Capsule Diameter Research Articles

PENAMBAHAN TEPUNG UMBI DAHLIA, KEDELAI DAN BAWANG PUTIH SEBAGAI SUMBER PREBIOTIK UNTUK ENKAPSULASI PROBIOTIK [Addition of Flours from Dahlia Tuber, Soybean and Garlic as Prebiotic Sources for Probiotic Encapsulation

The research was conducted to study the effect of addition of flours made from dahlia tuber, soybean and garlic as the sources of natural prebiotic on the encapsulation of probiotic (Lactobacillus acidophilus Dad 13) with carragenan and chitosan. Carragenan and chitosan are potential encapsulating agents that can protect bacterial cells from unfavorable conditions. It is hypothesized that addition of natural prebiotics from dahlia tuber, soybean and garlic can stimulate the growth of probiotic (L. acidophilus Dad 13) in MRS broth medium. Parameters evaluated were size and weight of capsule, number of cells in the capsule, acid and bile salt resistance of the biocapsule produced from carragenan and chitosan added with flours of dahlia tuber, soybean and garlic as the sources of natural prebiotic. The randomized complete block design was used as the experimental design with two factors. The first factor was the encapsulating agents (A1 carragenan, A2 chitosan) and second factor was the sources of natural prebiotic (P1 dahlia tuber, P2 garlic, P3 soybean). The results showed that the type of encapsulating agent had an effect on weight, diameter and number of cells in the capsule but did not affect the acid and bile salt resistance. Addition of prebiotic flour to biocapsules had an effect on weight and diameter of capsules but no effect on acid and bile salt resistance and the number of cells. Addition of flour as prebiotic source from dahlia, garlic and soybean increased the cell number by 1 log cycle. Capsules made from chitosan with the addition of prebiotic source flour were lighter, had shorter diameter and lower cell reduction by acid (4.63-5.24 log cycle) than those made with carragenan (6.93-7.19 log cycle). Based on the acid resistance, the best biocapsules was made with chitosan and dahlia prebiotic flour. Keywords: carragenan, chitosan, Lactobacillus acidophilus Dad 13, natural prebiotic fluor, probiotic encapsulation

Sub-Micronic Capsules Based on Gelatin and Poly(maleic anhydride-alt-vinyl acetate) Obtained by Interfacial Condensation with Potential Biomedical Applications

New sub-micronic capsules based on a copolymer of maleic anhydride-alt-vinyl acetate and a natural polymer (gelatin) using an interfacial condensation method were obtained. Sub-micronic capsules were characterized by Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS) method, zeta-potential, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The thermal properties were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). According to some parameters of the synthesis reaction (polymer weight ratio, acetone/water ratio, surfactant concentration), the mean diameter of the sub-micronic capsules can be tuned from 200 to 760 nm. The sub-micronic capsules show a higher agglomeration tendency as the amount of gelatin in their composition increases. The swelling capacity in aqueous solutions is dependent on the composition and size of the sub-micronic capsules, decreasing with their diameter and gelatin composition. The drug loading and release capacity was studied using Penicillin G (sodium salt) (PG), and it has been proved that it is influenced by the sub-micronic capsules morphology induced by preparation parameters. Encapsulation and controlled release of small molecule were successfully carried out, demonstrating the potential biomedical applications of these new easily obtained sub-micronic capsules.

FRI0480 Ultrasonographic joint capsular height index: reproducibility and independence from antropometric factors, age and sex.

BackgroundMost of data obtained from musculoskeletal ultrasonography (MUS) is expressed in terms of subjective interpretations of images. Evolutive comparisons into same patients or assessment of existence of mild synovitis in...

