Captive Power Plant Research Articles

To Study Impact Of Electric Vehicle Charging On Power Quality On Various Loads

Electric Vehicles (EVs) are a clean energy alternative to gas and energy powered vehicles. They form a crucial part of the present and future automotive. Electric vehicles being non-linear loads could affect the power quality of the grid. In this paper, we present a view of the fluctuations in power factor and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) levels when varying number of electric vehicles (two wheeler and four wheeler) are connected to the power system .The system was simulated and studied in Simulink. Here, a captive power plant that is supplying power under base load and peak load conditions is considered.

Design and Verification of Key Components of a New Selective Catalytic Reduction System in a Petrochemical Captive Power Plant

A new selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system for captive power plants in the petrochemical industry was analyzed. The key components suitable for the target SCR system were obtained using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation combined with a cold physical model. The structural characteristics of the SCR system were studied, and corresponding design schemes were obtained for the key components, such as the guide plate, the ammonia injection grid (AIG), the static mixer, and the rectifier grille. The distributions of the flue gas velocity and the NH3 concentration within the flue cross-section in front of the first layer catalyst were studied in detail. Synchronously, the pressure loss and the temperature reduction characteristics in the SCR system were also considered. CFD results showed that the average standard deviation of the flue gas velocity was about 11.61%, and the average standard deviation of the NH3 concentration distribution could reach about 3.79% under the five operating conditions. It could be concluded that the uniformity of the flue gas velocity and the NH3 concentration distribution within the above flue cross-section was guaranteed by comparing to the design standard of 15% and 5%, respectively. It was further found that the maximum pressure loss between the inlet and the first layer catalyst was about 106.64 Pa, and the temperature reduction characteristic of the entire SCR system could be maintained within ±0.01 °C, which indicated that no extreme adverse effect arose due to the introduce of the key components. The cold physical model experiment was accordingly conducted to verify the reliability of the above CFD results. The cold physical model experiment results showed that the average standard deviation of flue gas velocity was about 8.82%, and the average standard deviation of NH3 concentration distribution could reach about 4.21%. The maximum biases for the standard deviations of the flue gas velocity and the NH3 concentration distribution were approximately 4.83% and 1.18% under the five operating conditions. Based on the good agreement of the research results via the two different methods, the designed key components of a new SCR system could be confirmed to be feasible, which would benefit the deNOx performance of the SCR system.

Low-carbon economic dispatch of Photovoltaic-Carbon capture power plant considering deep peak regulation

Retrofitting Coal-fired Power Plants (CFPPs) with carbon capture equipment not only reduce carbon emissions but also provide a deeper peaking depth to accommodate renewable energy. Nevertheless, there exist no studies addressing the economics of deep peaking of Carbon Capture Power Plants (CCPPs), and few studies concerns the synergistic dispatch of PV-CCPP. Therefore, this study analyzes the deep peaking characteristics of CCPP and proposes a low-carbon economic dispatch model for PV-CCPP. Case study shows that the typical daily peaking depth of CCPP is reduced by 72%, the carbon emission reduction is 4263t, and the annual system economy is improved by 43%. Taking into account the peaking compensation helps to improve the system economy, but the carbon emission reduction is slightly reduced.

Scheduling optimization of a wind power-containing power system considering the integrated and flexible carbon capture power plant and P2G equipment under demand response and reward and punishment ladder-type carbon trading

At present, coal-fired thermal power still dominates in China, and as the environmental pollution problem worsens, it is critical to find the optimal combination of coal and new energy to reduce CO2 emissions and promote new energy consumption. Based on this, this paper considers a reward and punishment ladder-type carbon trading mechanism, firstly, unit transformation of the conventional coal power plant (CPP) on the power side, forming the integrated and flexible carbon capture power plant (IFCCPP), and constructing a coupling model of the IFCCPP with power to gas (P2G) equipment and wind farms(WFs), forming an IFCCPP-P2G-WF system; secondly, introducing a price demand response mechanism on the load side, and establishing a two-stage scheduling model for the IFCCPP-P2G-WF system, with the first stage model aiming at the minimum sum of squared load fluctuations and the second stage model aiming at the minimum operation cost. Finally, the effectiveness of the scheduling model proposed in this paper is validated by comparing and analyzing the scheduling results under eight scenarios. When compared to other models, the proposed model significantly increases wind power consumption, reduces carbon emissions, and lowers operation cost, all of which have advantages.

