Control Capability Research Articles

Tuning Fork Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy for Resolving Morphological and Redox Properties of Single Ag Nanowires.

We report a Tuning Fork Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy (TF-SECCM) technique for providing morphological and electrochemical information on single redox-active entities. This new operation configuration of SECCM utilizes an electrolyte-filled nanopipette tip mounted onto a tuning fork force sensor to obtain a precise tip-sample distance control and surface morphological mapping capabilities. Redox activities of regions of interest (ROIs) can be investigated by scanning electrode potential by moving the nanopipette to any target regions while maintaining the constant force engagement of the tip with the sample. Using silver nanowires (Ag NWs) as a model system due to their extensive utilization in energy and sensing devices, TF-SECCM provides not only the topography of single Ag NWs but also their distinctive redox activities, catalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activities, and electrolyte anion adsorption/desorption features in contrast to NW bundles and a supporting substrate.

The Application Potential of Microelectronic Processing and Integrated Circuit in Mechanical Design

The rapid development of microelectronic processing has not only fostered its interdisciplinary fusion with mechanical design. With the introduction of microelectronic processing, the precise control capabilities of mechanical systems have been significantly bolstered, and the energy consumption of machinery and equipment was also optimized, which has led to an increasingly high degree of automation, allowing for the execution of complex tasks and autonomous decision-making. Additionally, as both technologies continue to evolve towards smaller scales, their application scope is expanding, including Micro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS), sensors, etc. This paper explores the application of microelectronic processing and integrated circuits in mechanical design, elucidating how advancements in microelectronics enhance the automation and intelligence of mechanical equipment. Furthermore, with the rise of nanotechnology, the paper discusses new applications of microelectronic processing in mechanical design fields such as automation control systems, sensors, and embedded systems. Meanwhile, the cost reduction and standardization of integrated circuits have boosted their popularity in a wider range of fields

In-situ quality monitoring during embedded bioprinting using integrated microscopy and classical computer vision.

Despite significant advances in bioprinting technology, current hardware platforms lack the capability for process monitoring and quality control. This limitation hampers the translation of the technology into industrial GMP-compliant manufacturing settings. As a key step towards a solution, we developed a novel bioprinting platform integrating a high-resolution camera for in-situ monitoring of extrusion outcomes during embedded bioprinting. Leveraging classical computer vision and image analysis techniques, we then created a custom software module for assessing print quality. This module enables quantitative comparison of printer outputs to input points of the CAD model's 2D projections, measuring area and positional accuracy. To showcase the platform's capabilities, we then investigated compatibility with various bioinks, dyes, and support bath materials for both 2D and 3D print path trajectories. In addition, we performed a detailed study on how the rheological properties of granular support hydrogels impact print quality during embedded bioprinting, illustrating a practical application of the platform. Our results demonstrated that lower viscosity, faster thixotropy recovery, and smaller particle sizes significantly enhance print fidelity. This novel bioprinting platform, equipped with integrated process monitoring, holds great potential for establishing auditable and more reproducible biofabrication processes for industrial applications.

Optical Metasurfaces for Biomedical Imaging and Sensing.

Optical metasurfaces, arrays of nanostructures engineered to manipulate light, have emerged as a transformative technology in both research and industry due to their compact design and exceptional light control capabilities. Their strong light-matter interactions enable precise wavefront modulation, polarization control, and significant near-field enhancements. These unique properties have recently driven their application in biomedical fields. In particular, metasurfaces have led to breakthroughs in biomedical imaging technologies, such as achromatic imaging, phase imaging, and extended depth-of-focus imaging. They have also advanced cutting-edge biosensing technologies, featuring high-quality factor resonators and near-field enhancements. As the demand for device miniaturization and system integration increases, metasurfaces are expected to play a pivotal role in the development of next-generation biomedical devices. In this review, we explore the latest advancements in the use of metasurfaces for biomedical applications, with a particular focus on imaging and sensing. Additionally, we discuss future directions aimed at transforming the biomedical field by leveraging the full potential of metasurfaces to provide compact, high-performance solutions for a wide range of applications.

