Capsaicinoid Content Research Articles

Androgenic response of Capsicum interspecific hybrids and capsaicinoid characteristics of DH lines

Summary In the research on induced androgenesis, eight groups of plants, the progeny of interspecific hybrid of Capsicum frutescens L. x C. annuum L., were used. Half of them were standard hard-flesh forms, while the others have represented SS or Ss genotype conditioning the soft flesh of ripe fruit. Anthers from the plants of six groups produced mixoploid callus and the DNA content ranged from 1C to 16C. Three groups formed embryos which converted into plants. The total number of regenerants was 19, included both androgenic haploids (13) and diploids (6). The results did not allow to present the simple relationship between the physiological feature of soft-flesh and the effectiveness of androgenesis. Pungent, soft-flesh genotypes appeared as a poor responsive in anther culture. The R2 and R3 generation of two soft-flesh diploids, evaluated in two-year experiments, showed full phenotypic uniformity, proofing the androgenic origin of diploids. These DH lines were different with regard to capsaicinoid profiles. The content of capsaicinoids ranged from 0.056 to 2.170 and from 0.019 to 1.610 g*kg-1 for capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin, respectively. The highest concentration of the compounds was observed in the placenta. Although the androgenic effectiveness was not fully satisfactory, the doubled haploid technology can be used for the rapid genetic stabilization of soft-flesh Capsicum spp. recombinants and the special attention should be paid to the spontaneous androdiploids.

원산지별 건고추 분말의 미생물학적 및 이화학적 품질특성에 대한 electron beam 조사처리의 효과

원산지별 건고추(중국산, 베트남, 국산)의 전자빔 조사처리에 따른 품질변화를 알아보고자 미생물학적 및 이화학적 품질 특성을 확인하였다. 비조사처리 건고추의 미생물 오염농도는 총 세균, 효모 및 곰팡이가 <TEX>$10^6-10^7CFU/g$</TEX>이 확인되었고, 대장균군은 베트남산에서만 <TEX>$10^3CFU/g$</TEX>이 확인되었다. 그러나 전자빔 조사처리에 의해 총 세균, 효모 및 곰팡이는 약 2-4 log cycle 정도 감소되었으며, 대장균군은 1 kGy 이상에서 검출되지 않았다. 또한 원산지에 따른 전자빔 조사처리 된 건고추의 수분, pH는 조사선량에 따른 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았으며, 환원당 함량은 1 kGy에서 다소 증가하는 경향이 있으나 유의적인 차이는 미미한 것으로 나타났다. 고추의 주요 매운맛 성분인 capsaicinoid함량은 중 국산(19.21 mg%), 베트남산(214.36 mg%), 국내산(7.28 mg%)으로 베트남산이 가장 높게 나타났으며, 조사선량이 증가할수록 그 함량은 감소하였다. 그러나 전자빔 조사처리 고추의 L 값 및 a 값은 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았으나, b 값은 조사선량이 증가할수록 증가하였으며, capsanthin 함량 및 ASTA values는 선량에 의한 영향보다 원산지에 의해 더 큰 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 미생물을 효과적으로 살균하고 품질변화를 최소화하는 고추의 위생적 살균방법으로 전자빔 살균기술의 타당성을 확인하였다. The effects of electron beam (e-beam) irradiation at up to 10 kGy on the microbiological and physicochemical properties of dried red pepper powders were studied. Samples from Korea, China, and Vietnam were included in this study. In untreated samples, the total number of microbes, such as total aerobic bacteria, yeasts and molds, was in the range of <TEX>$10^6-10^7CFU/g$</TEX>. E-beam irradiation at 5 kGy reduced the microbial load by 2-4 log cycles, thus improving the hygienic quality of the samples. Moisture and pH of the samples were unchanged after e-beam irradiation. Reducing sugar content decreased at 1 kGy, followed by a gradual increase at higher radiation doses. At 5 kGy, no significant changes in the content of capsaicinoids were observed between the irradiated and control samples, while a 10 kGy dose led to a significant decrease. The content of pigments did not exhibit apparent changes with increasing dose of irradiation.

