Capital City Research Articles

Classification of Air Pollutant Index on Data with Outliers and Imbalance Class Problem

The problem of air pollution has become a global issue that has received attention from various countries. Jakarta, Indonesia's capital city, is unavoidable from the same problem. This study will use four parameters of substances PM10, SO2, CO, O3, and nitrogen dioxide to categorize Jakarta's air quality (NO2). The data used is daily data taken from the Air Quality Monitoring Station in Jakarta throughout 2020. The methods used include SVM, Random Forest, Logistic Regression, KNN, CART, and Stacking Algorithm. At the data preparation stage, we found missing values, outliers, and class imbalance problems. Before applying machine learning methods and evaluating accuracy, we used data pre-processing techniques such as the MissForest method, median substitution, and ADASYN. The results prove that the original dataset has a higher accuracy score (0.882 – 0.977) than the balanced dataset (0.829 – 0.976). According to the evaluation results, the Random Forest method has the highest accuracy score for original and balanced datasets. The overall result is better than the identical research, which produces 96.61% accuracy using a neural network. It shows that preprocessing steps such as missing values handling an imbalanced class handling is essential in classification performance.

월성북고분군의 변천과 마립간기 6부의 내부 조직

This paper aims to trace the 6 bu organization of the Maripgan Period. For this purpose, a comprehensive interpretation was derived by comparing and analyzing the the Wol-seong North Ancient Tombs with the Geumcheok-ri Ancient Tombs and the central tombs constructed in the time period before and after the Wolseong North Ancient Tombs. The formation process of Wolseong North Ancient Tombs cluster consisted of the es-tablishment of the A-1 group, in which the high mounded tombs were built continuously nearby the pre-existing wooden chamber burials to the north, and the establishment of the B and C groups, in which new high mounded tombs were built along the outer wetland boundary, where there was no pre-existing burial ground. Groups A-1, B, and C are con-sidered to correspond to the three initial bu (Tak (喙), Pi (彼), Hangi (漢岐)). Before the divi-sion into 6 bu around the middle to late 4th century, the initial 3 bu were gathered togeth-er in the area of the Wolseong North Ancient Tombs. Subsequently, the A-2 group (centered around Hwangnamdaechong Tomb), which mainly consists of the super-large tombs of Group 1 and Group 2 and the large tombs of Group 3, came to be separated. The reason for this is likely the establishment of a separate burial ground for Gan (干支) status individuals in the center of the capital city. Moving forward to the 5th century, the 6 bu divisions of Tak (喙), Satak (沙喙), Motak (岑喙), Bonpi (本彼), Seupbi (斯彼), and Hangi (漢岐) were completed amid the power struggle between the Maripgan groups. The tomb of King Galmun, the head of Satak-bu, was continuously built in the A-2 burial ground. It is inferred that although the tombs of Motak-bu (the Geumcheok-ri Anceint Tombs) continued to be built at the group’s original burial ground, it followed the arrangement principle pursued by the tombs of Tak-bu and Satak-bu. During the reign of Nulji Maripgan (417-458), the ousted Silseong Maripgan faction separated to form A-3 burial ground (in the area of Tomb No. 119), and at the same time, the foundations for the principle of father to son succession for the Silla throne were estab-lished. Throughout the reign of the three major Maripgans ranging from Nulji to Jabi-Soji, A-4-burial ground (in the area of Bonghwangdae) was seperated to form the burial grounds of the Maripgan clan.

Prevalence and factors associated with postpartum depression among Bhutanese mothers: a cross-sectional study.