Solar parks: A review on impacts, mitigation mechanism through agrivoltaics and techno-economic analysis

Solar parks are mega solar projects to fast track renewable energy integration, while avoiding redundancy in electro-mechnical infrastruturing and land acquiring procedures. However these ground-mounted grid-integrated solar photovoltaic projects require vast land banks, which remain covered for the lifetime of the project.. The socio-economic and environmental externalities on at micro level affecting livelihoods often go unaccounted. Earlier works on impact assessment of large solar parks have considered environment, ecology, micro-climate at large while impact on livelihoods and long term externalities on socitial issues were not addressed. The effectivnes of agrivolticas as a mitigation mechanism was primarlity focused on type of crops vis-à-vis height of structures, water management and economic outputs. The current work has a reviewed agrivoltaic projects in India and identified the managaement practices, constraints, cost econmoics and policy framework. A review of works done on solar park impact assessment and mitigation mechanism by agrivoltaics are done in detail. The work has considered agrivoltaics from a social aspect and focused on impacts due to loss of livelihoods and associated externalities under social impact classification. A methodology in which agrivoltaics is taken as a self healing mechanism to environment and society is adopted. A conventional solar plant and an agrivoltaic plant are considered for study and three livelihood mechanisms namely medicinal plants, poultry and bee keeping are considered for techno-commecrcial analysis. It is found that while the medicinal plants in PV plants can improve the income by 8%, while poultry in solar parks bring additional income of 83%, considering one lifecycle, while bee keeping bring additional income of 4%. The economic analysis shows that agrivoltaic without workable business models for a captive power plant with 0.14$/kWh FiT breakeven at 3 years and 9 months while a captive plant with the same FiT without agrivoltaics breaks even in 2 years and 4 months. A captive plant with 0.14 $/kWh FiT with a workable business model will breakeven in 3 years and 3 months. A grid tied solar PV plants with a FiT of 0.03 $/kWh which has a breakeven of 13 years without agrivoltaics, may not breakeven within 25 years (plant life) without a workable business model. However, with a workable business model for agrivoltaics the grid tied solar PV plant with a FiT of 0.03 $/kWh will have a breakeven in 17 years and 8 months.The social impact assessment conclude that, livelihood impacts can lead to extinction of cultures, urban migrations, growth of uncontrolled peri‑urban regions, the long term impacts are beyond economics. Thus social impact mitigation cost (SIMC) along with environemental impact mitigation cost (EIMC) are considered as incentives or subsidied and the levelised cost of energy (LCOE) is calculated. It is found that levelised cost of energy for the conventional ground mounted solar PV plant is 0.03 $/kWh while for agrivoltaic plant without subsidies and incentives the LCOE is 0.052 $/kWh. For the agrivoltaic plant with a subsidy of 30% the LCOE is 0.046 $/kWh and with a further green incentive billing the LCOE can be brought down to 0.041 $/ kWh.

Effect of flue gas constituents on boiler tube failure of a captive power plant

Water leakage was reported from one of the superheater tubes of boiler during operation. The power plant is a part of copper ore smelting and refining industry. It was observed, that the leakage took place through cracked region of the tube, which was severely damaged due to chemical attack. Damage occurred due to reaction between flue gas and outer wall of super heater tube. Inefficient treatment of flue gas resulted in retention of metal particles, SO2 gas and particulate within the same in substantial concentration. When the same flue gas was used in boiler, SO2 reacted with tube surface at elevated temperature. The incident lead to wall thinning and deep pit formation over tube surface. Metal particles was fused, adhered to tube surface and triggered secondary cracking during operation. Gradual wall thinning, increment in pit size and crack propagation through thickness resulted in ultimate failure of tube material.

