybrid forecasting technique and experimenting with the use of social media data to improve the accuracy of warranty claims forecasts. We have established a collaborative partnership with a provider of automobile product services to curate a comprehensive dataset comprising two distinct types of data: (1) internal operational data and (2) social media data sourced from Twitter and Facebook. The proposed algorithm exhibits a high level of proficiency in predicting warranty claims and demonstrates robustness in effectively handling various forms of time series data that display multifarious statistical characteristics. Empirical Wavelet Transform (EWT), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), and a Bayesian optimisation algorithm for optimising the shaped Deep LSTM-CNN hyperparameters make up the proposed approach. It is shown that using EWT to provide multi-frequency analysis, LSTM-CNN combination to capture both short- and long-term memory of the data, and the utilisation of social media data significantly improve the efficacy of out-of-sample predictions and counteract the impact of the “warranty data maturation” phenomenon. The suggested algorithm exhibits a decrease in Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) ranging from 29.13% to 90.64% compared to other advanced benchmark models.

A Comparative Study of Traffic Signal Control Based on Reinforcement Learning Algorithms

In recent years, the increasing production and sales of automobiles have led to a notable rise in congestion on urban road traffic systems, particularly at ramps and intersections with traffic signals. Intelligent traffic signal control represents an effective means of addressing traffic congestion. Reinforcement learning methods have demonstrated considerable potential for addressing complex traffic signal control problems with multidimensional states and actions. In this research, the team propose Q-learning and Deep Q-Network (DQN) based signal control frameworks that use variable phase sequences and cycle times to adjust the order and the duration of signal phases to obtain a stable traffic signal control strategy. Experiments are simulated using the traffic simulator Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) to test the average speed and the lane occupancy rate of vehicles entering the ramp to evaluate its safety performance and test the vehicle’s traveling time to assess its stability. The simulation results show that both reinforcement learning algorithms are able to control cars in dynamic traffic environments with higher average speed and lower lane occupancy rate than the no-control method and that the DQN control model improves the average speed by about 10% and reduces the lane occupancy rate by about 30% compared to the Q-learning control model, providing a higher safety performance.

Noise Analysis and Structural Optimization of Automobile Scroll Compressor Air Valve

The air conditioning compressor is a critical component in automobile heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems. However, compressor noise has long been a problem for automobile manufacturers. In recent years, the development and application of automobile air conditioning scroll compressors has increased significantly due to their low mechanical vibration and noise. However, their limitations in terms of airflow pulse and noise cannot be ignored, especially in low speed and high load conditions where the noise generated has a negative impact on driving and passenger experience. Noise and airflow pulses are important considerations that cannot be ignored. This study innovatively modifies the end cap structure of the scroll compressor, using the principles of expansion muffler and insertion tube structure, with the aim of improving the acoustic quality of the scroll compressor. The results show that the novel valve construction can significantly reduce the sound pressure level of the scroll compressor noise to a maximum of 75.20 dBA. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis and practical technical applications for future research and development in the automobile industry.

SUBSIDI PEMBELIAN MOTOR LISTRIK RODA DUA DALAM UPAYA MENINGKATKAN DAYA BELI MASYARAKAT

The Indonesian Government's commitment to entering the Industrial Revolution 4.0 era is demonstrated by the launch of the Making Indonesia 4.0 movement. Making Indonesia 4.0 has focused on five manufacturing sectors, including the food and beverage industry, textiles and clothing, chemicals, automotive and electronics. In the automotive and electronics sector, we strive to become the largest car manufacturer in ASEAN and develop the capabilities of the domestic electronics sector industry. As a form of effort to accelerate the formation of an electric vehicle ecosystem, the Government issued a policy regarding the expansion of recipients of the assistance program for purchasing two-wheeled electric motorbikes. This policy was marked by the issuance of Minister of Industry Regulation number 21 of 2023 concerning Amendments to Minister of Industry Regulation number 6 of 2023 concerning Guidelines for Providing Government Assistance for the Purchase of Two-Wheeled Battery-Based Electric Motorized Vehicles. This research uses a descriptive qualitative method, which will discuss providing subsidies for the purchase of two-wheeled electric motorbikes to increase people's purchasing power. This research is supported by literature data related to subsidies for electric motorbikes and sales of electric motorbikes, as well as various policy documents, regulations and legislation related to the provision of subsidies, as well as data related to the use of two-wheeled electric motorbikes in Indonesia. With the issuance of a policy from the Ministry of Industry, this research can answer the problem that we want to research, namely that providing subsidies can increase the selling value of electric motorbikes so that they can compete in the market.