Conductive Hydrogel Systems Enabling Rapid and Controllable Release of Guests at Low-Voltage Region.

Smart delivery materials that respond to electric fields attract interest across various fields, whereas systems enabling rapid, controllable, and safe delivery capabilities remain essential. Based on the hypothesis of utilizing electric field to manipulate inter-component noncovalent bonds in delivery materials, a hydrogel system is hereby reported that is capable of achieving rapid guest release at low-voltage region. This system harnesses the synergistic regulation of electric field-induced host-guest electrostatic repulsion, alongside the dynamic modulation of H-bond interactions within the conductive hydrogel. Consequently, a voltage of 1.5V influences the multi-component non-covalent crosslinking, inducing reversible pore size enlargement, and achieving an accelerated yet controlled release of 39-48% within 120min at 1.5V, with a low-threshold release voltage of 0.5V. This conductive hydrogel system enables the rapid and controlled release of various guest molecules, including drugs, fluorescent probes, and luminophores, underscoring the universality of the strategy. Furthermore, an electrical control device constructed from such hydrogel blocks is demonstrated, which is capable of performing "time-specific" information encoding and access. The mechanism relies on physical processes, avoiding traditional redox reactions, thereby inspiring the development of safe and efficient electrically responsive materials and devices with diverse functionalities, leveraging the synergistic effect of multi-component non-covalent interactions.

Unlocking the Full Potential of GaN/SiC Cascode Device with 3D Co-packaging and Enhanced dv/dt Control Capability

Unlocking the Full Potential of GaN/SiC Cascode Device with 3D Co-packaging and Enhanced d<i>v</i>/d<i>t</i> Control Capability

Wireframe DNA origami nanostructure with the controlled opening of edges

Design and simulation of wireframe DNA origami nanostructures with fast and controlled opening capability using modified DAEDALUS code.

Research on reachable set boundary of neutral system with various types of disturbances.

This study delves into neutral-type systems (NTSs), emphasizing the critical role of defining precise reachable set (RS) boundaries for safe and efficient system design and operation. The investigation notably addresses the challenges posed by time-varying delays, applying Lyapunov's direct method alongside advanced matrix inequality techniques to identify minimized and more accurate ellipsoidal boundaries of the RS in NTSs influenced by bounded and nonlinear disturbances. Our findings, verified through numerical simulations and comparisons with existing literature, demonstrate enhanced control and management capabilities for complex systems, thus underscoring the substantial theoretical and practical value of incorporating delay elements in NTSs.

Synthesis and oil displacement performance evaluation of asymmetric anionic gemini surfactants

In order to further enhance the water flooding performance in low-permeability tight oil reservoirs, a novel gemini surfactant with high interfacial activity, hydrophilic wettability, and good injectivity and mobility control was developed. Using n-alkylamine (C12–C18), 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropylsulfonate sodium, sodium chloroacetate, and succinic anhydride as raw materials, a series of gemini surfactants with asymmetric hydrophilic head groups (GDCS m-4-m; m = 12, 14, 16, 18) were synthesized via substitution and ring-opening reactions. The structures of the synthesized products were characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR, and their surface and interfacial properties as well as their thickening abilities were evaluated. The optimal gemini surfactant was selected for further oil displacement and wettability alteration tests. The results indicate that the synthesized product is consistent with the molecular structure of the target design product. The surface tension and interfacial tension of GDCS m-4-m series surfactant solutions initially decrease and then increase with the increase in the number of carbon atoms in the hydrophobic carbon chain. Its thickening ability increases as the number of carbon atoms in the hydrophobic carbon chain increases. GDCS16-4-16 exhibited the best surface and interfacial activities, with a critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 0.344 mmol/L, surface tension of 24.04 mN/m, and an interfacial tension as low as 2.16 × 10−2 mN/m at 0.5 wt%. The flooding system formulated with GDCS16-4-16 demonstrated excellent mobility control and oil washing capabilities, and could shift the wettability of rock surfaces to highly hydrophilic. In dual-core flooding experiments, with gradient differentials of 3, 5, and 7, the comprehensive oil recovery increased by 12.81 %, 13.88 %, and 11.78 %, respectively, after injecting 0.4 PV of GDCS16-4-16 surfactant solution followed by subsequent water flooding. This indicates a significant potential to enhance recovery in low-permeability tight sandstone reservoirs, presenting promising application prospects in the development of such formations.