237 IMPACT OF MRI ON THE PREDICTION OF SIDE-SPECIFIC EXTRACAPSULAR EXTENSION: NOMOGRAM BASED ON TUMOR CONTACT LENGTH AND PERCENT POSITIVE BIOPSY CORES

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Accurate prediction of extracapsular extension (ECE) is required for deciding on nerve sparing in radical prostatectomy (RP) and focal therapy. MRI is currently a promising staging tool; however, its predictive value for microscopic ECE is limited. Our aim is to develop an MRI and biopsy (Bx)-based, easy-to-use nomogram for the side-specific presence of ECE. METHODS: This study cohort consisted of 270 sides of the prostate in 135 clinically-localized cancer patients undergoing MRI and 14-core Bx prior to RP between 2007 and 2012. Ten sides with definite T3a appearance on MRI, such as obliteration of rectoprostatic angles and asymmetry of neurovascular bundles, were excluded. Contact length (CL) with the capsule and maximum diameter (MD) of lesions positive in diffusion-weighted imaging were measured using T2weighted imaging. We assessed predictive accuracy of preoperative variables for ECE using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), and developed logistic regression-based nomograms. RESULTS: The median PSA was 7.0 ng/ml. Bx was positive in 189 sides (73%), and their median values of percent positive cores (%PC) and maximum cancer length (MCL) were 29% and 4 mm, respectively. Bx-Gleason score (GS) was 4 3 in 71 sides. CL and MD on MRI were 10 mm in 65 (25%) and 112 sides (43%), respectively. ECE was found in 40 sides (15%) of RP specimen. AUC values in predicting ECE were 0.638 for PSA, 0.634 for GS 4 3, 0.752 for %PC, 0.743 for MCL, 0.795 for CL ( 10 mm), and 0.777 for MD ( 10 mm). Multivariate analyses without MRI data revealed that %PC (p 0.02) and MCL (p 0.04) was independent predictors, and PSA had borderline significance (p 0.07). In analyses including MRI, %PC (p 0.01), CL (p 0.003), and MD (p 0.03) were independent predictors. Nomogram-1 (%PC, MCL, and PSA as variables), 2 (%PC and CL), and 3 (%PC, CL, and MD) were then developed. Predictive accuracy of nomogram-2 (AUC 0.849) and 3 (AUC 0.871) was higher than that of nomogram-1 (AUC 0.775), respectively (p 0.04 and 0.01). Nomogram-2 and -3 had good calibration. CONCLUSIONS: We developed simple nomograms predicting side-specific ECE based on Bx and MRI, which have higher accuracy than models without MRI and might be beneficial in patient selection for nerve sparing. Source of Funding: None

Encapsulation of bixin in sodium caseinate to deliver the colorant in transparent dispersions

Bixin, the major colorant component of annatto, is water insoluble and sensitive to degradation by temperature, pH, and light stresses. In this work, we studied an encapsulation process by spray drying warm 40% v/v aqueous ethanol solution with dissociated sodium caseinate (NaCas) and dissolved bixin. Upon hydration of spray-dried powder, transparent dispersions were observed at a wide pH range away from the isoelectric point (pI) of NaCas. The stability of bixin was much improved and the consistent yellow color was obtained. The volume–length mean particle diameters of capsules were around 250 nm in dispersions, slightly bigger than that of NaCas, based on dynamic light scattering, but the difference was not observed based on atomic force microscopy. Capsules and the mixture of NaCas and bixin showed different fluorescence and FTIR spectra. At pH near the pI of casein, soluble soybean polysaccharides adsorbed strongly onto capsules and stabilized them from aggregation. The simple encapsulation approach studied in the present work showed a promising process to enhance the stability and dispersibility of carotenoids using NaCas as a carrier, especially in transparent dispersions.