Horticultural and chemical quality characterization of accessions selected from four species of Capsicum

Pepper accessions with promising adaptations to the Korean growing environment were selected from Capsiucm annuum, C. frutescens, C. baccatum, and C. chinense. ‘Cherry Sweet,’ ‘Papri Sweet,’ and ‘Papri Mild’ accessions of C. annuum were selected for their fresh fruit quality. The fruit of ‘Cherry Sweet’ and ‘Papri Mild’ matured into a bright red color, with a high American Spice Trade Association (ASTA) color value, while the fruit of ‘Papri Sweet’ was characterized by a good taste and chewing texture. KC01299, KC01333, KC01338, and KC01345 accessions of C. frutescens had relatively low ASTA color values, but were highly pungent with a capsaicinoid content similar to or higher than Tabasco (375.5 mg·100 g−1) and 3 to 5 times that of ‘Cheongyang’ (103.3 mg·100 g−1), which is a popular Korean hot pepper cultivar. The three selected C. baccatum accessions (KC01739, KC00625, and KC00628) were tolerant to powdery mildew and viruses, with KC01691 and KC00625 having high sugar content. A good diversity in fruit shape and chemical quality components was found among the selected C. chinense accessions. The fruit of KC01693 (with a temporary RDA genebank number 800080) were light emerald green when immature and ivory to ripe apricot color when mature, with a high sweet taste and the characteristic aroma of C. chinense. The mature fruits contained similar levels of capsaicinoids as ‘Cheonyang,’ and had the highest sugar content of all tested accessions in this study. The red and orange lines bearing Korean chile pepper type fruits with tolerance to powdery mildew and viruses were selected from PI224445 (KC00163). The red fruit selection had the highest ASTA color value among all tested accessions, with the appropriate pungency for making Korean Kimchee. Bhut Jolokia had the highest ranking for capsaicinoid content, but its fruit set was poor. A red Habanero, KC01787, was selected for productivity, high capsaicinoid content, and tolerance to viruses in the field.

Central composite design of pressurised hot water extraction process for extracting capsaicinoids from chili peppers

Pressurised hot water extraction (PHWE) was applied to chilies in order to optimise extraction yield of capsaicinoids (capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, nordihydrocapsaicin, nonivamide). Determination of the optimum extraction procedure was performed by comparison of the yield of the extracts. Capsaicinoids content was determined by HPLC coupled with mass spectrometry. An optimisation study was performed using water as an extraction solvent at constant extraction pressure (20MPa), extraction temperature ranging from 120 to 240°C and static extraction time ranging from 5 to 60min as independent variables. The optimum PHWE conditions for all response variables were estimated; however, PHWE conditions resulting in the highest recovery of capsaicinoids (20MPa, 200°C and 10+20min of static extraction time) were chosen for comparison with a conventional Soxhlet extraction (SOX) in the case of seven chili pepper fruit samples (chili peppers of species Capsicum chinenses: Trinidad Scorpion Moruga, Jamaican Hot Red, and Yellow Habanero, chilies of species Capsicum annuum: Yellow Bedder, Ring of Fire, and Chiltepin, chili pepper Tabasco of species Capsicum frutescens) and three chili spices (ground spices from Trinidad Scorpion Moruga, Bhut Jolokia, and Fatalii Red, all of species Capsicum chinenses).

Capsaicinoid Contents in Peppers and Pepper-Related Spicy Foods

The quantification of the major capsaicinoids, namely nordihydrocapsaicin, capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, homocapsaicin, and homodihydrocapsaicin, present in spicy foods made from peppers has been performed. The capsaicin content is directly related to the pungency properties of foods that contain hot peppers. The samples studied included 10 different dried hot peppers, 19 hot sauces, 4 kinds of paprika, and 4 different ketchups. The range of concentrations of capsaicinoids found were as follows: dried hot peppers (554.1–1705.9 mol kg−1), paprikas (582.0–665.0 mol kg−1), spicy ketchups (4.0–12.4 mol kg−1), and hot sauces (4.6–843.8 mol kg−1). Variability in the capsaicinoid content was found, with capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin present at the highest levels. The capsaicin content was generally higher than the dihydrocapsaicin content.