Deficits of proactive control in individuals with test anxiety: Evidence from ERPs.

Proactive control in cognitive control is characterized by an individual's ability to maintain representations of goal-relevant information prior to responding to prevent conflicts. Text anxiety is a situation-specific personality trait characterized by excessive fear and worry about exams, accompanied by emotional issues. Individuals with high test anxiety exhibit deficiencies in cognitive control capabilities, but whether there is a defect in proactive control remains unclear. In this study, ERP technology was used to record the brain electrical activity of participants with high and low test anxiety during the performance of the AX-CPT task, and the difference in proactive control ability between the two groups of participants was examined. Behaviorally, individuals with high test anxiety(HTA) exhibited significantly lower accuracy rates in all three conditions compared to those with low test anxiety, and also showed a lower d' Context index. In terms of neural indicators, participants with HTA showed a significantly lower CNV component in the BX pairs than those with low test anxiety, HTA individuals lack the ability to actively maintain cues. Additionally, higher amplitudes of the N2 and P3 were generated in the AY and BX pairs, high test anxiety individuals require more cognitive resources to inhibit cognitive conflict. Results suggests that individuals with HTA exhibit deficiencies in proactive control abilities. This study explores the relationship between such deficits and test anxiety.

Rancang Bangun Sistem Keamanan Laboratorium Menggunakan Face Recognition Berbasis Internet of Thing (IoT)

An Internet of Things (IoT)-based laboratory security system is designed to improve security and monitoring efficiency. This study aims to develop such a system using ESP-32 CAM (Embedded Serial Peripheral Interface 32-bit Camera), a camera module with an ESP32 microcontroller with Wi-Fi connectivity and image processing capabilities for real-time access control and room monitoring. Firebase is a cloud-based facial data storage platform, and the Telegram application is a medium that allows automatic notifications. Access control testing was conducted involving five user samples. The system recorded a facial recognition success rate of 90% (9 out of 10 tests were successful), which is considered "good" based on the accuracy threshold of ≥ 85% for security applications. However, accuracy decreases in nonideal conditions, such as when the user's distance from the camera exceeds 30 cm or the angle of view of the face is not aligned with the camera. Non-ideal refers to operational situations where optimal parameters, such as distance and facial orientation, are unsatisfied. The notification delivery delay to the Telegram application was tested using Wireshark, with an average time of 18,528 ms, indicating that the system has a fast response in real-time. In addition, the monitoring camera (ESP-32 CAM) successfully sent stable real-time video to the laboratory manager's web without significant interference. The test results show that this system meets the design objectives as an efficient laboratory security solution. Some improvements are needed to improve accuracy under non-ideal conditions and expand monitoring testing to various network scenarios.

Low-Complexity Model Predictive Control for Series-Winding PMSM with Extended Voltage Vectors

This paper proposes a low-complexity model predictive current control (MPCC) strategy based on extended voltage vectors to enhance the computational efficiency and steady-state performance of three-phase series-winding permanent magnet synchronous motors (TPSW-PMSMs). Compared to conventional MPCC methods, this approach increases the number of candidate voltage vectors in the alpha–beta plane from 8 to 38, thereby achieving better steady-state performance. Specifically, the proposed method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) by 59%. To improve computational efficiency, a two-stage filtering strategy is employed, significantly reducing the computational burden. The number of voltage vectors traversed in one control period is reduced from 38 to a maximum of 4, achieving an 89% reduction in traversals. Additionally, to mitigate the impact of zero-sequence currents, zero-sequence current suppression is implemented within the control system for effective compensation. By combining low computational complexity, reliable steady-state performance, and real-time control capabilities, this strategy provides an efficient solution for TPSW-PMSM systems. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Fluidic feedback for soft actuators: an electronic-free system for sensing and control