Bioconversion process for synthesis of tert-butyl (3R,5S)-6-chloro-3,5-dihydroxyhexanoate using liquid-core immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae CGMCC No 2233

Tert-butyl (3R,5S)-6-chloro-3,5-dihydroxyhexanoate was synthesized using asymmetric reduction of tert-butyl (S)-6-chloro-5-hydroxy-3-oxo-hexanoate with liquid-core immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae CGMCC No. 2233. The optimum conditions for preparation of the liquid-core immobilized cells were found to be 2% guar gum, 5% CaCl2, 0.8% sodium alginate, capsule diameter 2mm, 0.3% chitosan (1.0×105) solution, and 30 min for formation of the film of liquid-core immobilized cells. The optimum re-cultivation time was 32 h. The optimum reduction conditions were found to be pH 6.8–7.2, 160 r/min, and 30 °C. Conversion was found to reach 100% when initial concentration of substrate was less than 50 g/L. The diastereomeric excess of tert-butyl (3R,5S)-6-chloro-3,5-dihydroxyhexanoate exceeded 99%. The liquid-core immobilized cells retained their effectiveness even after 15 uses.

Optical diagnostics of tumour cells at different stages of pathology development

The differences in optical and biophysical properties between the cells of mammary gland tumour extracted from tumours of different diameter are described. It is shown that the spectral and spectrokinetic properties of fluorescent probes in the cells extracted from the tumours in diameter are essentially different. Thus, the extinction coefficient of rhodamine 6G gradually increases with the pathology development. At the same time the rate of interaction of the triplet states of molecular probes with the oxygen, diluted in the tumour cells cytoplasm, decreases with the growth of the tumour capsule diameter. The observed regularities can be due to the changes in the cell structure, biochemical and biophysical properties. The reported data may be useful for developing optical methods of diagnostics of biotissue pathological conditions.

Low transmittance ICF capsule geometric parameters measurement using laser differential confocal technique

A new high precision non-contact measurement using laser differential confocal microscopy is proposed for the outer diameter, inner diameter and wall thickness of the inertial confinement fusion (ICF) capsules. Based on the property of an axial intensity curve that the absolute zero precisely corresponds to the focus of the objective in a laser differential confocal system (LDCS), the approach proposed uses the absolute zero of LDCS axial intensity curve to precisely identify the position of the test point on the outer surface, inner surface and spherical center of ICF capsule in sequence, and uses the high precision displacement sensor to record the position parameter, and thereby achieving the high-precision measurement of the outer diameter, inner diameter and wall thickness of ICF capsule by combining with ray tracing. Theoretical analyses and experiments indicate that the approach has higher resolution, measurement accuracy and measurement efficiency compared with the existing measurement methods.

Layer-by-Layer Assembled Polypeptide Capsules for Platinum-Based Pro-Drug Delivery

Platinum(IV), a pro-drug of platinum(II), was conjugated to poly(l-lysine) (PLL), and then assembled with poly(glutamic acid) (PGA) through a layer-by-layer (LbL) approach on colloidal silica templates. After removal of the templates, biodegradable PGA/PLL-Pt(IV) multilayer capsules (diameter = 0.5 μm) with 10 μg of platinum incorporated into each bilayer were obtained. Under acidic and/or reductive conditions, the amount and rate of platinum released from the capsules were increased, which are desirable traits for platinum-based anticancer drug delivery systems. Furthermore, in vitro evaluation showed that the PGA/PLL-Pt(IV) multilayer microcapsules displayed higher cytotoxicity (IC(50Pt) = 3.5 μg/mL) against colon cancer cells CT-26 than that of free cisplatin (IC(50Pt) = 8.6 μg/mL). This enhanced cytotoxicity was attributed to the effective internalization of the capsules by the cancer cells, which was observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) imaging.

Mechanical assessment of an anisotropic conductive adhesive joint of a direct access sensor on a flexible substrate for a swallowable capsule application