A Comparative Study of Ascorbic Acid and Capsaicinoid Contents in Red Hot Peppers (Capsicum annum L.) Grown in Southeastern Anatolia Region

The aim of this study was to evaluate selected physico-chemical properties, ascorbic acid, and capsaicinoid (capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, norhydrocapsaicin, homodihydrocapsaicin, and total capsaicinoid) quantities of red hot pepper populations (Capsicum annum L.) grown in the South-Eastern Anatolia Region. Fresh and sun-dried red hot peppers and red hot pepper seed samples were collected from Kahramanmaraş, pepper of Kahramanmaraş; Gaziantep, pepper of Gaziantep; Kilis, pepper of Kilis; Diyarbakır, pepper of Diyarbakır; and Şanlıurfa, pepper of Şanlıurfa in the months of September through October 2010. The collected samples were analyzed in terms of certain quality parameters and capsaicinoid contents, while ascorbic acid amounts were determined only in fresh samples. All of the examined prameters were found to be significant statistically (P < 0.05). From the obtained results, it might be considered that these red hot pepper samples were suitable for cultivation due to their high-nutritional quality.

Measurement of Capsaicinoids in Chiltepin Hot Pepper: A Comparison Study between Spectrophotometric Method and High Performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis

Direct spectrophotometric determination of capsaicinoids content in Chiltepin pepper was investigated as a possible alternative to HPLC analysis. Capsaicinoids were extracted from Chiltepin in red ripe and green fruit with acetonitrile and evaluated quantitatively using the HPLC method with capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin standards. Three samples of different treatment were analyzed for their capsaicinoids content successfully by these methods. HPLC-DAD revealed that capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, and nordihydrocapsaicin comprised up to 98% of total capsaicinoids detected. The absorbance of the diluted samples was read on a spectrophotometer at 215–300 nm and monitored at 280 nm. We report herein the comparison between traditional UV assays and HPLC-DAD methods for the determination of the molar absorptivity coefficient of capsaicin (ε280=3,410andε280=3,720 M−1 cm−1) and dihydrocapsaicin (ε280=4,175andε280=4,350 M−1 cm−1), respectively. Statistical comparisons were performed using the regression analyses (ordinary linear regression and Deming regression) and Bland-Altman analysis. Comparative data for pungency was determined spectrophotometrically and by HPLC on samples ranging from 29.55 to 129 mg/g with a correlation of 0.91. These results indicate that the two methods significantly agree. The described spectrophotometric method can be routinely used for total capsaicinoids analysis and quality control in agricultural and pharmaceutical analysis.

Effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid pretreatment of Capsicum spp. donor plants on the anther culture efficiency of lines selected by capsaicinoid content

Effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid pretreatment of Capsicum spp. donor plants on the anther culture efficiency of lines selected by capsaicinoid content

Nitrate promotes capsaicin accumulation in Capsicum chinense immobilized placentas.

In chili pepper's pods, placental tissue is responsible for the synthesis of capsaicinoids (CAPs), the compounds behind their typical hot flavor or pungency, which are synthesized from phenylalanine and branched amino acids. Placental tissue sections from Habanero peppers (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) were immobilized in a calcium alginate matrix and cultured in vitro, either continuously for 28 days or during two 14-day subculture periods. Immobilized placental tissue remained viable and metabolically active for up to 21 days, indicating its ability to interact with media components. CAPs contents abruptly decreased during the first 7 days in culture, probably due to structural damage to the placenta as revealed by scanning electron microcopy. CAPs levels remained low throughout the entire culture period, even though a slight recovery was noted in subcultured placentas. However, doubling the medium's nitrate content (from 40 to 80 mM) resulted in an important increment, reaching values similar to those of intact pod's placentas. These data suggest that isolated pepper placentas cultured in vitro remain metabolically active and are capable of metabolizing inorganic nitrogen sources, first into amino acids and, then, channeling them to CAP synthesis.