Hypetex wins government backing for colored flax fiber

On May 22, 2024, British technology company Hypetex was awarded a significant grant from Innovate UK to develop the world’s first technical colored flax fiber, which should have applications in the sustainable manufacturing of cars, boats and other products that are usually made with carbon fiber.

Using a lean management approach in acute ischemic stroke management: a systematic review.

Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide with an annual mortality rate of 6.55 million, which accounts for 11.6% of the total number of deaths. Early diagnosis is crucial for improving treatment outcomes. Lean management is an approach originating in the car manufacturing process derived from the Toyota Production System, which healthcare providers have recently adapted. The objective is to examine the use of lean practices in managing AIS in hospital settings. A systematic literature search was performed using MEDLINE and SCOPUS databases, including publications from 1st January 2000 to 20th September 2022. A total of 13 studies fulfilled the predefined inclusion criteria. The recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) was used in 11 studies, in 2 studies in combination with mechanical thrombectomy (MT). MT alone was used in the other 2 studies. The value stream mapping was used in all included studies to analyze workflow in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) treatment. Outcome measures include mostly door-to-needle (DTN) time for rtPA treatment and door-to-puncture (DTP) time for mechanical thrombectomy. DTN time was assessed in nine studies and reached statistically significant results in five. DTP was examined in three studies; in two, statistically significant decreases in DTP were observed. Lean management can be a useful method for achieving key performance indicators in AIS, consistent with current guidelines. The results of this systematic literature review show that value stream mapping may improve the process of AIS treatment by reducing in-hospital delays. The field of research that focuses on implementing lean management tools in healthcare is increasing, with more publications appearing in recent years.

Assessing the Integration of Technology in Operations and Production of Automobile Products in Toyota: A Case Study (2011-2022)

Assessing the Integration of Technology in Operations and Production of Automobile Products in Toyota: A Case Study (2011-2022)

Combination of pirtobrutinib and lentiviral transduced bispecific anti-CD20/CD19 (LV20.19) CAR T-cell therapy to improve outcomes in patients with relapsed/refractory lymphoma.