Low carbon economic dispatch of integrated energy system considering extended electric heating demand response

Retrofitting coal-fired units with carbon capture plants is an important means to achieve low-carbon improvements in integrated energy systems (IES). However, the lack of flexible resources restricts the development of carbon capture power plants, and the uncertainty of IES affects the reliability of system. With this background, this study proposes a low-carbon economic dispatch strategy considering extended electric heating demand response. Firstly, the organic Rankine cycle waste heat power generation is introduced to decouple the “power determined by heat” mode of combined heat and power. Secondly, incentive-based electric load demand response, as well as comfort fuzziness-based heat load demand response are considered. Subsequently, a data-driven distributionally robust optimization model is developed to solve the source-load uncertainty problem, where the confidence set of the uncertainty probability distribution is constrained by both 1-norm and ∞-norm constraints. The column and constraint generation (C&CG) algorithm is used to solve the model and obtain the operating output configuration. Finally, the test system verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method.

A bi-level framework for interactive competition and CPPs-based demand response

This paper proposes a multi-leader–follower framework for interactive competition among participants. To do so, a Stackelberg game model is formulated to take into account the price competition between leaders and captive power plants (CPPs). The retailer and the distribution company (DISCO) adopt a rival strategy to determine sale prices, aiming to maximize respective profit in a competitive market. DISCO pricing bound is set during the interaction process. The response at the lower level also affects hierarchical prices and CPP revenue. CPPs enact demand response viable through load shifting and peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading. A quadratic penalty function is employed in the model to reduce the peak load demand and reshape the load profile, which brings the load consumption curve close to the forecast value. A general Nash bargaining game is utilized to incentivize P2P energy sharing with neighbors. To solve the multi-leader–follower model, a fixed-point iteration algorithm is proposed, which enables the model to reach convergence. Simulations are conducted to demonstrate the price–demand relationship and hierarchical interaction.

Two-Stage Planning for Electricity-Gas Coupled Integrated Energy System With Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage Considering Carbon Tax and Price Uncertainties

In this article, we propose two-stage planning models for Electricity-Gas Coupled Integrated Energy System (EGC-IES), in which traditional thermal power plants (TTPPs) are considered to be retrofitted into carbon capture power plants (CCPPs), with power to gas (PtG) coupling CCPPs to the gas system. The sizing and siting of Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS)/PtG facilities and the operation cost of TTPP/CCPP/gas source/PtG are all considered in the proposed model, including penalty on carbon emissions and revenue of CCUS. With changing policy on climate change and carbon emission regulation, the carbon price, carbon tax, and load uncertainties are also analyzed and considered in the proposed planning model. Stochastic planning and robust planning methods are introduced to verify mutually through economic and carbon indices. Various cases and discussions demonstrate the proposed methods’ effectiveness in reducing carbon emissions and increasing CCUS's profit from EGC-IES.

Scheduling Optimization of IEHS with Uncertainty of Wind Power and Operation Mode of CCP

With the gradual depletion of fossil energy sources and the improvement in environmental protection attention, efficient use of energy and reduction in carbon emissions have become urgent issues. The integrated electricity and heating energy system (IEHS) is a significant solution to reduce the proportion of fossil fuel and carbon emissions. In this paper, a stochastic optimization model of the IEHS considering the uncertainty of wind power (WP) output and carbon capture power plants (CCPs) is proposed. The WP output in the IEHS is represented by stochastic scenarios, and the scenarios are reduced by fast scenario reduction to obtain typical scenarios. Then, the conventional thermal power plants are modified with CCPs, and the CCPs are equipped with flue gas bypass systems and solution storage to form the integrated and flexible operation mode of CCPs. Furthermore, based on the different load demand responses (DRs) in the IEHS, the optimization model of the IEHS with a CCP is constructed. Finally, the results show that with the proposed optimization model and shunt-type CCP, the integrated operation approach allows for a better reduction in carbon capture costs and carbon emissions.