Variability in capsaicinoid content in different landraces of Capsicum cultivated in north-eastern India

Level of variation in capsaicinoid content was evaluated in Capsicum accessions belonging to chilli land races from north-eastern India. Accessions from NE India showed enormous variation in morphological characters such as fruit shape, size, colour, and fruit position. Capsaicinoid content in 139 accessions varied from 0.02 to 72.05mg/g. The ratio between two major capsaicinoids, capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin, varied from 0.34 to 4.92. The capsaicinoid content among 92 accessions of Bhut Jolokia varied from 11.95 to 72.05mg/g with corresponding pungency levels of 191,135–1,152,832SHU. A strong positive correlation (r=0.90) was obtained between capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin content.

Effects of Far-infrared Irradiance at Night on Quality of Sunlight Dried Red Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in Plastic Houses

본 연구는 원적외선등 적정 조사량이 상품성과 건조 효율에 미치는 효과를 구명하기 위하여 실시하였다. 원적외선등 조사량은 대조구(관행), <TEX>$250W{\cdot}6.6m^{-2}$</TEX>, <TEX>$250W{\cdot}3.3m^{-2}$</TEX>, <TEX>$500W{\cdot}3.3m^{-2}$</TEX> 등 4처리를 두었다. 고추 건조기간은 <TEX>$500W{\cdot}3.3m^{-2}$</TEX>와 <TEX>$250W{\cdot}3.3m^{-2}$</TEX>는 12일, <TEX>$250W{\cdot}6.63m^{-2}$</TEX>는 14일, 관행은 15일이었다. 주간 온도는 처리 간에 동일하였으며, 야간 최저온도는 원적외선등 처리구가 <TEX>$29.5-37.2^{\circ}C$</TEX>, 관행이 <TEX>$23.8^{\circ}C$</TEX>로 가장 낮았다. 건고추 상품 수량은 원적외선등 <TEX>$250W{\cdot}3.3m^{-2}$</TEX> 처리에서 가장 우수하였으며, 원적외선등 조사 처리구가 대조구보다 7-14% 증가하였다. 상품과율은 원적외선등 조사 처리구에서 93.6-96.3%로 대조구 87.0-87.5%보다 높았다. 고추의 ASTA 값은 <TEX>$250W{\cdot}3.3m^{-2}$</TEX>, <TEX>$250W{\cdot}6.6m^{-2}$</TEX>, <TEX>$500W{\cdot}3.3m^{-2}$</TEX>, 관행 순으로 높았다. 캡사이신 capsaicin 함량은 처리 간에는 일정한 경향을 나타내지 않았다. 본 실험에서 얻어진 결과는 태양초 건조 기간 단축뿐만 아니라 고추의 품질 향상에 기여하리라 기대된다. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of night-time far-infrared irradiance quality of red pepper dried in greenhouses. This study involved 4 treatments: sunlight alone (control), or sunlight plus nightly far-infrared irradiation at <TEX>$250W{\cdot}6.6m^{-2}$</TEX> (<TEX>$250W{\cdot}6.6m^{-2}$</TEX>), far-infrared irradiation at <TEX>$250W{\cdot}3.3m^{-2}$</TEX> (<TEX>$250W{\cdot}3.3m^{-2}$</TEX>), or far-infrared irradiation <TEX>$500W{\cdot}3.3m^{-2}$</TEX> (<TEX>$500W{\cdot}3.3m^{-2}$</TEX>). The drying periods were 12 days in <TEX>$500W{\cdot}3.3m^{-2}$</TEX> and <TEX>$250W{\cdot}3.3m^{-2}$</TEX>, and 14 days in <TEX>$250W{\cdot}6.6m^{-2}$</TEX>, and 15 days in the control. The daytime temperature was same among the treatments. The lowest temperature was at <TEX>$23.8^{\circ}C$</TEX> in control, and <TEX>$29.5-37.2^{\circ}C$</TEX> in far-infrared irradiation treatments. The marketable yield was 7-14% higher in far-infrared irradiation treatments compared to the control. The rate of marketability was higher in far-infrared irradiation treatments (93.6-96.3%) than in the control (87.0-87.5%). The American Spice Trade Association (ASTA) value was greatest in the <TEX>$250W{\cdot}3.3m^{-2}$</TEX> treatment, followed by <TEX>$250W{\cdot}6.6m^{-2}$</TEX>, then <TEX>$500W{\cdot}3.3m^{-2}$</TEX>, and finally the control. Capsaicinoid content showed no regular trend among the treatments. Our results provide an optimized method for reducing drying time of red pepper under sunlight, and improving the quality of dried red pepper.