This study investigated the prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD) and explored associated factors among mothers attending postnatal care in Bhutan. A cross-sectional study was conducted from August to November 2023 at a national referral hospital in Thimphu, the capital city of Bhutan. In total, 314 mothers were recruited. Sociodemographic, psychosocial, obstetric, and infant-related data were collected using questionnaires. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, with a threshold of ≥11, was employed to screen for PPD, and logistic regression was used to test the potential factors. The prevalence of PPD was 14.97%. Mothers with a perceived change in body image (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 4.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.91-10.17; p=.001), perceived heightened stress after delivery (AOR, 3.74; 95% CI, 1.45-9.67; p=.006), poor relationship with inlaws (AOR, 2.57; 95% CI, 1.24-5.30; p=. 011), and negative birth experience (AOR, 2.42; 95% CI, 1.17-5.00; p=.016) demonstrated significantly higher odds of developing PPD. However, mothers with a higher monthly family income (Bhutanese ngultrum [Nu.] 20,000 to <50,000; AOR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.13-0.92; p=.033), ≥Nu. 50,000 (AOR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.13-1.07, p=.067) compared to <Nu. 20,000, and advanced gestational age (37 to <41 weeks; AOR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.09-0.71; p=.009) and ≥41 weeks (AOR, 0.08; 95% CI, 0.00-0.75; p=.028) compared to <37 weeks had significantly lower risks of PPD. To mitigate the prevalence and risk of PPD, prioritizing screening strategies and interventions may benefit mothers with perceived changes in body image and heightened perceived stress after delivery, poor relationships with in-laws, and those with negative birth experiences.

Trends of Extreme Temperature and Rainfall Indices for Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia

The extreme temperature and precipitation index trend analysis for Addis Ababa city is presented in this study. The Bole and Tikur Anbesa observatories, two stations in the capital city of Addis Ababa, provide the temperature and rainfall variation used in this analysis. The RClim-Dex software has been used to find climate extreme indices for Addis Ababa city stations based on climate data for the period 1954 to 2019. The annual total precipitation trend (PRCPTOT) at the 5% significant level exhibits a positive slope at the Addis Ababa observatory and a negative slope at the Addis Ababa Bole station. SDII trends indicate an increase at the 5% significant threshold for both stations. At the 5% significance level, the trends for both stations’ maximum and lowest temperatures show a positive slope. Conversely, both stations exhibit a negative slope in the diurnal temperature ranges. The RClim-Dex results indicate that, while rainfall intensity is decreasing, there is a tendency for annual rainfall indices to increase at the Addis Ababa observatory station, but to decrease at the Bole station. Additionally, there is an upward slope for consecutive wet days for all stations. Nevertheless, steady warming patterns are evident for both the maximum and minimum temperature indices. In contrast, declining trends are shown in the diurnal temperature ranges.

Characteristics of surface air quality over provincial capital cities in Northwestern China during 2013–2020

Characteristics of surface air quality over provincial capital cities in Northwestern China during 2013–2020

Willingness analysis of middle-aged and older people’s participation in reverse mortgage schemes

Enabling older adults to age at home is an urgent issue. This study focuses on the attitudes of middle-aged and older people (MAOP) in the capital cities of Taiwan, which are characterised by expensive housing prices and living costs, to examine their preferences for reverse mortgage (RM) schemes. The stated preference method and conditional multinomial logit model are utilised for analysis. The study simulates the total payment duration (TPD) and monthly payment amounts (MPA) to determine the market share of MAOPs’ choices regarding terms. The results indicate that MAOPs tend to opt for RM schemes when they have children, partly enhancing the preference toward the long-term alternative (AL). Increasing the MPA has a positive effect on the market share of the AL scheme, but the amount must be increased to 90% to replace the market share of non-participation schemes significantly. The experimental design of this study could serve as a reference for future RM scheme designs. The findings suggest that there should be more alternative funding sources in an ageing society, particularly through revitalising housing assets, to promote ageing in place.

Convenience orientation, environmental concerns and resource conservation behaviours

There is a concern that convenience orientation, especially lifestyles that prefer convenience to sustainability, could lead to increased resource consumption, posing a challenge to sustainable consumption. This study aims to provide empirical evidence showing that convenience orientation may not necessarily harm the environment but helps conserve resources. We designed our survey to collect data on convenience orientation and environmental concerns from 361 households living in the capital city of Pakistan. Using the structural equation modelling approach, we examine how convenience orientation, environmental concerns and socioeconomic importance affect food, water, and energy conservation behaviours. Our results reveal a positive association between convenience orientation, environmental concerns and conservation behaviours while socioeconomic importance negatively associated with the food, water and energy conservation behaviours. This finding is contradictory to concerns that convenience orientation might undermine sustainability efforts.