The field of pneumatic soft robotics is on the rise. However, most pneumatic soft robots still heavily rely on rigid valves and conventional electronics for control, which detracts from their natural flexibility and adaptability. Efforts have focused on substituting electronic controllers with pneumatic counterparts to address this limitation. Despite significant progress, contemporary soft control systems still face considerable challenges, as they predominantly depend on pre-programmed commands instead of real-time sensory feedback. To confront these challenges, we propose an electronic-free soft actuator system capable of achieving basic sensorimotor behaviors. The soft actuator employs a fluidic strain sensor to obtain proprioception, detecting changes in air impedance resulting from stretching and compression. Integration of this sensor with a pneumatic valve enables the soft actuator possessing basic sensing and control capabilities. Drawing inspiration from the somatosensory and neuromuscular systems found in biological organisms, we implement both open-loop and closed-loop motion modes using different connection configurations. They facilitate cyclic movement and sensory feedback-regulated motion control using 'material intelligence'. We envisage that this system has the potential to expand to accommodate multiple limbs, thereby pioneering the development of fully fluidic soft robots.

Photoreconfigurable Metasurface for Independent Full-Space Control of Terahertz Waves.

We present a novel photoreconfigurable metasurface designed for independent and efficient control of electromagnetic waves with identical incident polarization and frequency across the entire spatial domain. The proposed metasurface features a three-layer architecture: a top layer incorporating a gold circular split ring resonator (CSRR) filled with perovskite material and dual C-shaped perovskite resonators; a middle layer of polyimide dielectric; and a bottom layer comprising a perovskite substrate with an oppositely oriented circular split ring resonator filled with gold. By modulating the intensity of a laser beam, we achieve autonomous manipulation of incident circularly polarized terahertz waves in both transmission and reflection modes. Simulation results demonstrate that the metasurface achieves a cross-polarized transmission coefficient of 0.82 without laser illumination and a co-polarization reflection coefficient of 0.8 under laser illumination. Leveraging the geometric phase principle, adjustments to the rotational orientation of the reverse split ring and dual C-shaped perovskite structures enable independent control of transmission and reflection phases. Furthermore, the proposed metasurface induces a +1 order orbital angular momentum in transmission and +2 order in reflection, facilitating beam deflection through metasurface convolution principles. Imaging using metasurface digital imaging technology showcases patterns "NUIST" in reflection and "LOONG" in transmission, illustrating the metasurface design principles via the proposed metasurface. The proposed metasurface's capability for full-space control and reconfigurability presents promising applications in advanced imaging systems, dynamic beam steering, and tunable terahertz devices, highlighting its potential for future technological advancements.

Wildfire Risk Assessment to Overhead Transmission‐Line Based on Improved Analytic Hierarchy Process

ABSTRACTThe occurrence of wildfire disasters can easily trigger tripping in overhead transmission‐line, thereby posing a significant threat to the safe and stable operation of the power system. In order to enhance the wildfire prevention and control capability of overhead transmission‐line, a wildfire risk assessment method based on the improved analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is proposed. First, the main factors of wildfire occurrence are explored, and the wildfire risk indicator system for overhead transmission‐line is constructed. We propose a novel runaway coefficient of fire for assessing the impact of fire sources on wildfire disaster. Secondly, the mutual information method is used to avoid the subjective arbitrariness of AHP to improve the reliability of each index weight. The results show that about 82.14% of new fire events of 2023 in Fujian (China) are located in medium‐, high‐, and very‐high‐risk areas, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed method. This methodology offers a foundation for the power system to mitigate the risk of wildfire.