Sensor interconnection achieved with Flip Chip (FC) technology and most particularly with Anisotropic Conductive Adhesive (ACA) is a very attractive technique, in achieving a Direct Access Sensor (DAS), in a swallowable diagnostic sensing capsule. This paper describes the work carried out to mechanically characterise the ACA joints when they are inserted in the capsule to determine the smallest capsule diameter that could be used without imparting excessive stress on the interconnect in the DAS integration process for a specific substrate and chip design. Three point inward bending was used to study the effect of the mechanical loading on the joints during the insertion process. The results showed that the insertion force linearly increased and leveled off at a, low friction, constant value. The spring constant of the linear region in a 23mm was 0.2729N/mm and increased to 1.5N/mm for the 15mm diameter hole. It showed that the spring constant decreased linearly as the diameter increased, signifying that for the same distance, less force will be required in a larger diameter hole than in the small diameter holes. During insertion the stress in the assembly, was higher towards the centre of the chip and the window than at the edge of the chip and the ACA fillet. This was characterised by it exhibiting lower voltage values measured in the partial daisy chains that were close to the window rather than the ones that were situated away from the window. The insertion test suggested that the 23mm diameter hole would be the smallest suitable hole for insertion of this assembly. Failure analysis revealed that the depression and the wide crack close to the window imply that the stress was high in this region. The cross sectional analysis showed that failure occurred within silicon/silicon chip pad and that the ACA contacts form a strong joint and was able to withstand the insertion force required to secure the ACA sensor in place before encapsulation.

Synthesis of Duloxetine Intermediate (S)-3-Chloro-1-(2-thienyl)-1-propanol with Liquid-Core Immobilized Candida pseudotropicalis 104

(S) -3-Chloro-1-(2-thienyl)-1-propanol was synthesized by the asymmetric reduction of 3-chloro-1-(2-thienyl)propanone with liquid-core immobilized Candida pseudotropicalis 104. The optimum time was 28h for the re-cultivation of immobilized cells. The optimum film solvent for the liquid-core capsule was 0.3% chitosan (M (w) 1.0 × 10(5)). Conversion decreased with the increase of the liquid-core capsule diameter and with the addition of more substrates at the same reduction time. The immobilized cells show good reduction ability in a potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.6~7.2). The material outside the spread speed of immobilized cells was not restricted when the shaking speed was higher than 160r/min. Liquid-core immobilized cells can be reused 11 times. Compared with the batch reduction, the continuous reduction of 3-chloro-1-(2-thienyl)propanone in the membrane reactor with liquid-core immobilized cells as catalyst can relieve the inhibition from a high-concentration substrate. Conversion and enantiometric excess of (S)-3-chloro-1-(2-thienyl)-1-propanol reached 100% and >99% in a continuous reduction of 12g/L 3-chloro-1-(2-thienyl)propanone for 10days.

Independent Factors and Predictive Score for Extrahepatic Metastasis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Following Curative Hepatectomy

Postoperative extrahepatic metastasis (EHM) contributes to a poor prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after hepatectomy. This study was aimed to develop a practical method that can be used to predict postoperative EHM. In total, 578 patients were enrolled. We analyzed the clinicopathological features of the tumors and did a long-term follow-up to observe HCC recurrence. Postoperative EHM was detected in 136 patients, and multivariate analysis was used to confirm independent risk factors for postoperative EHM. After the factors were identified, a predictive scoring system was constructed as a weighted sum of these factors. The cutoff value that determines a high risk for EHM was defined by maximizing the Youden's index of the receiver operating characteristic curve. Microvascular invasion, incomplete capsule, and larger tumor diameter were the three independent factors predictive for a high risk for EHM. The scoring system was derived with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.81 for postoperative 10-year EHM prediction. A cutoff value of 43 was derived and validated with a sensitivity >90% and specificity >60% to predict the development of EHM. This system was further verified in a subgroup of Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage 0-A patients with an AUC of 0.82. When the cutoff value was set at 43, the sensitivity and specificity were 90.38% and 64.88%, respectively. Our predictive scoring system may be used to identify HCC patients who have a high risk for EHM following curative hepatectomy.

