Heat Transfer Capability Research Articles

Influence of heat flux profile on two-phase flow instability in parallel channels of helical coil once-through steam generator

To enhance the heat transfer capability, the helical coil once-through steam generator (HCOTSG) has been widely utilized in the small modular reactor (SMR). There are hundreds of parallel helical channels in the HCOTSG, and the coolant undergoes the phase change from subcooled liquid to superheated vapor in the helical tube. The flow oscillation between parallel channels may be triggered during the phase change. In present study, the two-phase flow instability is investigated with different heat flux profiles under many operating conditions. The thermal–hydraulic model for parallel channels of HCOTSG is established based on our previous work, while the local heat transfer phenomenon such as subcooled boiling, critical heat flux, and wall conduction are considered in detail. The heat flux profile along the tube is ascertained by the steady-state analysis of HCOTSG under different operating conditions and applied to the outside surface of the helical channel. The heat flux value is increased step by step to trigger the out-of-phase oscillation between parallel helical channels. The thermal–hydraulic model and analysis method are validated against experimental results. The characteristics of flow instability in the helical channel are also analyzed. It is observed that the delay effect causing the flow instability is more obvious if the void fraction exceeds 0.7 in the starting stage. Then the boundary of flow instability is compared under different heat flux profiles for various operating conditions of HCOTSG. The results suggest that the distribution of heat flux in the two-phase region plays a more significant role in the occurrence of flow instability in the parallel helical channel system. The thermal–hydraulic characteristics during flow instability are governed by the combined effects of void propagation and delayed feedback in the system. In conclusion, the thermal–hydraulic condition of HCOTSG undergoes the unstable region to achieve the normal operating point, which can be avoided by adjusting the operating parameters.

Soft and Damping Thermal Interface Materials with Honeycomb-Board-Mimetic Filler Network for Electronic Heat Dissipation.

High-power-density electronic devices under vibrations call for soft and damping thermal interface materials (TIMs) for efficient heat dissipation. However, integrating low hardness, high damping, and superior heat transfer capability into one TIM is highly challenging. Herein, soft, damping, and thermally conductive TIMs are designed and prepared by constructing a honeycomb-board-mimetic boron nitride nanosheet (BNNS) network in a dynamic polyimine via one-step horizontal centrifugal casting. The unique filler network makes the TIMs perform a high through-plane thermal conductivity (> 7.69W m-1 K-1) and a uniform heat transfer process. Meanwhile, the hierarchical dynamic bonding of the polyimine endows the TIMs with low compressive strength (2.16MPa at 20% strain) and excellent damping performance (tan δ > ≈0.3 at 10-2-102Hz). The resulting TIMs also exhibit electrical insulation and remarkable recycling ability. Compared with the commercial ones, the TIMs provide better heat dissipation (4.1°C) for a high-power 5G base station and less temperature fluctuation (1.8°C) for an automotive insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) under vibrations. This rational design offers a viable approach to prepare soft and damping TIMs for effective heat dissipation of high-power-density electronic devices under vibrations.

Numerical study on the forced convective flow and heat transfer mechanism with macro-patterned hydrophilic-hydrophobic hybrid surfaces

Hydrophilic-hydrophobic hybrid surfaces can be used to harmonize the drag and heat transfer. However, the hybrid surfaces are almost microscopic scale and hardly used for forced convection at present. In this study, six macro-patterned hydrophilic-hydrophobic hybrid surfaces (square, diamond, circle, ellipse, triangle, and sector) and a no-slip surface are built. The performances are studied with the k-ε turbulent model by COMSOL, and the mechanism of performance change is analyzed with large eddy simulation (LES). The results show that macro-patterned hybrid surfaces can all reduce the flow drag but have different influences on heat transfer. With the increasing Reynolds number, the drag reduction rate (DR) declines. The largest DRs are 14.57% with the ellipse-patterned at lower Reynolds numbers, and 13.18% with the triangle-patterned at higher Reynolds numbers. For heat transfer capability, although adding hydrophobic parts, the square-patterned and diamond-patterned hybrid surfaces can raise Nusselt numbers. Combined above, the largest goodness factor (φ) enlarged rates are 16.43% (square-patterned) and 16.35% (diamond-patterned). Meanwhile, the influencing mechanism with the macro-patterned hybrid surface concludes four factors: the velocity slip, thermal resistance increases of air cavities, eddies of hydrophilic-hydrophobic interfaces, and the guiding effect of hydrophobic patterns' edges.