고추품종별 재배년도와 재배지역에 따른 품질 특성

본 연구에서는 우리건, 부강 및 무한질주 세 고추 품종을 대상으로 2011년도와 2012년도 2년간 10개 지역에서 재배, 수확하여 capsaicinoids 함량, 유리당 함량 및 ASTA color value를 분석하여 재배년도별, 지역별 특성을 비교 분석하였다. 재배지역별 우리건, 부강 및 무한질주 고추 품종의 총 capsaicinoids 함량은 각각 52.53~362, 15.35~126.40 및 3.41~50.86 mg/100 g 범위였고, 고추 품종별 평균 총 capsaicinoid 함량은 우리건 > 부강 > 무한질주 순으로 유의적으로(p<0.05) 높았다. 세 고추 품종의 주요 유리당으로는 fructose와 glucose가 검출되었고, 일부 지역의 우리건 고추에서 sucrose가 소량 검출되었다. 지역별 우리건, 부강 및 무한질주 고추 품종의 총 유리당 함량은 각각 18.29~35.54, 16.91~32.83 및 18.63~33.21%이었고, 품종별 평균 유리당 함량은 재배년도 및 품종에 따른 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 재배지역별 우리건, 부강 및 무한질주 고추 품종의 ASTA color value는 각각 57.17~132.61, 66.23~139.49 및 85.43~133.26 범위였고, 세 품종 모두 2011년도에 비해 2012년도에 재배한 고추의 ASTA color value가 높았다. 이상의 결과로부터 고추의 capsaicinoids 함량 변이는 품종에 의한 영향이, 유리당 함량과 ASTA color value는 환경적 요인에 의한 영향이 더 큰 것으로 판단되며, 추후 고추 육종 및 재배, 고춧가루 가공제품 생산 등의 연구에 기초 결과로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. This study was conducted to investigate the amounts of capsaicinoid and free sugar, as well as ASTA color values in three pepper cultivars grown in different regions of Korea. Pepper cultivars from ten different regions of Korea were collected in 2011 and 2012. The capsaicinoid contents of the three cultivars, Urigun, Bugang, and Muhanjilju, varied in the range of 52.53~362, 15.35~126.40, and 3.41~50.86 mg/100 g, respectively, depending on their cultivation region. Among the three cultivars, Urigun had the highest average capsaicinoid content, followed by Bugang and Muhanjilju. The free sugar contents of Urigun, Bugang, and Muhanjilju varied in the range of 18.29~35.54, 16.91~32.83, and 18.63~33.21%, respectively, depending on the region. Average free sugar contents did not vary significantly among the cultivars grown in different regions as well as in different years. The ASTA color values of Urigun, Bugang, and Muhanjilju varied in the range of 57.17~132.61, 66.23~139.49, and 85.43~133.26, respectively. ASTA color values of the three cultivars grown in 2012 were significantly higher than those grown in 2011. Variations in the amounts of capsaicinoids, free sugar contents, and ASTA color values observed in this study can be attributed to the intrinsic genetic characteristics of each cultivar or alternatively to the environmental conditions. We assume that the quantity of capsaicinoid is affected more by the genotype than the cultivation region, whereas the reverse holds for the variations in free sugar quantity and ASTA color values.