Experimental investigation of the effect of diameter ratio on velocity ratio and pressure gradient for the spherical capsule train flow

The study deals with experimental investigation of the effect of diameter ratio on velocity ratio and pressure gradient for the spherical capsule train with density lower than that of water conveyed by water in a horizontal pipe of diameter 0.1 m. Two different capsule diameters (d=0.08 and 0.072 m) were investigated. Measurements were conducted on capsule concentrations of 5%–20% at bulk velocities ranging from 0.2 to 1.0 m/s. The effect of the bulk velocity and diameter ratio on the velocity ratio was demonstrated. The velocity ratio increased with decreasing diameter ratio and capsule concentration. The capsule velocity increases with increasing bulk velocity, however at the same bulk velocity the increase of the velocity of the capsule train with smaller diameter ratio is higher. The effect of the different diameter ratio on the pressure gradient was found negligible.

Optimisation of a Horizontal Capsule Transporting Pipeline carrying Cylindrical Capsules

Pipelines carrying fluids and slurries are quite common. The third-generation pipelines carrying spherical or cylindrical capsules (hollow containers) filled with minerals or other materials including hazardous liquids are rather a new concept. These pipelines need to be designed optimally for commercial viability. An optimal design of such a pipeline results in minimum pressure drop in the pipeline. This corresponds to minimum head loss and hence minimum pumping power required to drive the capsules and the transporting fluid. This study uses a rigorous approach to predict pumping cost based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and hence optimize the design of the capsule transporting pipelines. Pressure drop relationship developed has been incorporated to calculate the pumping requirements for the system. Based on the least-cost principle, a methodology has been developed for the determination of the optimal diameter of cylindrical capsule carrying hydraulic pipeline. This procedure can be applied to obtain the optimal size of the capsule pipeline for minimum pumping and capital costs.

Effect of the Length and Diameter of a Cylindrical Capsule on the Pressure Drop in a Horizontal Pipeline

Capsule pipeline research involves the study of the flow in a pipe of a long train of spherical or cylindrical capsules (hollow containers) filled with minerals or other materials including hazardous liquids. The behavior of the capsule train will depend upon the behavior of each capsule in the train and the hydrodynamic influence of one capsule on another. Designers are in need of a general correlation to calculate pressure drop in a capsule pipeline. Researchers, so far, have used rather simplified empirical and semi-empirical correlations for pressure drop calculations, the range and application of which is fairly limited. A mathematical correlation developed for pressure drop in cylindrical capsule of equi-density as its carrying medium is presented here. Based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) a numerical solution has been obtained from the equations governing the turbulent flow around a concentric cylindrical capsule in a hydraulically smooth pipe section. The diameter of the pipe used in present study is 0.1m while that of capsules are in the range of 50-80% of the pipe diameter. The investigation was carried out in the practical range of 0.2 ≤Vb≥ 1.6 m/sec. The computationally obtained data set over a wide range of flow conditions have then been used to develop a rigorous model for pressure drop. Using this model the pressure drop along the pipeline can be computed which then can be used to calculate pumping requirements.

Effects of process variables on the encapsulation of oil in ca-alginate capsules using an inverse gelation technique

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of process variables on the encapsulation of oil in a calcium alginate membrane using an inverse gelation technique. A dispersion of calcium chloride solution in sunflower oil (water-in-oil emulsion) was added dropwise to the alginate solution. The migration of calcium ions to the alginate solution initiates the formation of a ca-alginate membrane around the emulsion droplets. The membrane thickness of wet capsules and the elastic modulus of dry capsules increased following first-order kinetics with an increasing curing time. An increase in the calcium chloride concentration increased the membrane thickness of wet capsules and the elastic modulus of dry capsules. An increase in the alginate concentration decreased the mean diameter of wet capsules but increased the elastic modulus of dry capsules.