The influence of suspension and deposition on pool boiling heat transfer of nanofluids: Experiment and engineering model study

Currently, the majority of research indicates that nanofluids have superior heat transfer capabilities. On the impact of nanofluids on the boiling heat transfer, there is debate. It is still challenging to predict the boiling heat transfer of nanofluids. Based on bubble behavior, the impact of nanoparticles on boiling heat transfer is investigated in this paper. Furthermore, a comparison is made between the percentages of deposited and suspended nanoparticles that influence on boiling heat transfer. According to the findings, deposited nanoparticles improve wettability whereas suspended nanoparticles diminish it. The number of active nucleate sites and the frequency of bubble detachment increase as a result of the influence of suspended and deposited nanoparticles, whereas the diameter of the bubble decreases. This is similar to the trend of the effect of deposited nanoparticles on bubble behavior. Based on the effect of nanoparticles on wettability, predictive models for boiling heat transfer and bubble behavior were proposed, with a range of mass concentrations between 0.001 % and 0.005 % and heat flux between 60 and 130 kW/m2. Less than 30 % was found to be the error between the experimental data and the predictive equations. It was discovered that the influence of deposited nanoparticles on boiling heat transfer was usually dominant, according to the predictions made by theoretical models.

Comprehensive investigation of the electro-thermal performance and heat transfer mechanism of battery system under forced flow immersion cooling

Efficient cooling during rapid battery charging/discharging necessitates forced circulating flow in immersion cooling systems. However, under forced flow immersion cooling (FFIC), the comprehensive impact on the electrical and thermal performance of battery modules remains inadequately explored. This study constructs an immersion-cooled battery module test platform for experimental research on the evolution of electrical and thermal characteristics. The results show that under FFIC, when the depth of discharge (DOD) during 2C and 3C discharges is below 85 %, the voltage deviation of module (δU,t) remains stable within 1 % and 2 %, respectively. At DOD of 100 %, the maximum δU,t for 2C and 3C are 10 % and 24.5 %, respectively. Furthermore, the analysis of Pearson correlation coefficient under FFIC reveals that the δU,t exhibits a very strong positive correlation with temperature difference of battery module and cell, with correlation coefficients of +0.94 and + 0.87, respectively. Higher flow rates accelerate the recovery of module temperature and facilitate voltage distribution equalization after discharge. Additionally, to elucidate the influence of flow rate on FFIC, module-scale heat transfer characteristics during battery discharge are theoretically analyzed, establishing a fitting relationship between C-rates, flow rates, and the Nusselt number (Nu). This study provides a comprehensive understanding of integrated electro-thermal performance and external heat transfer capability for flow regulation in immersion cooling.

Influence of waveforms on the heat transfer behavior of multi-orifice synthetic jet

ABSTRACT This experimental investigation aims to analyze the heat transfer capabilities of both single and multi-orifice SJs (MOSJs) for varied waveforms(sine, square, and triangular), at a fixed Reynolds number (3525). The jet-to-plate distance and pitch radius is varied in the range of 1–19 and 3.8–8 mm, respectively. The MOSJs at pitch radius (PR) of 3.8 mm shows 30.6% higher average Nusselt number than single SJs. For a PR of 8 mm, the Nusselt number contour shows multiple heat transfer regions adjacent to the stagnation point; however, a single heat transfer region is evident at PR of 3.8–6 mm.

Sensitivity Analysis and Optimization of Heat Transfer Performance of Ultra-Thin Vapor Chamber With Composite Wick

Abstract An ultra-thin vapor chamber (VC) with the composite wick formed by four spiral woven meshes (SWMs) and a copper mesh was proposed to solve the heat dissipation problem in miniaturized electronic equipment because of its sufficient heat transfer capability under limited thickness. However, the influence factors on the thermal performance of the VC with composite wick are more than that of the VC with a single type of wick. In this study, in order to investigate the thermal performance of the VC with composite wick, a theoretical model was developed to calculate the maximum heat transfer capacity. Besides, a three-dimensional numerical model for the heat transfer characteristics was established, and the simulation results have a good match with the experimental results. The orthogonal test method was adopted to determine that both the width of the vapor channel (wv) and the thickness of the vapor channel (tv) have a significant effect on the maximum heat transfer capacity and thermal resistance, while the porosity of the mesh (εmesh) has a prominent effect on the maximum heat transfer capacity, but has little effect on the thermal resistance. Further optimization of the sensitive factors for VC heat transfer performance was achieved to enhance the maximum heat transfer capacity.