7043 Background: Combination trials of BTK inhibitors (BTKi) with CAR-T have suggested potential synergistic benefit by improving CAR-T immunophenotype and clinical outcomes but are limited by increased toxicity. We report immunophenotype, cytokine profile, and patient outcomes with the new non-covalent BTKi, pirtobrutinib (pirto) when given prior to LV20.19 CAR-T and compare the final CAR product to pts who did not receive pirtobrutinib prior to CAR. Methods: Pts received LV20.19 CAR-T as part of a phase 1/2 trial (NCT04186520). Only pts who received pirto £4 weeks prior to apheresis were included. To determine the impact of pirto on LV20.19 CAR-T, we calculated both polyfunctionality (PFA) and polyfunctional strength index (PSI) for each product using the Isoplexis. Descriptive statistics, t-tests and Kaplan-Meier method were used as appropriate. Results: 11 pts received pirto prior to LV20.19 CAR-T (Table). Median age was 65 (50-80) yrs and median prior lines of therapy were 4 (2-8). There were 4 MCL pts, 5 Richter’s (RT)/CLL, 1 MZL and 1 DLBCL. Median duration of pirto was 4 (1-20) mo. Pts were on pirto for a median of 12 (1-22) days prior to apheresis. All except 1 pts received target CAR-T dose. The day 28 ORR was 82% (CR=7, PR=2). After a median follow up of 13 mo, 3 pts died (PD, Covid, Guillain Barre). The median PFS and OS were both 30.8 mo while the 1-year PFS and OS rates were 9 and 15 mo respectively. 9 pts had CRS and 2 had ICANS, all grades 1-2, while 4 had IEC-HS. One pt had afib recurrence and 1 pt had CMV viremia within 30 days of CAR-T. Among the pts with immunophenotypic data (n=10), there were no differences in naïve or more differentiated T-cell percentages in apheresis and final CAR-T products when compared to pts who did not receive pirto before LV20.19 CAR-T (n=57). Although not statistically significant, both PFA (CD4=61.8 vs 59, CD8= 49.8 vs 46.9) and PSI (CD4= 1752 vs 1608, CD8=1299 vs 1079) were higher with pirto pre-treated pts, suggesting a potential trend towards improved CAR-T functionality. Conclusions: These data represent the largest experience of pirto prior to CAR-T apheresis and demonstrate that pirto can be safely used as a bridge to LV20.19 CAR-T without negatively impacting their immunophenotype and potentially improving functionality. These data support our planned phase 1 clinical trial to assess the safety of pirto as bridging and maintenance therapy with LV20.19 CAR-T (NCT05990465). [Table: see text]

STRIvE-02 Arm C: Phase 1 study of concurrent PD-1 inhibition with B7-H3 CAR T cell immunotherapy for recurrent/refractory pediatric solid tumors.

e14626 Background: B7-H3 expression by a broad range of pediatric solid tumors has led to development of B7-H3-directed chimeric antigen receptor (B7-H3-CAR) T cells. However, early phase clinical trials of B7-H3-CAR T cells in recurrent/refractory solid tumors demonstrated inconsistent CAR T cell expansion and limited anti-tumor activity. We subsequently developed a dual transduced CAR product expressing B7-H3-CAR and CD19-CAR (CARB7H3x19) to enhance CAR T cell expansion with antigenic stimulation by normal B cells (STRIvE-02 Arm B). Augmented expansion was observed but CAR T cell persistence was variable, leading to a hypothesis that concurrent use of pembrolizumab (pembro), a PD1-inhibitor, would help prolong persistence, leading to improved anti-tumor activity. Methods: Patients up to age 26 years with recurrent/refractory solid tumors (excluding primary CNS) enrolled onto Arm C of STRIvE-02 to examine safety and feasibility of CARB7H3x19 at a dose of 0.5 x 106 CD19-CAR T/kg followed by pembro 2 mg/kg (max 200 mg) either 7- (Dose regimen (DR) 1) or 21-days (DR 2) post-CAR T cell using a 3+3 statistical design. All subjects received lymphodepletion with fludarabine and cyclophosphamide prior to CAR T cells. CTCAEv5 was used for toxicity grading. Results: Of six patients (pts) enrolled (age range 11–25 yrs, median 20 yrs, four received CAR T cell+pembro; three received DR1 pembro (day (D)+7), and one received DR2 (D+21). A pt on DR2 with nonseminomatous germ cell tumor developed grade (gr) 5 immune effector cell-associated hyperinflammatory syndrome (IEC-HS) on D+17 prior to pembro, resulting in trial suspension. One pt did not receive CAR T cells and is unevaluable. Adverse effects occurring in pts who received pembro included gr 3 fever in setting of neutropenia (n=1), and gr 2 hyperthyroidism (n=1), with no dose limiting toxicity attributed to CAR T cell+pembro. Maximum circulating CAR T expansion for Arm C was 192.18 cells/uL (range 6.86 – 192.18 cells/uL) with median persistence of 28 days (range 28 - 84), compared to a maximum circulating CAR T expansion of 740.95 cells/uL (range 8.29 – 740.95 cells/uL) and median persistence of 65 days (range 21 - 274) in pts treated on Arm B receiving the same CAR dose level (n=8). D+28 disease restaging in the four Arm C pts who received CAR T cells+pembro demonstrated stable disease (n=1) and disease progression (n=3). Conclusions: Although we observed tolerable toxicity among patients who received CAR T cell+pembro, the small number of patients limit full toxicity assessment. T cell expansion and persistence was observed, but the effects of pembro on CAR T cell fitness are unclear. Phenotypic characterization of circulating CAR T cells is underway to further assess impact of pembro. Of note, this is the first reported death attributed to IEC-HS in a patient after receiving B7-H3-CAR T cells. Investigations into etiology are ongoing. Clinical trial information: NCT04483778 .