Аnalysis of modern technical devices for improving working conditions in rehabilitation centers for people with disabilities

Abstract. The article provides an overview of the design features of modern technical devices used to improve working conditions in rehabilitation centers for people with disabilities. The primary focus is on the analysis of ceiling lifts, which are a key element in ensuring the mobility of patients with limited physical abilities. The design features of ceiling lifts are examined, including their modular system, ceiling mounting, control mechanisms, and safety features. The article also covers other rehabilitation devices used in conjunction with ceiling lifts, emphasizing their functionality, ergonomics, and reliability. The advantages of implementing such systems for optimizing the working conditions of medical personnel and improving the quality of patient care are described. Problem. The lack of domestic developments and manufacturers of such rehabilitation equipment is a major obstacle to providing centers with necessary devices. Most high-quality ceiling lifts and other assistive systems are imported from abroad. This increases the costs of purchasing and maintaining the equipment, making it inaccessible for many rehabilitation centers and hospitals, especially in remote regions of the country. Goal The purpose of this work is an analytical review of the designs of ceiling lifts from leading manufacturers to determine the necessary steps for design, calculation, selection of required components, and production of this type of equipment by domestic manufacturers. Methodology. To address the design of a ceiling lift, we will first analyze scientific papers, patents, and technical documentation to understand existing designs and their advantages and disadvantages. Next, we will employ computer modeling to simulate the lift's operation, identifying potential flaws while ensuring safety and efficiency. Computational and analytical methods will aid in selecting materials and calculating critical parameters, including strength and load on the ceiling mounts. Finally, experimental studies will test the equipment in real-world conditions, verifying its reliability and functionality, leading to the development of a ceiling lift that meets all effectiveness, reliability, and safety requirements. Results. In the course of this work, an analytical review of the designs of ceiling lifts from leading global manufacturers was conducted, allowing for the identification of key technological solutions necessary for effective design and production of this equipment in Ukraine. To achieve high quality and competitiveness of the product, it is important to properly define the stages of the design process, which include: determining the functional requirements (load capacity, range of motion, ergonomic and safety requirements); developing the design and kinematic scheme; selecting materials; creating a control system with remote control capabilities that ensures speed regulation during lifting and emergency stopping; designing mechanisms for safe operation; and conducting market research to localize production and assess economic efficiency under limited funding conditions.

Синтез нейрорегулятора для системы, содержащей существенно нелинейный блок

In some cases, in order to improve the quality indicators of the transients of the automatic control system, it is necessary to take into account in the model of the control object various mechanisms that drive the control object itself (DC motor, wheels, amplifier-converting devices). When calculating controllers by analytical methods, difficulties arise due to the presence of various kinds of irregularities in such systems, including "significant" ones ("backlash", "friction", etc.). In this case, the solution of this issue may be related to the use of artificial neural networks as part of the simulator. This paper shows the application of a neurofeedback scheme using a neuro-emulator and a neurocontroller. This allows you to form a training sample and train a neural network controller in the operating modes of the system that are beyond the control capabilities of a nonlinear model of the control object using a controller calculated by an analytical method. This scheme is considered as an addition to the algorithm of synthesis of neural network controllers with a deterministic way of choosing the architecture and weighting coefficients of a neural network using a scheme of imitating neural control. An example is given of improving the qualitative characteristics of the transients of a system by means of fine-tuning a neurocontroller for a nonlinear system "inverse pendulum on a movable base", taking into account the presence in the system of an inertial link containing a significant non-linearity of the "backlash" type. The purpose of the control was indicated, i.e. stabilization of the inverted pendulum in a vertical position and moving the mobile base to a set value. To achieve these goals, a neurocontrol scheme is used, which contains two neural networks: a neurocontroller (performs the function of forming a control effect on an object) and a neuroemulator (performs the function of simulating a model of the control object and is necessary to calculate the error back pass and adjust the weighting coefficients of the neurocontroller). As a result, it is possible to obtain an automatic control system capable of controlling the specified object.