Numerical assessment of solar air heater performance having a broken arc and broken S-shaped ribs as roughness

This research article aims to provide a detailed numerical study of the multifaceted impact of S-shaped and broken arc roughness on solar air heaters. Therefore, a strong comparison was made between the modified heaters and smooth heaters for Reynolds numbers ranging from 2 00022 000. Also, the impact of two parameters, i.e. pitch and gap was analyzed to optimize the performance of the heater. The gap varies from 0.3 mm to 0.9 mm in both types of ribs with a step size of 0.2 mm. Afterwards, the pitch distance between both types of roughness was varied from 15 mm to 25 mm in the step size of 5 mm. Notably, it has been observed that among all the considered configurations, the gap length of 0.9 mm and pitch length of 25 mm have shown significant improvements in heat transfer characteristics. The specific combination of the gap of 0.9 mm and pitch of 25 mm has demonstrated better heat transfer capabilities at the expense of an increased friction factor. Lastly, the thermal performance factor of the systems was analyzed and reported. It was reported that the pitch length of 25 mm and gap length of 0.9 mm have shown a maximum thermal performance factor value from 2.9 to 3.3, while the pitch length of 25 mm and gap length of 0.3 mm have depicted the lowest thermal performance factor value. In terms of the overall performance, i.e. the thermal performance factor, the combination with a gap of 0.9 mm and pitch of 25 mm has shown the best performance, while a gap of 0.3 mm and pitch of 25 mm has yielded the worst performance.

Heat transfer performance study of fluid rotating microchannel heat sink

The study presents a novel fluid rotating microchannel heat sink (FR-MC) and reports its heat transfer performance. The FR-MC features two cross ribs positioned in the channel. These cross ribs are inclined in the direction of fluid flow, with each rib inclining in opposite directions. This design enables the fluid to ascend or descend along the ribs, creating rotation after passing through the center to alter the flow direction. Experimental validation confirms the accuracy of the model and numerical simulations. The study investigates the heat transfer capability of FR-MC through comparative analysis, and explores the reasons for the improved performance. The results indicate a 45 % reduction in thermal resistance compared to a rectangular microchannel (R-MC). This improvement is attributed to the rotation of fluid promoting the exchange between the upper and lower parts and the mixing of hot and cold portions, effectively disrupting the thermal boundary layer near the wall. Further exploration into the impact of microchannel dimensions on heat transfer performance indicates that the FR-MC outperforms the R-MC across various heights and widths, achieving thermal resistance reductions ranging from 16 % to 50 %, illustrating the superior heat transfer performance of FR-MC.

Experimental and numerical investigations of multi-layered ship engine room bulkhead insulation thermal performance under fire conditions

Abstract The thermal insulation layer of the ship’s engine room bulkhead is typically constructed from multiple layers of mineral wool. This layer is designed to keep the temperature on the surface of the bulkhead below 140°C in case of a fire. However, measuring the inner and external temperatures of each wall panel bulkhead type during a fire can be difficult. To address this issue, this study was conducted to evaluate the multilayer heat transfer capability of the bulkhead insulation in the event of an engine room fire. The study used heat transfer theory, experimental models, and numerical analysis to assess nine bulkhead insulation specimens. These specimens were fabricated from three original specimens and included a 10–30 mm air layer (W-75, W-50, and W-25). The results showed that all improved specimens had better thermal insulation than the originals. Among them, the improved specimens derived from the W-25 specimen exhibited the most significant temperature reduction compared to those derived from the W-75 and W-50 specimens. The results demonstrated a slight difference between the three methodologies, indicating a high level of reliability in the research findings.

Droplet Microfluidic Devices: Working Principles, Fabrication Methods, and Scale-Up Applications.