Study on the coordination and factors affecting the coupling of resource and environmental carrying capacity and regional economy in ecologically fragile areas

The coordinated development of the resources, environment and social economy in ecologically fragile areas has become one of the urgent issues for all countries in the world. In this study, the ecologically fragile area of Ningxia was used as the typical case area. This study constructs a “four main subjects and eight dimensions” comprehensive evaluation model based on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to analyze the situation of the resource and environmental carrying capacity (RECC). This study employs the coupled coordination degree model and the obstacle degree model, integrating them with Pearson correlation analysis to quantitatively evaluate the coupled coordination relationship and influencing factors between RECC and socioeconomic development in Ningxia. The study shows that: (a) the RECC in Ningxia is on an upward trend, with obvious spatial differences, and the pressure on resources and environment in the provincial capital city is more obvious; (b) the coordination of RECC and socioeconomic development coupling in Ningxia is on a steady upward trend, but the internal development differences are more obvious, and the degree of coordination in the provincial capital cities is relatively high; (c) the coordinated development of RECC and socioeconomic development is affected by a combination of factors such as climate, water, soil, ecological resources, urbanization, and traffic accessibility in Ningxia. The findings offer scientific support for the coordination of socioeconomic development and resource environmental protection in ecologically fragile regions. Furthermore, they serve as a reference for promoting ecological civilization construction in fragile ecosystems globally.

An Analysis of User Perceptions Towards Public Parking Management in Kampala City

The parking problems in Kampala City have become more pronounced due to the increasing vehicle numbers resulting from a growth in population and income levels. Understanding public perceptions and the various stakeholders’ parking needs and preferences is fundamental for identification of priority areas for improvement. This paper assessed the user perceptions of public parking management and the parking needs and preferences for various stakeholders in Kampala City. The study was evaluative and employed a cross sectional research design with a range of data diverse triangulation quantitative and qualitative techniques. From 328 questionnaires, participants were asked to assess fifteen (15) public parking management attributes from a point of view of their satisfaction. Also, a public parking stakeholder analysis was done and the level of influence by each stakeholder category in regards to parking management in the city and their parking needs and preferences were established. The study results revealed- that the customer satisfaction Index (CSI) of parkers was 52.4% indicating a relatively lower satisfaction level of the parking management in Kampala. From the fifteen public parking management attributes, four (4) of them to include affordability of parking, availability of parking spaces, accessibility to parking spaces and as well Safety and security were accorded the greatest importance. While thirteen (13) public parking stakeholders in Kampala City that included Ministry of Works and Transport (MoWT), Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA), Multiplex Limited, Private Parking suppliers, public transport operators, Business Community, Commuters, Private Car Drivers, Logistics Vehicles, Traffic Police, Residents, shoppers and tourists and the academia were identified. The study recommends prioritization of those factors that parkers deem very important by the relevant authorities, stakeholder involvement in parking planning and management, establishment of an efficient enforcement and control mechanism, having a public parking vision with clear goals and objectives and as well the use of technology to enhance efficiency for both parkers and parking suppliers.

Challenges and Opportunities: Investment Potential for Indonesia's Local Investors as an Impact of the Development of the National Capital City (IKN) of the Archipelago

Challenges and Opportunities: Investment Potential for Indonesia's Local Investors as an Impact of the Development of the National Capital City (IKN) of the Archipelago

Barriers to Clean and Safe Water Access in Juba: AA-QQ-RD Framework on SDG 6 in South Sudan