Battery Management for Improved Performance in Hybrid Electric Vehicles

This study aims to improve the battery performance in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) by reducing the vehicle speed. We developed a specific protocol for managing battery use and optimizing the energy consumption rate to achieve this goal. The protocol automatically controls the driving operation, avoiding incompatible driving patterns with an energy-saving mode and performance improvement. This protocol was applied to a simulation process to predict energy rate lowering and battery performance enhancement. The proposed protocol applies to any hybrid electric vehicle type and any route conditions since it uses vehicle mass, drag and rolling coefficients, and road slope as variable parameters to determine the minimum energy consumption rate. We performed experimental tests to validate the simulation data and the proposed protocol. Furthermore, the protocol applies to variable starting vehicle speeds, from 10 to 50 km/h, corresponding to the current driving patterns, sport, normal, and eco, set up by car manufacturers. A reduction of 10% in vehicle speed in urban and peripheral routes achieves a minimum energy rate, enhancing battery management. Current vehicle speed shows a deviation from optimum management of 18% while applying vehicle speed reduction limits the deviation to 0.2%. Experimental results show a good agreement with simulation data, with 94% accuracy. We tested the protocol for urban and peripheral routes with maximum vehicle speed limits of 60 and 90 km/h.

Analysis of the Financial Structure and of the Financing Structure within a Car Manufacturing Company

Analysis of the Financial Structure and of the Financing Structure within a Car Manufacturing Company

Repurposing as a response to combat the COVID-19 pandemic – a case of an automobile component manufacturer

Repurposing as a response to combat the COVID-19 pandemic – a case of an automobile component manufacturer

An Empirical Review of India's Automobile Manufacturing Sector in The Global Value Chain

An Empirical Review of India's Automobile Manufacturing Sector in The Global Value Chain

Energy consumption prediction strategy for electric vehicle based on LSTM-transformer framework

As the market share of electric vehicles (EVs) continues to grow, driving range capability has emerged as a primary concern for drivers, car manufacturers, and policymakers. Accurate real-time energy consumption prediction is essential in mitigating range anxiety and fostering the adoption of EVs. Consequently, an EV energy consumption prediction framework that comprehensively considers vehicle and environmental factors, with special attention to individual driving styles and driving conditions, constructed based on long short-term memory (LSTM) and Transformer models is proposed. This framework addresses the issue of long-term dependencies and captures characteristics of time-series data with increased efficiency. Upon rigorous evaluation, the model achieved the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 4.63 % for state of charge (SOC) of EV's battery in experimental dataset, outperforming LSTM and multivariate regression (MLR). The ablation experiment shows that the MAPE of the model is reduced by 18.47 % and 15.27 % respectively after considering the individual driving style of drivers and the driving conditions of vehicles for both two types of vehicles. Based on this framework, a long-distance EV energy consumption prediction strategy based on short-distance is proposed, with a MAPE of 6.7 % when SOC value is reduced from 90 to 40 in the selected dataset.