Compared with the conventional emulsification method, droplets generated within microfluidic devices exhibit distinct advantages such as precise control of fluids, exceptional monodispersity, uniform morphology, flexible manipulation, and narrow size distribution. These inherent benefits, including intrinsic safety, excellent heat and mass transfer capabilities, and large surface-to-volume ratio, have led to the widespread applications of droplet-based microfluidics across diverse fields, encompassing chemical engineering, particle synthesis, biological detection, diagnostics, emulsion preparation, and pharmaceuticals. However, despite its promising potential for versatile applications, the practical utilization of this technology in commercial and industrial is extremely limited to the inherently low production rates achievable within a single microchannel. Over the past two decades, droplet-based microfluidics has evolved significantly, considerably transitioning from a proof-of-concept stage to industrialization. And now there is a growing trend towards translating academic research into commercial and industrial applications, primarily driven by the burgeoning demands of various fields. This paper comprehensively reviews recent advancements in droplet-based microfluidics, covering the fundamental working principles and the critical aspect of scale-up integration from working principles to scale-up integration. Based on the existing scale-up strategies, the paper also outlines the future research directions, identifies the potential opportunities, and addresses the typical unsolved challenges.

Investigation on heat transfer enhancement of supercritical hydrocarbon fuel in rotating channel interpolated with spiral wire

Hypersonic vehicles carry their hydrocarbon fuels as the only regenerative fluid because the existing air-cooled turbine blades cannot meet the stringent heat transfer requirements, including aerodynamic heating in overload environments. In this study, supercritical-pressure n-decane was used as the working medium, and a spiral wire with a wire diameter and pitch of 0.1 and 10 mm was inserted into a smooth circular tube (inner diameter = 2 mm; length = 200 mm) for studying the convective heat transfer characteristics under different rotating speeds, mass flow rates, inlet temperatures, and heat fluxes and investigating the enhanced heat transfer effect of the spiral wire. Experimental results indicate that the overall heat transfer performance of the spiral-wire structure tube was improved by more than 1.3 times compared to that of the smooth tube. Further, at the trailing edge surface at 300 rpm, the Nusselt number increases by an average of two times; in the meanwhile, the PEC value for the reinforced tube is obtained as 1.25–1.68, indicating a better enhanced heat transfer capability in the rotating channel. The experimental results are compared and verified using a computational fluid dynamics method with SST k-ω turbulence model, revealing the maximum relative deviation to be within 13.56 %. The numerical simulation results explain the mechanism of the temperature differences between the leading- and trailing-edge surfaces within the centrifugal section and the reinforcing effect of the interpolated spiral wire. This study provides a novel orientation towards the application of aviation fuel for turbine blade cooling and the efficient heat transfer performance of cooling channels under accelerated conditions.

Effect of operating regimes on the heat transfer and buoyancy characteristics of supercritical CO2 natural circulation loop - A numerical study

At present, 82% of global energy is generated by fossil fuels which produce substantial emissions and have a significant impact on the environment. Heat transfer devices play a vital role in enhancing the efficiency of power generation systems and mitigating environmental impact. Among various heat transfer devices, natural circulation loops (NCLs) assume significance due to their simplicity and safety. In the present study, numerical investigations were conducted on three-dimensional rectangular circular cross-section supercritical CO2-based NCL across three distinct operating regimes. These regions include the average temperature of NCL maintained near the widom line (near pseudo-critical region), away from the widom line (higher buoyancy region) and very far away from the widom line (deeply supercritical region). The results indicate that in all regions, there is an increase in both the mass flow rate and heat transfer rate as pressure increases. At a pressure of 14 MPa, the maximum heat transfer rate across all regions is observed. Although the higher buoyancy region exhibits a superior heat transfer rate, the near pseudo-critical region demonstrates efficient heat transfer capabilities. For example, at 11 MPa, the temperature difference in the higher buoyancy region exceeds that in the near pseudo-critical region by 73%. However, the reduction in heat transfer rate in the near pseudo-critical region is only 37% compared to the higher buoyancy regions. For low-temperature applications, the near pseudo-critical region effectively transfers heat. However, in high-temperature applications, the sink temperature should be kept in the liquid-like region to maximize system buoyancy.