Capsaicinoid: A potential antioxidant with close interactions against human iNOS in docking study

Capsicum chinense, popularly known as Bhut jolokia, was collected from three states of North-East India and was studied for variation in its pungency principal viz. capsaicinoid content and antioxidant activity as well as its inter-action affinity with human inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) active sites. HPLC fingerprinting analysis showed capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin as the major active compounds present in the capsaicinoid extract of C. chinense. In comparison to dihydrocapsaicin, capsaicin was found in high amount. The pungency range was observed between 3, 47,301 SHU to 8, 45,296 SHU in the collected samples. The capsaicinoid extract exhibited antioxidant activity with 46.24 ± 15.34% scavenging of DPPH free radical at 100 ppm. The dock-ing analysis showed that capsaicin interacted more with the active sites of iNOS compared to dihydrocapsaicin. Present investigation revealed considerable difference in capsaicinoid content among the samples collected from three states of North-East India. The capsaicinoid showed noticeable antioxidant activity with potent binding affinity to the active sites of iNOS in the molecular docking analysis.

Inactivation of foodborne pathogens in powdered red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) using combined UV-C irradiation and mild heat treatment

This study was performed to investigate the effectiveness of combined ultraviolet (UV-C) irradiation and mild heating as an alternative to conventional inactivation of foodborne pathogens, including Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium on powdered red pepper. A cocktail of three strains of E. coli O157:H7 ATCC 35150, ATCC 43889, ATCC 43890) and S. Typhimurium (ATCC 19585, ATCC 43971, DT 104) was inoculated onto powdered red pepper and then treated with UV-C irradiation and mild heat. A constant UV intensity (3.40 mW/cm2) of the emitting lamps was applied to samples for 5, and 10 min at 25, 35, 45, 55, and 65 °C, respectively. Also, quality change of powdered red pepper was measured in order to identify the efficiency of combined treatment. The reduction levels of E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium on powdered red pepper when treated with UV-C irradiation alone at 20.4 kJ/m2 for 10 min was 0.22 and 0.29 log CFU/g, respectively. While, combined treatment with mild heating at 65 °C reduced the surviving numbers of each pathogens by 2.88 and 3.06 log CFU/g, respectively. Although the inactivation efficiency was influenced less by the UV-C radiation dose, the synergistic effect was observed with increasing temperature and UV-C radiation dose. CIE color value and extractable color value were not significantly (P > 0.05) different between non-treated and combination treated samples. The moisture and capsaicinoids contents showed significant (P < 0.05) differences when treated at 65 °C because of sample drying during heat treatment. Therefore, these results suggest that UV-C irradiation combined with mild heating can be utilized by the food industry in order to effectively inactivate E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium without incurring quality deterioration of powdered red pepper.

Capsaicinoid profile of soft-flesh Capsicum spp. genotypes according to the purée production method

Summary Capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin concentration was evaluated using the HPLC method in the whole fruit, pericarp, and purée obtained by rubbing fruit through a strainer, purée obtained by fruit expressing, and in the waste following the two above processes. The highest content of each compound was noted in purée and the lowest one in pericarp and waste. Concentration of capsaicin was higher than concentration of dihydrocapsaicin in all of the analysed material. Reciprocal relations between contents of two compounds ranged from 1.4 to 5.3. Capsaicinoid contents in purée obtained by rubbing plus in the waste of the process and in the expressed purée plus the waste of the process were highly similar. Capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin contents in purée obtained as a result of mechanical separation of soft tissue from the inedible fruit parts was significantly higher than in pericarp and stable, regardless of the processing method.