DECREASING SIZE OF RADIOSENSITIVE CAPSULES FROM MICRO TO NANO, AND ITS INCREASED ANTITUMOR EFFECT AND DECREASING ADVERSE EFFECT

We have been developing microcapsules that release anticancer drug with response to radiation. We attempted to decrease the diameter of capsules. Then, two categories were tested in VIVO in C3He mice: (1) the antitumor effect in combination with radiation and subcutaneously injected nanocapsules, (2) the kidnetics of nanocapsules when they were injected intravenously. Microcapsules were produced by spraying a mixture of 3.0 % hyaluronic acid, 2.0 % alginate, 3.0 % H2O2, and 0.3 mmol carboplatin (Pt containing anticancer drug) onto a mixture of vibrated 0.3 mol FeCl 2 and 0.15 mol CaCl 2. The antitumor effect was measured by measuring tumor diameter every day. The kinetics of microcapsules were expressed as the numbers of capsules in 5 views (25 × 25 μm) of micro PIXE camera and Pt concentration of quantiative PIXE. The generated microcapsules 752 ± 64 nm, which were significantly downsized relative to previous capsules. The accumulations of capsules in lungs, liver, and kidneys were decreased by downsizing, whereas those of tumors were increased. By adjusting Pt concentration in tumor, there were no significant differences in antitumor effect between not downsized and downsized microcapsules with combination with radiation. Decreased trapping of downsized microcapsules to lungs, liver, and kidneys, also increased trapping in tumors will lead to new targeted chemoradiotherapy via intravenous injection of microcapsules.

Castor Capsule Sheller Key Component Design and Experimental Research

This study developed by double rollers castor capsule their shell machine key components out the design and mechanics analysis. Builds force and deformation of the mathematical model: when castor capsule in force, and rollers deformation enables delta R, two of the gap between rollers and rolling Angle, castor capsule diameter and rubber roller diameter relevant, using mathematical software MATLAB) calculations. The positive pressure P size with rolling Angle, castor capsule diameter and rubber roller diameter, clearance changes. As the rollers speed increase, castor capsule stripping net rate present first increases, and fell trend; And present first decline and damage rate rise. With two rollers gap increase, castor capsule stripping net rate and the damage rate decreases, conversely, as the two rollers clearance decreased, castor capsule stripping net rate and the damage rate increase.

Remote Electrical Stimulation by Means of Implanted Rectifiers

Miniaturization of active implantable medical devices is currently compromised by the available means for electrically powering them. Most common energy supply techniques for implants – batteries and inductive couplers – comprise bulky parts which, in most cases, are significantly larger than the circuitry they feed. Here, for overcoming such miniaturization bottleneck in the case of implants for electrical stimulation, it is proposed to make those implants act as rectifiers of high frequency bursts supplied by remote electrodes. In this way, low frequency currents will be generated locally around the implant and these low frequency currents will perform stimulation of excitable tissues whereas the high frequency currents will cause only innocuous heating. The present study numerically demonstrates that low frequency currents capable of stimulation can be produced by a miniature device behaving as a diode when high frequency currents, neither capable of thermal damage nor of stimulation, flow through the tissue where the device is implanted. Moreover, experimental evidence is provided by an in vivo proof of concept model consisting of an anesthetized earthworm in which a commercial diode was implanted. With currently available microelectronic techniques, very thin stimulation capsules (diameter <500 µm) deliverable by injection are easily conceivable.

The influence of seed maturation on desiccation tolerance in Phalaenopsis amabilis hybrids

The Orchidaceae contains a large number of threatened species that could benefit from seed banking. However, successful seed storage requires a greater understanding of the enigmatic seed biology of orchids. In particular, there is little documentation of the presence or timing of the maturation drying that has been shown to be critical for longevity of agricultural seeds in storage. The aims of this work were to document seed water content, germinability and desiccation tolerance as a function of maturation in developing capsules of hand-pollinated flowers of Phalaenopsis hybrids. Lengthening of capsules was complete by 50 DAP, but capsule diameter continued to increase up to a maximum at 70 DAP. Relative water content rapidly declined from 75% moisture content (fresh weight basis) at 150 DAP to 50% moisture content at 165 DAP where it remained until dehiscence. Seed germinability remained high (75–99.5%) throughout the harvesting period (90–216 DAP), but desiccation tolerance only developed 165 days after pollination. Therefore, if Phalaenopsis seeds are to be stored, we propose that their harvest should be delayed until moisture content drops below 50%.