Turbulent flow and heat transfer in a new type of internally torsion-ribbed helical tube

Adding inserts is an effective technique to enhance heat transfer in tubes. In this paper, a new internally torsion-ribbed helical tube is designed to enhance the heat transfer capability and improve the temperature uniformity inside the pipe by adding torsional ribs inside the tube. The flow and heat transfer characteristics of high-temperature heat transfer oil in a straight tube, a common helical tube, and a new internally torsion-ribbed helical tube are numerically compared. The results show that the presence of internally torsional ribs can effectively strengthen the fluid perturbation inside the tube and further weaken the boundary layer, thus improving the heat transfer effect. Moreover, the convergence of strong vortices in the fluid is weakened by 29.3 % to 41.2 %. The comprehensive heat transfer factor (PEC) of the internally torsion-ribbed helical tube is between 1.1 and 1.2, which is 11.1 % to 12.0 % higher than that of the common helical tube, and the temperature uniformity TU = 0.18 % is 72.3 % better than that of the common helical tube. These data show that the new helical tube has excellent performance in strengthening heat transfer and preventing carbon deposition and coking caused by high local temperature of high-temperature heat transfer oil.

Experimental investigation on heat transfer characteristics of a novel hypervapotron channel for divertor target in nuclear fusion reactors

In the further development of nuclear fusion energy, managing the high heat flux on a divertor target remains a significant issue. To address this, the development of innovative cooling channels capable of efficiently managing high heat loads is essential. Among various cooling techniques, the hypervapotron (HV) method stands out for its exceptional heat transfer capabilities. This study undertakes an in-depth analysis of a novel HV cooling channel, evaluating its heat transfer performance via an electron beam high heat flux testing system. The focus was on subcooled flow boiling, observing that the novel HV channel displayed varied flow patterns with increasing heat flux. Additionally, a comparative investigation was conducted to assess the heat transfer efficiency of this novel HV channel against traditional ITER-like HV channel and smooth channel. The analysis incorporated various system parameters, such as mass flow rate and system pressure, to understand their effects on heat transfer. To effectively predict the heat transfer performance of the novel HV channel, efforts have been made to evaluate existing and develop new heat transfer correlations for the channel. Furthermore, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) have also been utilized as a crucial approach in this predictive endeavor. The outcomes of this study hold significant implications for understanding and optimizing the design of cooling channels for divertor target in nuclear fusion reactors.

Topology optimization of gyroid structure-based metal hydride reactor for high-performance hydrogen storage

Numerous engineering applications stand to gain substantial advantages by mitigating structural weight. While methods for optimizing continuous solids and discrete frame structures have long been available, the advent of additive manufacturing techniques has ushered in the potential for intricate geometries. In contrast, the hydrogen fuel sector confronts a pivotal challenge: the need to develop efficient hydrogen storage systems. Solid-state compounds like metal hydrides (MH) present a compelling solution among various hydrogen storage technologies thanks to their inherent safety attributes and superior hydrogen volumetric density. Nonetheless, the limitation of MH lies in its gravimetric density, impeding its application in mobility contexts. A transformative strategy addresses this limitation by seamlessly integrating the reactor tank into the vehicle's frame and chassis. This study introduces a pioneering concept—an optimally designed MH container incorporating a gyroid structure. Subsequently, this innovative design underwent rigorous analysis, employing finite element analysis (FEA) and computational fluid dynamics, assessing mechanical properties, heat transfer capabilities, and the efficiency of hydrogen charging into the MH within the structure. Using topology optimization of solid isotropic material with penalization method, a 17 % increase in the chamber volume and a concurrent reduction of the material by nearly 50 %. This profound transformation positively impacted the reactor's volumetric and gravimetric density. Despite a measurable reduction in strength, the optimized structure demonstrated resilience, successfully withstanding prescribed mechanical shear loads. Furthermore, the structure exhibited impressive rigidity, with displacement below 0.2 mm, rendering it suitable and highly competent for integration into assembly components like vehicle frames or chassis. Notably, the optimized structure exhibited a promising enhancement in hydrogen charging rate.

Experimental investigation of two-phase immersion cooling with single and multi-fluid systems

ABSTRACT Two-phase immersion cooling has emerged as a promising solution for efficient and effective thermal management in high-performance computing applications. This study presents the results of detailed experimental investigations on two-phase immersion cooling via pool boiling employing single-fluid and multi fluids in the system. In the proposed multi-fluid system, two immiscible fluids are stacked in series without a solid interface separating them. NOVEC 7100 is used as the boiling fluid where the heater is fully immersed, and deionized water serves as the condensing fluid. The results show that both single and multi-fluid immersion cooling systems are able to effectively cool high-power electronic devices. However, the multi-fluid system demonstrates superior cooling performance compared to the single-fluid system, owing to its enhanced heat transfer capabilities. The multi-fluid system has a superior overall heat transfer coefficient with an average increase of 33.3% compared to the single-fluid system. The findings of this study contribute to the understanding and optimization of future multi-fluid two-phase immersion cooling systems.