신품종 고추 24종의 phytochemicals 분석 및 생리활성 비교

본 연구에서는 한국산 고추를 교배하여 육성된 신품종 고추 24종류를 이용해 색도, ASTA 색상값을 측정하여 고추의 외적인 붉은색 품질을 분석하고, carotenoid의 함량을 측정하여 고추의 색상 특성을 연구하고자 하였습니다. 또한 phytochemicals 성분인 ascorbic acid, polyphenol, flavonoid 함량, capsaicinoids의 함량을 측정하였으며, 항산화 활성을 연구함으로써 신품종 고추의 특성을 분석하고, 신품종 고추 품질의 우수성을 탐색하고자 하였다. 색도를 측정한 결과는 품종 간 차이가 크지는 않았으며 기존의 국산 고추 품종과 비슷한 값을 나타내었다. ASTA 색상값은 116.69-249.83의 범위, 평균 173.64으로 나타나 선행연구에 비해 높게 측정되었다. 또한 carotenoid 함량이 3.19-6.11 mg/g dried weight의 분포를 보였으며, 평균값이 4.52 mg/g dried weight로 측정되어, Kim(11) 선행연구에서 발표한 함량에 비해 높았다. 고추의 유리당 함량은 품종 간에 차이가 크게 나타났으며, '품종 1'이 195.54 mg/g dried weight로 가장 높게 측정되었다. 고추의 ascorbic acid 함량은 8.08-11.53 mg/g dried weight로, 품종별로 다양한 수치를 나타내었다. 고추는 높은 polyphenol 함량과 flavonoid 함량을 가지고 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 이로 인한 다양한 생리활성 효과를 가질 것으로 기대되었다. 또한 Capsaicin과 dihydrocapsaicin의 함량을 측정한 결과, 상당히 넓은 분포 범위를 보였으며, 한국산업규격을 기준으로 '품종 5, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 18, 24'은 순한 맛, '품종 3, 6, 13'은 덜 매운 맛, '품종 1, 7, 12, 19'은 보통 매운 맛, '품종 23'은 매운 맛, 나머지 '품종 2, 4, 8, 9, 17, 20, 21, 22'은 매우 매운 맛으로 분류되었다. DPPH와 ABTS 자유기 소거활성은 모두 농도 증가함에 따라 항산화 활성이 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, '품종 2, 4, 8, 9'는 다른 품종에 비해 항산화 활성이 높았다. 이번 연구를 통해 신품종 고추 간의 색상, 생리활성 성분 함량 및 항산화능의 차이를 확인하였으며, 선행연구와의 비교를 통해 기존 품종에 비해 대체적으로 품질이 향상된 품종임을 검증하였다. 본 연구는 새로 육종한 신품종 고추의 품질 차이를 분석하고 생리활성성분의 우수성을 확인하는 기초 연구로써, 기능성 식품소재로써의 고추의 이용 가능성을 증진시킬 수 있는 기초 자료가 될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다. This study aimed to investigate the activities of phytochemical and bioactive components from 24 new varieties of red pepper obtained by crossbreeding different Korean red pepper lines. The ASTA (American Spice Trade Association) color values ranged from 116.69 to 249.83 and the total carotenoid content ranged from 3.19 to 6.11 mg/g dried red pepper. The free sugar content ranged from 43.41 to 199.54 mg/g, and the fructose content was found to be higher than the glucose content. The ascorbic acid, total polyphenol, and flavonoid contents were found to be 8.08-11.53 mg/g, 7.93-14.26 mg gallic acid/g, and 4.24-10.07 mg quercetin/g dried pepper, respectively. Overall, the total polyphenol contents of the new varieties were found to be higher than the average content of Korean red peppers. The total capsaicinoid content in the new varieties varied widely from 0.42 to 237.87 mg/100 g dried pepper. The pepper-methanol extract antioxidant activities of 'variety 2, 4, 8, 9' were higher than others. A high correlation was observed between the antioxidant activities and the polyphenol contents (r=0.804, r=0.701).

Comparison of physicochemical and microorganism characteristics between the air-dried and sun-dried red pepper in south Korea

