Capita Consumption Of Rice Research Articles

Germplasm Enhancement and Breeding Strategies for Crop Quality in Japan

Rice is the staple food for most Asians. Breeding efforts at the national and international levels have resulted in high-yielding varieties with resistance/tolerance to biotic and abiotic constraints. Consequently Asia has enjoyed rice self-sufficiency in recent years. Now in some countries over-production of rice has occurred, partly because of reduced rice consumption. For instance, in 1962 Japan had a per capita rice consumption of 118.3 kg and then this rapidly declined to about 60kg in 2003. Imbalances between production and consumption in rice and other crops have promoted a paradigm shift of breeding objectives oriented from producers to consumers. Germplasm enhancement (pre-breeding) and breeding strategies now focus on a broad range of crop and food qualities, which are closely associated with industrial and processing properties and human health and nutrition. In particular, physiological functions of chemical compounds involved in crop products are being studied as a part of breeding programs. Diverse plant genetic resources and advances in plant genome research have contributed to successful breeding strategies to improve and manage crop and food quality. Recent progress in germplasm enhancement and breeding strategies for quality improvement of rice, wheat, soybean and sweet potato in Japan is discussed.

Rice Consumption Patterns in Kuwait and Its Future Market

With changing demographic patterns in the State of Kuwait, the per capita consumption of rice in Kuwait is decreasing over time. It seems that the Socio-Economic changes taking place in the country have affected the tastes and preferences of the Kuwaities with regard to the consumption of rice versus other competing Western starch dish products such as breads, pastas, and potatoes. This paper tests several hypotheses about the relationship between demographics and rice consumption, and examines rice-related buying and consumption behaviors of Kuwaities. Implications of the findings and recommendations are given. A general marketing strategy is also suggested regarding future implications of rice and rice products within the Kuwaiti society.

Real Consumption Levels and the Public Distribution System in India

The policy of allocation of food grains under rationing has been very ad hoc in India with allocation being fixed on a 'historical basis'. This paper uses four sets of pooled equations for predicting stable levels of per capita consumption of rice and wheat in physical terms in rural and urban India. Food grain demand is estimated for all the States in India. The own-price, cross price and income elasticities of demand are estimated. The model shows a high level of predictive efficiency.

Double-hurdle Model with Bivariate Normal Errors: An Application to U.S. Rice Demand

AbstractPer capita rice consumption in the U.S. has doubled over the past decade. The effects of social and demographic variables on the household's rice consumption decisions are analyzed along with income and price variables. A double-hurdle model is used to solve simultaneously the consumer decisions whether to purchase rice and how much. The joint decision hypothesis is tested and accepted. The non-normal distribution of error terms may be responsible for possible bias in the empirical test of the joint decision hypothesis. The hyperbolic sine transformation is used to correct the problem in this study prior to testing the joint decision hypothesis.

Dynamic Estimation of the Consumer Demand System in Postwar Japan

This report explores the dynamic demand relations operative in Japan in the period 1951-80 in order to elucidate the dynamic nature and characteristics of the varied structures of consumer demand. The analysis was conducted at the subgroup level on the basis of time series of family budget data, using Powell's version of the linear expenditure system. A taste variable was incorporated into the expenditure functions and five alternative specifications of the taste variable were utilized to take account of recent structural changes in demand. The first two are based on current annual increase in income and on current annual rate of increase in income. The next two incorporate lagged annual increase in income and lagged annual rate of increase in income, and the last specification is based on the time trend. The analysis was based on a 21-commodity breakdown and numerous individual segments of the total observation period were chosen for estimating the dynamic model. The taste variables had the effect of stabilizing the demand system as a whole and they considerably reduced the instability of important estimates, such as those for money flexibility, subsistence consumption levels, etc. Consumption patterns in Japan are considered to have changed substantially toward more Westernized living and eating habits since the beginning of the 1960s. Per capita consumption of rice and fish went down with the increase in deflated income, whereas the consumption of animal protein food, fruit, beverages, and food away from the home all increased rapidly. Owing to income and taste effects, transportation, recreation, and rent showed a notable upward shift in average shares, while rice consumption declined remarkably in terms of its reduced marginal share. Broadly speaking, estimated average substitution elasticity in Leser's model is inversely proportional to estimated money flexibility, which itself has a close relation to price elasticities. High values of money flexibility were obtained for the lower levels of per capita income in the early years of the period studied. For periods of more rapid economic growth, money flexibility estimates dropped to some extent, while for recent years they rose appreciably, reflecting the smaller response of consumer demand to price changes.

The Natural Resources of Japan

The Japanese are rice-eaters. In the face of the stern law of diminishing returns, patient tillers of the soil, who, in all, represent 5,500,000 families, or fifty-two per cent of the total number of families in Japan, are producing a normal yield (average of five consecutive years up to 1923) of 59,074,000 koku l from slightly more than 3,000,000 cho 2 of paddy fields. Since per capita consumption of rice ranges around 1.1 and 1.2 koku every year, the domestic yield falls short of the demand, and, moreover, the brewers crash yearly some 3,700,000 koku of the best grade of rice into the national beverage of sake. So importation of the article from abroad is necessitated, and the general tendency is for an increased amount every year. Apart from her colonies, i.e. Taiwan and Chosen, Siam, French IndoChina, British India and China supplied Japan with 61,300,000 yen worth of rice to fill the deficiency in 1922, although to be exact, the amount is to be subtracted by 1,700,000 yen exported to various foreign countries chiefly for the use of Japanese residents abroad.