Juba, the capital city of South Sudan while, presenting a unique case as a rapidly growing city in a post-conflict country, its water infrastructure has been severely affected by decades of conflict, leaving it inadequate and underdeveloped. This study was conducted with the main objective of establishing factors causing the inadequacy of clean and safe water among households in Juba City. This study employed a proposed AA-QQ-RD (Availability, Affordability, Quality, Quantity, Reliability, and Distance) framework. The research employed a qualitative methodology, gathering data through in-depth interviews, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) with household heads, government officials, and community leaders. The findings reveal significant challenges across all components of the AA-QQ-RD model. Availability of water is severely impacted by poor infrastructure which collectively disrupt water distribution while affordability issues arise from the high cost of water. In addition, water quality is compromised at multiple stages posing serious health risks while quantity of water is insufficient, particularly in larger households and densely populated areas. Further, reliability is undermined by irregular water supply and frequent service interruptions whereas distance to the nearest water points is a significant barrier with many residents traveling long distances to fetch water. These findings underscore the need for comprehensive infrastructural improvements, effective regulatory frameworks, and community-driven initiatives to address these barriers. The study's implications for Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6) highlight the critical need for coordinated efforts to ensure the availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.

Streetscapes and memories of real socialist anti-fascism in south-eastern Europe: between dystopianism and utopianism

Abstract Historical revisionism towards the Yugoslavian experience of real socialism is gaining ground in Croatia and Slovenia, as exemplified, for example, by the 2017 renaming of Zagreb’s Marshal Tito Square and similar cases in Šibenik or Karlovac, as well as parallel developments in Ljubljana. However, the spaces that once represented the Yugoslavian workers’ movement and the anti-fascist struggle can be also subject to nostalgic practices termed Titostalgia. This study employs an analysis inspired by a discourse-historical approach to scrutinize the arguments used in naming controversies in nine Croatian and Slovenian localities from 2011 to 2022. The investigation of semiotic landscapes draws from extensive fieldwork, including photographic documentation consisting of 1,658 images. Dystopian interpretations of Yugoslavia’s past turn out to be propagated through top–down discourses, circulating in media outlets and endorsed by local authorities through infrastructural signage. These discourses are typically initiated by civil society actors aligned with right and far right politics. Besides mild media opposition, which mainly invokes anti-fascist values, smaller urban centres exhibit passive resistance or inertia towards the renaming, observable in grassroots signage. Conversely, capital cities emerge as hubs of intense expressive and predominantly progressive ideological semiotic practices within the renamed spaces.

The source, transport, deposition and direct radiative effect of mineral dust over western China: A modeling study of July 2022 with focus on the Tibetan Plateau

A Regional Air Quality Model System (RAQMS) driven by WRF was applied to explore the emission, transport, deposition, and direct radiative effect of mineral dust over western China in July 2022, with focus on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Model validation against ground and satellite observations demonstrated the model reproduced meteorological variables, PM10 concentration, aerosol optical depth (AOD), and extinction coefficients in the vertical reasonably well. There was a dust event during 3–7 July 2022, which was originated from the Taklimakan Desert (TKD) and affected eastern and central TP under anticyclonic flows, resulting in the maximum hourly PM10 concentration exceeding 50 μg m−3 in Lhasa. Shortwave radiation was reduced considerably by dust aerosols over eastern TP, with the maximum decrease in daytime mean shortwave radiation reaching 30 W m−2 around Nyingchi on 5 July. Anthropogenic aerosols dominated PM10 mass in the capital cities of western China (54–67 %), while dust aerosols were dominant in the cities near the deserts. During this dust event, dust aerosols from TKD and Qaidam Desert (QDD) significantly influenced eastern TP, with dust contributions to PM10 mass concentration of 52 %, 76 % and 69 %, respectively, in Chamdo, Lhasa and Nyingzhi, respectively. The total dust emission in western China was about 10.6 Tg in July 2022, with the largest contribution from TKD (63.5 %), followed by Gobi Desert (GB) (26 %). The total deposition of dust was estimated to be 6.2 Tg, in which TKD and GB contributed 66 % and 22 %, respectively. During the study period, about 418 Gg dust aerosols were deposited on TP, 49 % of which was from TKD and 25 % from QDD. Foreign dust sources contributed approximately 7 % and 9 % to dust concentration and total deposition over TP, respectively. Over southern TP, the source contribution to dust deposition was estimated to be 42 %, 24 % and 21 % from TKD, foreign sources and QDD, respectively, suggesting potentially important impact of long-range transboundary dust transport on deposition, surface albedo and climate over TP.

