Parametric three-dimensional (3D) finite element analyses (FEAs) were performed for eccentrically loaded reinforced concrete (R/C) short columns, strengthened with textile-reinforced mortar (TRM), under cyclic loading. Damage states of R/C columns were determined before and after strengthening to evaluate TRM efficiency for each state: steel reinforcement yielding, concrete crack on tensile face, and concrete crushing on compressive face. Each column, corresponding to different damage states, was strengthened with TRM, assuming various schemes along with an assorted number of layers. Employing a rigorous 3D-FE model, a comprehensive parametric study was conducted to assess the effects of different strengthening configurations on the response enhancement of the R/C columns characterized by the damage states. The critical response values, such as load-displacement response, energy absorbed, ultimate axial load and strength/stiffness deterioration were recorded and presented in relation to influential parameters, such as number of layers, strengthening configurations, and damage states. It is shown a clear impact of damage states on the efficiency of the strengthening system and the number of layers to increase the capacity of the unstrengthened column. The results have been examined and discussed, leading to a better understanding of how various parameters influence cycling behavior and enhance overall efficiency.