Concept design, parameter analysis, and thermodynamic evaluation of a novel integrated gasification chemical-looping combustion combined cycle power generation system

Integrated gasification chemical-looping combustion (IGCLC) is a potential combustion technology with innate CO2 separation for solid fuels. Coupling this technology with coal-fired power plants is expected to greatly alleviate the high efficiency penalty induced by CO2 capture. This study proposes an innovative system called integrated gasification CLC combined cycle (IGCLCCC) that highly integrates a gasification system, a CLC system, a combined cycle, an ultra-supercritical steam cycle, and a CO2 capture system. In the proposed system, the oxygen-depleted stream from air reactor and flue gas from fuel reactor enter the combined cycle and ultra-supercritical steam cycle, respectively, for power generation. The energy and mass balances of the proposed system are determined by process simulation. The relationship between the performance of subsystems and system efficiency is studied by parameter analysis. Results indicate that the net efficiency penalty (0.3 percentage points) of the proposed system is 4.3 to 13.2 percentage points less than those of the conventional CO2 capture power plants, and the power consumption of specific CO2 capture is minimized to 8.3 kWeh/t. Besides, its net efficiency is as high as 45.0%, which is comparable to that of the natural gas combined cycle power plant with a 90% CO2 capture rate. This work provides a new sight into the design of the low-carbon and efficient power generation system.

Assessment of hazardous radionuclide emission due to fly ash from fossil fuel combustion in industrial activities in India and its impact on public

Traditionally coal has been extensively used as a dominating fossil fuel in a wide range of industries due to its abundance. In India, industries like thermal power plants, cement industries, iron, and steel industries along with many captive power plants consume a huge quantity of coal each year to meet energy demand. Coal combustion releases blackish-grey colored fly ash waste is one of the most imperative sources of radionuclides like Radium (226Ra), Thorium (232Th), Potassium (40K) and Uranium (238U). The estimated industrial fly ash is ∼308.416 Million Tonnes (MT) in 2019, considered as an emerging environmental problem. This study represents the first-ever radionuclide emission from Indian fly ash generated across various major industries. The results reveal that the estimated 226Ra, 232Th, 238U, and 40K radionuclides were estimated to be ∼27.473 TBq, ∼44.351 TBq, ∼41.089 TBq, and ∼111.091 TBq respectively. The potential radionuclide hotspot regions across the nation are identified, which could be used as an important tool to assess its impact on the chronic exposure of millions of residents living near these sources. Cleaner or green energy could be the best alternative to combat the unseen health disaster. More effective and safe utilization of fly ash can minimize the hazardous effect of radionuclides emission.

Low carbon and economic dispatching of electric-gas integrated energy system with liquid storage carbon capture equipment

Because of the coupling of CO2 absorption and treatment, conventional carbon capture power plants lack the flexibility of power plant operation. This paper provides a liquid storage carbon capture power plant (LSCCPP) with solution storage, analyzes the “energy time-shift” features of the solution storage, and creates a joint operating model of the LSCCPP and Power to Gas(P2G) based on this. Taking into account the carbon market trading mechanism, this paper develops a low-carbon economic dispatch model for an integrated electric-gas energy system with the LSCCPP, with the goal of achieving the lowest overall system cost. Moreover, the proposed dispatch model is solved by transforming the model into a mixed-integer linear programing problem and calling CPLEX. Finally, a modified example system is used to demonstrate the validity of the proposed model. The results show that the suggested low-carbon dispatch model has a significant reference for enhancing the system’s use of wind power and accomplishing the low-carbon efficient functioning of the integrated electric-gas energy system.

Optimal design and scheduling of carbon capture power plant based on uncertainty decision-making methods