The aim of this study was to provide useful information for making guide of quality index of Korean red pepper. The results of physicochemical characteristics analysis showed the moisture content of air-dried and sun-dried red pepper were 10.38~15.60% and 9.46~17.22%, which show that 50% of the 40 samples exceeded the 13% KS moisture standards of red pepper powder. The capsaicinoids content of the air-dried and sun-dried samples were 10.85~126.39 mg% (1,627~18,958 Scoville heat unit) and 0.43~164.09 mg% (64.5~24,613.5 Scoville heat unit). A wide distribution of ASTA values was observed: 49.12~154.69 and 70.08~182.13 for air-dried and sun-dried red pepper, respectively, with 9.29 ~ 23.10% free sugar, and 0~1,050 mg% of ascorbic acid. The total viable cells of the air-dried red peppers were 2.01~6.67 log CFU/g and of sun-dried red peppers, 1.74~5.77 log CFU/g. The contamination level of yeast in the samples were 1.03~4.12 log CFU/g of the air-dried samples and 1.05~6.10 log CFU/g of the sun-dried samples. Among the foodborne pathogens, Clostridium perfringens and Bacillus cereus were detected in many red pepper samples regardless drying method. In the principal component analysis, the first (PC1) and second principal components (PC2) accounted for 56.78 % of the total variances (38.47% and 18.31%, respectively). Ascorbic acid, ASTA, color value (L, a, b) were strongly correlated with the PC1, and quality characteristics such as moisture, microorganism, sample (drying method) showed a negative correlation with the PC1.

Stability of Capsaicinoid Content at Raised Temperatures

Capsaicinoids, found in the fruits of Capsicum species, contribute to the spiciness of foods. However, the fruits are often subjected to heat, particularly during food preparation and in other high temperature operations, and possible changes in the capsaicinoid content have not been systematically reported. Therefore, this investigation focused on the effects of initial concentration, temperature, time and pH on the final capsaicinoid content in a model system. With higher initial concentrations (200-1000 ppm) of capsaicinoids to start with, the reduction rates were slower as the heating time increased. Under a constant initial capsaicinoid concentration (200 ppm), neutral pH had a lower rate of change in capsaicinoid content than that of both alkaline and acidic conditions. Also, alkaline conditions were more stable than acidic. The rate of reduction was generally much faster at higher temperatures, no matter what the initial concentration. Apparently, to retain a high content of capsaicinoids at the end of heating at high temperature, a high initial concentration is necessary, as well as maintaining at neutral pH and having a short heating time.

Evaluation of carotenoid and capsaicinoid contents in powder of red chili peppers during one year of storage

The color and the pungency of red chili pepper powder, depending on the carotenoid and capsaicinoid contents, are important properties for this food ingredient. In this study the patterns of these two classes of compounds have been analyzed in samples of red chili powder during one year of storage at room temperature (20–24°C) and at low temperature (−18°C), in order to investigate the eventual chemical changes occurring during storage, and to find a possible correlation between the behavior of the two groups of molecules.During storage at room temperature, both carotenoid and capsaicinoid amounts were found to decrease progressively following a linear kinetics. After 12months free carotenoids decreased to 20% of the initial value, and total capsaicinoids to 75%. All classes of carotenoids were found to be highly correlated with total capsaicinoids, thus showing that the molecules as the object of the study were subjected to similar kinetics. During storage at low temperature carotenoids decrease with lower rate (free carotenoids reached 66% of the initial value after 12months) and capsaicinoids were almost unaltered.

Relationship between pungency and food components – A comparison of chemical and sensory evaluations

The influence of food ingredients (water, starch, fat, and sugar), individually and in combination, on the sensory perception of the pungency of capsaicin was studied in model food systems using the time-intensity method. Furthermore, the transferability of the results obtained using model food matrices to complex matrices, such as convenience salsas, was investigated. Significant differences between the samples (p<0.05) were examined by analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey-HSD post hoc test. A highly complex matrix and a high starch content reduced the perception of pungency in both the model food matrices and the convenience salsa products. Therefore, the time-related maximum intensity of pungency (Imax) was affected by other factors in addition to the capsaicin concentration.The total capsaicinoid content in the salsas was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS) and correlated to the results of the sensory evaluation. The best correlation (R2=0.8029) was observed for the total capsaicinoid content and the maximum intensity of pungency (Imax) in comparison to the duration of the total pungency perception TDur (R2=0.5176) and the area under the curve (R2=0.6898). The calculated regression models serve as an example of how empirical calculations can be generated and used in a specific context.