Predictive ARIMA Model with a Machine Learning (ML) Approach for COVID-19 Data in Pakistan

This study is based on the application of an ARIMA (p, d, q) based machine learning (ML) approach to evaluate the dynamics of COVID-19 pandemic. The focus is on estimating epidemic trends and performing diagnostic scrutiny with model fitting. The data including all four waves of the pandemic pertaining to Pakistan, covering all four provinces (Sindh, Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan, as well as Gilgit Baltistan, Azad Jammu Kashmir, and the capital city Islamabad, collected from February 26, 2020, to September 30, 2021, is analyzed. The ML algorithm is used to optimize the results of ADF, unit root test which ensures the minimum of ACF, and PACF graphs intention of the data series. The results employ the fitted ARIMA models (1, 1, 1) and (1, 1, 7) for the 1st to 4th waves, confirming daily infected cases across the entire dataset of Pakistan. The cumulative trained observations are from the 1st wave (February 26, 2020, to October 20, 2020), 2nd wave (October 21, 2020, to March 16, 2021), 3rd wave (March 17, 2021, to July 10, 2021), and 4th wave (July 11, 2021, to September 30, 2021), with a further 14-day forecast (from October 1 to October 14, 2021). The results show a strong correlation between the trained and predicted values, ranging from 0.8789 to 0.99236. To select predictive model parameters, the model that results in the minimum Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) value and residuals from the datasets obtained after detaching the unnecessary errors and the 95^% CI for the forecasting error ( ) are calculated. These values would help to decide the best fitted predictive model.

PENERAPAN ARSITEKTUR MODEREN RUSTIC PADA PERANCANGAN RESTORAN DAN BUTIK DI SAMARINDA

The development of the Nusantara Capital City (IKN) in East Kalimantan has been a significant catalyst for economic growth and lifestyle changes in surrounding areas, including the city of Samarinda. The increasing awareness of modern lifestyles and the desire for new experiences has led Samarinda's consumers to seek out places that not only provide products or food but also offer a comfortable atmosphere and visually appealing aesthetics. The objective of this research is to develop a design concept for a commercial building that combines two functions: a restaurant and a boutique, using a modern rustic style as a response to this trend. This study employs a qualitative analysis method, combining the results of literature reviews, field surveys, internet studies, and comparative studies of similar buildings, aiming to identify the unique characteristics of modern rustic architecture that suit the needs of building users, functionality, and site conditions. The site is determined through an analysis of several alternative sites. The results of this analysis are a design concept for a restaurant and boutique building with a modern rustic architectural style, evident in both the building's facade and interior. The design concept produced in this research is a unique blend of modern, clean lines and the warmth of rustic materials, resulting in a visually and functionally aesthetic space.

Illicit drug use in Limerick City: A stakeholder and policy analysis using multiple streams model.

The changing drug situation in Ireland has led to the development of various drug policies. This paper aims to use Limerick City as a case study to examine approaches to policy development. The study is qualitative and uses a hybrid technique that combines document, content, and stakeholder analysis. Kingdon's multiple streams model underpins this study. In addition, guidelines for the systematic search for grey literature were adopted as the search strategy. Problem Stream: Illicit drug use and its related problems have changed. The increasing availability of drugs, increasing usage and changes in the types of drugs being used have led to increased drug-related crimes, adverse health outcomes and elevated demand for treatment services. Local drug policies and initiatives emerge by recognising drug-related problems in the region. Policy Stream: The current national drug strategy 2017-2025 which informs action plans in Limerick is the first to focus on a unified health approach. Some national policies have evolved to ensure that guidelines meet current service needs. However, these changes have occurred in some cases with no clear actions. Political Stream: Statutory, voluntary and community stakeholders provide drug addiction and drug addiction-related services, which have evolved rapidly since their first introduction. The Mid-West Regional Drug Task Force was identified as essential in coordinating stakeholders locally. One area for improvement is limited evidence of the voices of persons who take drugs included in service/policy development. This regional analysis also suggests that local implementation of policies concerning dual diagnosis and supervised injection facilities can be further expanded. Despite the challenges experienced by stakeholders in Limerick, a hands-on approach has been adopted in the creation of strategies to tackle the drug problem. The approaches to drug policy development have delivered continuous development of services. However, services remain underdeveloped in areas removed from the capital city of Dublin. Navigating the complex drug landscape reveals that inclusivity, adaptation, and ongoing research are critical components of successful and long-lasting drug policies.