Post-combustion capture is one of the most mature carbon reduction technologies which plays an important role in pushing forward the process of "carbon neutrality". However, most previous efforts focused merely on the fixed operation of power plants and carbon capture devices, without taking into account the effects of fluctuating electricity prices and the subsequent variations in energy penalty of solvent regeneration process. As a result, the ability of carbon capture power plants (CCPP) to withstand fluctuations has deteriorated, leading to a decrease in robustness. In order to take advantage of the flexible operation characteristics of the power plant and the carbon capture device, the deterministic hourly electricity price and power load demand, as well as uncertainty of power load demand in future are considered in the study to determine the optimal network configuration and the flexible scheduling of carbon capture power plants based on decision-making theories. The uncertain parameters are presented by scenarios, and through MINLP-based optimization, the optimal system configuration under each scenario is obtained. Then these configurations are applied to other scenarios to obtain the scheduling and economic performance of the system. Five uncertainty decision-making theories (optimistic method, pessimistic method, optimistic coefficient method, equal probability method, minimum maximum regret value method) are adopted to select the most appropriate system scheme. Finally, a case study is investigated to demonstrate the proposed method, and the effectiveness and the feasibility are proved by the obtained results. Two network configurations with daily profit from $30,000 to $240,000 by scenarios are obtained and investigated. Results show that the turbine layout in the configuration chosen by optimistic method is radical, while by pessimistic criterion the turbine system shows margin in operation. Configuration selected by the equal possible value method and minimax regret method can achieve good economic performance operating in various scenarios. This research can help decision makers to make scientific decisions and reduce operating risks under uncertainties.

Low-Carbon Economic Dispatching of Multi-Energy Virtual Power Plant with Carbon Capture Unit Considering Uncertainty and Carbon Market

Multi-energy virtual power plants (MEVPPs) effectively realize multi-energy coupling. Low-carbon transformation of coal-fired units at the source side and consideration of demand response resources at the load side are important ways to achieve carbon peak and carbon neutralization. Based on this, this paper proposes a low-carbon economic dispatch model for the MEVPP system considering source-load coordination with comprehensive demand response. Combined with the characteristics of organic Rankine cycle (ORC) waste heat power generation and comprehensive demand response energy to increase the flexibility on both sides of the source and load, the problem of insufficient carbon capture during the peak load period in the process of low-carbon transformation of thermal power units has been improved. First, the ORC waste heat recovery device is introduced into the MEVPP system to decouple the cogeneration unit’s “heat-based electricity” constraint, which improves the flexibility of the unit’s power output. Secondly, we consider the synergistic effect of the comprehensive demand response and ORC waste heat recovery device and analyze the source-load coordination low-carbon dispatch mechanism. Finally, an example simulation is carried out in a typical system. The simulation example shows that this method effectively improves the carbon capture level of carbon capture power plants, takes into account the economy and low carbon of the system, and can provide a reference for the low-carbon economic dispatch of the MEVPP system.

Performance of Lagoon Ash As Bottom Liner in MSW Landfill

Proper management of Municipal Solid Waste dumping in landfill site require adequate bottom liner to mitigate the seepage of leachate from contaminating the ground. To make landfill system sustainable, adequate liners are provided at the bottom of engineered landfill system. Liners act as impermeable cover mitigating effect of leachate on ground and groundwater. Pond ash collected from lagoon of thermal power plant is a preferable building material for municipal solid waste impounding system if properly stabilized and compacted. To meet the mandatory requirement of landfill liner having permeability 10-7 cm/sec or less, detailed experimental study was carried out on pond ash collected from Nalco Captive Power Plant, Angul, India. The parameters Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) and coefficient of permeability (K) were determined by conducting the laboratory experiments following Indian standard code procedure for all the mixes as stated in Table 1. Experimental results of UCS test were found to increase the strength upto 5.4 MPa for S3 mix sample after curing period of 180 days. It was further observed that for the sample S7 mix the strength reached upto 6.9MPa which was due to the binding effect of 1% gypsum in the mix. The hydraulic conductivity value of stabilized Pond Ash came down to 10-7 cm/sec after 180 days of curing period even after acid and base permeation. It was observed from R square value established for all sample mixes of pond ash that a strong linear correlation existed between curing time and UCS value. The strength and permeability results clearly indicate that pond ash, stabilized with optimum mix of lime-gypsum satisfies both Environmental Protection Agency (U.S) and Central Pollution Control Board (India) guidelines for landfill liner. Hence lime and gypsum stabilised pond ash is proved to be an effective eco-friendly material adhering to the requirements of landfill bottom liner for MSW engineered landfill system.