Exploring the role of surface roughness in concrete-based thermal energy storage systems: A computational study

This study computationally investigates the effect of thermal energy storage (TES) material surface roughness on heat transfer fluid (HTF) flow dynamics and heat transfer capabilities. The motivation is to further understand systems where concrete as the TES material directly interfaces with air as the HTF, based on previous research suggesting potential benefits of avoiding differential thermal expansion issues associated with metallic tubes. A k-ε turbulence model in COMSOL Multiphysics examined air flow over concrete surfaces with five levels of roughness from 0 to 3 mm peak height. Increasing surface roughness enhances turbulence and significantly improves heat transfer and thermal storage performance, with 7 % higher charging efficiency and energy storage capacity and 55.6 % greater heat transfer rate from 0.3 to 3 mm roughness, despite a 138 % increase in pressure drop. Applying artificial surface modifications like indentations or fins could further optimize efficiency by amplifying heat transfer advantages of increased roughness while moderating pressure losses. This indicates a promising direction for future research on enhancing thermal energy storage through concrete surface optimization and substantiates the potential of concrete as an inexpensive, scalable, high performance TES material.

Non-similar analysis of micropolar magnetized nanofluid flow over a stretched surface

The study of micropolar nanofluids unveils intriguing applications, propelled by their exceptional heat transfer capabilities in comparison to conventional fluids. This investigation focuses on analyzing the behavior of magnetized micropolar nanofluid flow over a stretched surface, taking into account crucial factors such as viscous dissipation and heat source. The chosen base fluid is blood, with Copper [Formula: see text] nanoparticles serving as the selected material. Incorporating the single-phase (Tiwari-Das) model with boundary layer assumptions for micropolar nanofluid flow, we introduce the volume fraction of nanoparticles to assess heat transport. The governing system undergoes transformation into a set of dimensionless non-linear coupled differential equations through appropriate transformations. This transformation involves the utilization of a combination of the local non-similarity technique and bvp4c (MATLAB tool) to derive the system of nondimensional partial differential equations (PDEs) for micropolar nanofluid. Our systematic exploration delves into the consequences of nondimensional parameters on velocity, microrotation, and temperature profiles within the boundary layer, including the Eckert number, micropolar parameter, magnetic field parameter, heat source, Prandtl number, and microorganism parameter. Graphical representations vividly demonstrate that the velocity and temperature of micropolar nanofluid increase with the rise in material parameter values, while the microrotation profile decreases. Increasing the magnetic field parameter leads to a reduction in the velocity profile. Moreover, the micropolar temperature profile shows an increase with the rising Eckert number. Crucially, the research emphasizes that factors like the heat source and Eckert number play a role in decreasing the local Nusselt number. In contrast, an increase in the local Nusselt number is observed for material parameters. Furthermore, the skin friction coefficient decreases as micropolar parameter values increase, whereas an increase in the skin friction coefficient is noted for the magnetic field. The primary focus of this research lies in the development of suitable non-similar transformations for the investigated problem, aiming to yield authentic and efficient results. These results hold substantial promise to make meaningful contributions to future research on nanofluid flows.

Effect of Magnetic Flow and Convective Heat Transfer Enhancement Using Hybrid Nanofluid: A Structured Review

Convective heat transfer is vital in a variety of engineering applications, including thermal management systems, electronic refrigeration, and energy conversion devices. Improving the rate of heat transfer in these systems is of the utmost significance for increasing their efficiency. This review focuses on the single and combined effects of these parameters on improving heat transmission in such systems. The heat and mass transfer of nanofluid is greatly influenced by various factors, including the intrinsic features of the nanofluid, the process used for synthesising the nanofluid, the impact of magnetic force, the concentration and size of nanoparticles, and the Reynolds number (Re). Furthermore, it is important to note that the material characteristics, thermal properties, and performance of magnetic nanofluids are significantly influenced by slight variations in the magnetic force and magnetic field gradient. Multiple research projects have reached the agreement that the inclusion of a magnetic field within magnetic nanoparticles enhances the convective heat transfer capabilities of a nanofluid, resulting in an improvement ranging from around 13% to 75%. Moreover, several applications of hybrid nanofluids in thermal systems have been introduced.