CAR-T vs CAR-NK cells: an integrative review of therapeutic approaches in immunotherapy

CAR-T and CAR-NK cells are immune system cells modified in the laboratory to express a chimeric antigen receptor, which allows them to recognize and specifically attack cancer cells, achieving efficacy in the treatment of certain types of cancer, especially hematological cancers. The aim of this systematic review is to report on the use of treatment using CAR-T and CAR-NK cells, their pros and cons, describe their handling process and their application in patients. The methodology of this study is a systematic review using the MEDLINE, PubMed and CAPES databases to search for articles on CAR-T and CAR-NK cells, published between 2020 and 2022, using the keywords car-t cells and immunotherapy and neoplasm and chimeric antigen receptors and natural killer cells or car-t cell and immunotherapy and neoplasm and chimeric antigen receptors and natural killer cell. The main results were 463 reports. Of these, 12 met the eligibility criteria and were included in the study. They addressed the differences between CAR-T and CAR-NK, their advantages and disadvantages, the CAR manufacturing process, limitations of the two therapies, their manufacture and application in patients. It was concluded that CAR-NK cell therapy has been shown to have fewer adverse effects, to have a wide option for collection and to be more easily manipulated compared to CAR-T cells.

Hyphenation of Thermodesorption into GC × GC-TOFMS for Odorous Molecule Detection in Car Materials: Column Sets and Adaptation of Second Column Dimensions to TD Pressure Constraints

Vehicle interior air quality is an issue of growing interest among car manufacturers and customers. GC-MS is the benchmark method for the analysis of indoor air or material emissions. It is suitable for the quantification of target pollutants and the most abundant compounds. It fails, however, to uncover the true molecular complexity of these samples. In the present study, we describe the development of a TD-GC × GC-TOFMS method designed to detect polar and potentially odorous molecules in car material emissions. Attention is paid to the hyphenation of the thermodesorber and the gas chromatograph, both at software and hardware levels, and the constraints due to pressure limitations on the thermodesorber (evaluated at 414 kPa/60 psi at the end of the temperature ramp and at 138 kPa/20 psi at rest). A compromise was made for the 2D column length and diameter to balance separation and pressure (50 × 0.18 × 0.18 cm × mm × µm + 60 cm transfer line selected). On various materials, we were able to observe several hundreds of polar molecules, among them were between 75 and 150 odorants per material. This work lays the foundation for the widespread screening of potential odorants in car material emissions.

Annealing response and yielding behavior of cold rolled advanced HSLA steels

High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel is well established in car body manufacturing. They comprise a lean low-carbon alloy concept and can be produced by a wide variety of processing routes. However, cold-rolled HSLA steels are typically limited to a yield strength of 460 MPa by current standards. This research work will present a concept of extending the yield strength range of cold-rolled HSLA steels to above 500 MPa. A key aspect is to find the right balance between recovery and recrystallization of the cold rolled matrix during the annealing stage thereby mitigating the influence of solute and precipitated niobium. Additional solute draging power was introduced by alloying molybdenum to one of the investigated steels. A detailed microstructural analysis using transmission electron microscopy revealed that under recovery annealing conditions an ultrafine-grained microstructure with ferrite grain sizes between 0.5 and 1 μm can be established leading to large strength contribution via the Hall-Petch relationship. Strength losses related to partial recrystallization can be recovered to an extent of around 200 MPa by the precipitation of nano-sized niobium carbide particles. It is demonstrated that the presence of niobium and molybdenum in solute condition have the most prominent influence on obstructing recrystallization via solute drag. It is furthermore shown that the magnitude of precipitation strengthening correlates with the Lüders strain. The analysis of the work hardening behavior indicated that the n-value in ultrafine-grained condition approaches a lower limit value of 0.03 and raises to above 0.2 with progressing recrystallization as well as precipitation strengthening. The detailed evaluation of the tensile characteristics indicates that the strength limit for these HSLA steels ranging between 830 and 880 MPa is reached when the average grain size is reduced to 0.46 μm. The results of this study used to define robust processing conditions to securely produce steel grades in the 600–800 MPa yield strength range.