Robust optimal dispatch of distribution system considering carbon capture and demand response

Participation of carbon capture power plants and demand response in power system dispatch is an important mean to achieve the carbon-neutral goal. In order to take into account uncertainty of wind power and low-carbon economic operation of the distribution system, a two-stage robust optimal dispatch model of the distribution system considering carbon capture and demand response is proposed in this paper. In the day-ahead stage, the unit commitment plan and the price demand response (PDR) schedule are established. In the intra-day stage, the carbon related cost is included in the optimization objective. The strategies for the generators and the incentive demand response (IDR) are optimized under the worst-case output of wind power based on the results of the day-ahead stage. Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions and the column-and-constraint generation (C&CG) algorithm are used to solve the proposed two-stage model. A revised IEEE 33-bus distribution system is used to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed model.

Cooperative Operation Model of Wind Turbine and Carbon Capture Power Plant Considering Benefit Distribution

Increasing systematic carbon sinks and clean energy generation proportion are the main ways to reduce the carbon emission of power system. In order to promote wind power accommodation and reduce system carbon emissions, a cooperative operation model of wind turbine and carbon capture power plant (CCPP) is constructed. Then, the model is equivalently transformed into two sub-problems. One is the operation optimization sub-problem of cooperative alliance with the goal of maximizing the alliance benefit. The other is the benefit distribution sub-problem with the goal of fair distributing cooperative benefit. To protect participants’ privacy, the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) is used to realize the distributed solution of the two sub-problems. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed model is verified by an example, and the sensitivity analysis of the alliance benefit and system carbon emission is carried out with carbon price and carbon capture cost as the sensitivity factors. The example results show that: (1) By providing up and down regulation services to wind turbines, CCPP can obtain ancillary service income and help to reduce the declaration deviation of wind turbines, which can realize multi-win-win situation. (2) Carbon price affects both thermal power units and carbon capture equipment. So, compared with carbon costs, the carbon emissions and the alliance benefit are both more sensitive to carbon price. The model of the paper is constructed under the deviation punishment mechanism, and subsequent research can be expanded in combination with a more detailed imbalance settlement mechanism.

Dispatch for energy efficiency improvement of an integrated energy system considering multiple types of low carbon factors and demand response

Faced with the problem of fossil energy depletion and the power industry’s low-carbon requirements, low-carbon technologies in collaboration with market mechanisms, supplemented by flexible resources, are critical to achieving the low-carbon operation of integrated energy systems (IES). This paper establishes an IES considering multiple types of low-carbon factors and demand response. Firstly, the IES is deemed to participate in the carbon trading market and introduce a ladder-type carbon trading mechanism at the low-carbon policy level. Then, at the low-carbon technology level, carbon capture power plants and power-to-gas equipment are introduced to refine the modeling of the power-to-gas process. Secondly, the integrated energy system includes pluralistic energy storage technology and demand response to increase the IES’s flexibility. Based on multiple types of low carbon factors and demand response mechanisms, the scheduling model for energy efficiency improvement is constructed with the lowest sum of the cost of wind abandonment penalty, the cost of purchasing energy, the cost of equipment operation and maintenance, and the cost of carbon trading as the optimization objective, and solved by a two-stage optimization method. Five energy efficiency indicators are presented to efficiently evaluate dispatching results: wind power consumption rate, carbon trading cost, actual carbon emissions, total cost, and load fluctuation. Finally, according to an arithmetic test system based on various operation scenarios, the proposed model may increase the IES’s comprehensive energy efficiency under the coupling effect of multiple types of low-carbon factors and demand response.

Distributed Energy Management for Zero-Carbon Port Microgrid

A zero-carbon port microgrid that integrates carbon capture power plants is proposed to build the green port and promote the achievement of the dual-carbon goal. To achieve the optimal economic operation of the port microgrid and reduce carbon emissions, an energy management model considering carbon trading mechanisms is established. Furthermore, a distributed energy management method is proposed for the zero-carbon port based on the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMMs). The simulation results prove the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method, which can effectively improve the economy of the port microgrid and reduce the carbon emission of the port.