Programmable Wrinkled MXene-Based Soft Actuators with Moisture- and Light-Responsive Deformation and Water-Surface Locomotion Capabilities.

Soft actuators are limited by single-mode driving technology, which poses challenges in dealing with complex and multidimensional movements. In this study, a multiresponsive soft actuator was fabricated by integrating a microwrinkling structure into an MXene-based film, enabling programmable motions. To achieve this, we introduced n-hexane into the film preparation process and utilized its rapid volatilization to accelerate the shrinkage difference between the film and the substrate. This resulted in anisotropic folding and excellent mechanical properties. Due to the remarkable moisture absorption and excellent toughness of MXene-based films, it exhibits rapid actuation in response to moisture gradients and light stimuli with large bending deformation, fast actuation speed, as well as excellent stability and durability. The anisotropic expansion and mechanical properties of the film enable it to have capability of three-dimensional shape-programmable configuration control. Furthermore, taking advantage of the exceptional photothermal properties of MXene-based films, we developed light-driven actuators that utilize the Marangoni effect for propulsion on the water surface, enabling programmable navigational control. Such a soft actuator has a broad applications prospect in the fields of biomimetic botanical models, terrestrial crawlers, and aquatic surface transport devices.

A Low-Cost IoT System Based on the ESP32 Microcontroller for Efficient Monitoring of a Pilot Anaerobic Biogas Reactor

A pilot anaerobic bioreactor requires near-daily monitoring and frequent maintenance. This study aimed to upgrade a pilot bioreactor into a low-cost IoT device via ESP32 microcontrollers. The methodology was based on remote data acquisition and online monitoring of various parameters towards assessing the anaerobic digestion performance. A semi-continuous tank bioreactor with a 60 L total volume was initially inoculated mainly with livestock manure and fed daily with a mixture of glucose, gelatin, and oleic acid, supplemented with a basic anaerobic medium. Under steady-state conditions, the organic loading rate was 2 g VS LR−1 d−1. Sensors for pH, temperature, REDOX potential, and ammonium concentration, along with devices measuring biogas volume and methane content, were integrated and validated against analytical methods. Biogas production was recorded accurately, enabling the early detection of production declines through ex-situ data analysis. Methane concentration variance was less than 6% compared to gas chromatography, while temperature and pH deviations were 0.15% and 1.67%, respectively. Ammonia ion measurements required frequent recalibration due to larger fluctuations. This IoT-enhanced system effectively demonstrated real-time monitoring of critical bioreactor parameters, with ESP32 enabling advanced control and monitoring capabilities.

Android Security Vulnerabilities, Malware, Anti-Malware Solutions, and Evasion Techniques

This paper investigates the vulnerabilities inherent in the Android operating system architecture and examines how malware developers exploit these weaknesses to execute a variety of attacks. These include aggressive advertising, remote control capabilities, financial fraud, privilege escalation, and the leaking of sensitive information. In this paper, we survey a collection of anti-malware techniques and organize these techniques into three canonical classes (static methods, dynamic methods, hybrid methodologies) according to how they are used or implemented with respect to the host operating system. We also evaluate the effectiveness of these techniques against certain types of attacks and summarize them under test categories for reporting results. We also examine the typical countermeasures used by malware authors to disguise their approaches against existing detection methods, such as reintegrating with real applications, using update payloads, executing dynamic code, scrambling dangerous content, and setting traps to act upon only purposely triggered situations. In future work, we suggest research into the capability of reinforcement learning methods to further increase sustainability and adaptability of anti-malware strategies. This Research study aimed at creating more dynamic detection systems for malware by utilizing machine learning techniques that could change in parallel with the tactics used by malware developers. By leveraging this technique, you could drastically boost the efficacy of existing anti-malware solutions that are unable to respond to new threats. As the digital environment changes (and continues to change), Mobile provides threat analysts, fraud / security managers and legal authorities up-to-date circumstantial direction so users can move with confidence within their mobile landscapes.