Characteristics of Sharia Crowdfunding as an Alternative to Financing the Development of the National Capital City

This research started from the construction of the new National Capital City of the Nusantara which has not yet been completed and requires a very large budget. In this regard, a financing model is needed that can be used as an alternative financing for the development of the new National Capital City. The aim of this research is to find the characteristics of sharia crowdfunding as an alternative financing in the process of building the new National Capital City. The research method used is a normative juridical research method with a statutory and a conceptual approach. The results of this research show that there are several characteristics of sharia crowdfunding as an alternative financing for the development of the New National Capital, namely: it is only intended for halal projects and products so that it complies with sharia principles and is free from interest rates; there is fairness in the distribution of profit and loss margins using a profit-sharing system; and supervised by the Sharia Supervisory Board.

Financing cross-border road connectivity: Potential impact on Sabah’s output—An input-output table analysis

Fiscal spending for road construction to link Kalabakan, Sabah, Malaysia with North Kalimantan, Indonesia is an idea that have been proposed for over 20 years. The announcement for the relocation of Indonesia’s capital city from Jakarta to East Kalimantan give a strong justification for the construction of the Serudong-Simanggaris road. The fact that population size is big in Kalimantan and strong purchasing power is estimated in North and East Kaliamantan provide a strong argument for the need to have a road link. Having said that, the effect of road construction on output growth is not clear. The purpose of this study is to estimate the impact of road construction and the business activities across two sectors being assumed on output Sabah’s output growth. Based on the input-output analysis conducted using the output multiplier, the one-off road construction would lead to 1.8% growth in Sabah’s overall output.

Bridging Culture and Leadership: Unveiling Values and Styles in North Macedonia

Culture and leadership display various patterns of interrelationship across countries and regions. However, research is sparse for Slavic countries and especially for small countries like the Republic of North Macedonia. Therefore, this paper tries to explore the linkages between culture dimensions and preferred leader behavior in the country focusing on differences between the capital city of Skopje and the rest of the country. The study utilizes Values Survey Module and Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire XII on a sample of 259 employees. The results show statistically significant differences for one cultural dimension and most of the preferred leader behavior dimensions. There is a complex matrix of positive and negative correlations between the culture dimensions and preferred leader behavior with regional variations in the correlation matrix. Having in mind the small and convenient sample, more studies are needed to further explore such linkages.

The Development of Non-Formal Learning Organization Skills in Preservice Math Teachers

Although the effects of out-of-school learning on students' learning have attracted significant attention among education researchers in science and social sciences, little is known about the development of pre-service elementary mathematics teachers' skills in utilizing out-of-school learning in mathematics lessons. The aim of this research is to investigate the impact of activities conducted within the scope of the out-of-school learning environments in mathematics education on pre-service elementary mathematics teachers' skills in organizing non-formal learning. The study utilized a sequential explanatory design, which is a mixed-method approach. The quantitative part of the research employed a "single-group pretest-posttest design without a control group" from experimental designs. This study involved 35 third-year teacher candidates enrolled in the Primary Education in Math Program (PREDMAP) at a state university located near Ankara, the capital city of Turkey. The data collection instrument used in the study was the Out-of-School Learning Regulation Scale (OOSLRS). Additionally, teacher candidates were asked to write reflective essays about their thoughts on the program at the end of the study. The analyses revealed that prior to the program, pre-service math teachers had the highest scores in the knowledge dimension and the lowest scores in the implementation dimension of organizing out-of-school learning. Significant differences were found in the pretest scores of preservice math teachers only in the knowledge dimension based on their previous experiences in organized out-of-school learning environments during their educational lives. Significant improvements favoring the post-test application were observed across all dimensions between pretest and posttest scores. Data from reflective essays written by the preservice math teachers indicated their emphasis on active participation and included suggestions particularly in the implementation dimension.