Canthal Distance Research Articles

Variation of facial features among three African populations: Body height match analyses

Body height is one of the variables that show a correlation with facial craniometry. Here we seek to discriminate the three populations (Nigerians, Ugandans and Kenyans) using facial craniometry based on different categories of body height of adult males. A total of 513 individuals comprising 234 Nigerians, 169 Ugandans and 110 Kenyans with mean age of 25.27, s=5.13 (18–40 years) participated. Paired and unpaired facial features were measured using direct craniometry. Multivariate and stepwise discriminate function analyses were used for differentiation of the three populations. The result showed significant overall facial differences among the three populations in all the body height categories. Skull height, total facial height, outer canthal distance, exophthalmometry, right ear width and nasal length were significantly different among the three different populations irrespective of body height categories. Other variables were sensitive to body height. Stepwise discriminant function analyses included maximum of six variables for better discrimination between the three populations. The single best discriminator of the groups was total facial height, however, for body height >1.70m the single best discriminator was nasal length. Most of the variables were better used with function 1, hence, better discrimination than function 2. In conclusion, adult body height in addition to other factors such as age, sex, and ethnicity should be considered in making decision on facial craniometry. However, not all the facial linear dimensions were sensitive to body height.

Anthropometric Analysis of Orbital Region and Age-Related Changes in Adult Women.

Normal morphometric values of the orbital region vary according to age, sex, and ethnicity. The purpose of this study was to determine the normal values of orbital region and analysis age-related changes in adult women. Measurements were performed on 311 healthy women, aged between 20 and 87. Subjects were divided into 3 age groups: young (20-44), middle aged (45-59), and old adults (60 and up). The anthropometric measurements of orbital region were performed on the photographs by using IT version 3.00 software programs. The mean values of interpupillar distance and nasofrontal angle were 64.20 ± 5.06 mm, 149.21 ± 9.12° respectively. In young, middle, and old groups the values of outer canthal distance were 92.98 ± 5.85, 91.00 ± 7.04, and 88.02 ± 6.13 mm; inner canthal distances were 31.30 ± 3.07, 31.72 ± 3.51, and 31.66 ± 3.44 mm. Palpebral fissure areas were 163.41 ± 29.98, 144.01 ± 30.90, and 129.11 ± 27.21 mm. Palpebral fissure lengths were 29.96 ± 1.76, 28.45 ± 1.96, and 26.81 ± 1.95 mm; palpebral fissure widths were 9.27 ± 1.21, 8.57 ± 1.25, and 7.98 ± 1.18 mm. Inner canthal angles were 39.29 ± 6.04°, 37.57 ± 6.58°, and 35.78 ± 5.80°; outer canthal angles were 53.90 ± 8.90°, 51.48 ± 8.87°, and 49.87 ± 9.78°. Visible iris areas were 96.04 ± 15.04, 88.63 ± 16.27, and 81.73 ± 14.03 mm, respectively. Interpupillary distance and inner chantal distance measurements showed no significant difference with age. As other measurements were determined decreased with age (P <0.05). The authors believe that knowing the normal size of the structures in the orbital region and age-related changes will be useful to maintain the facial proportions in the plastic and reconstructive surgery and to protect aesthetic appearance of the face.

Physical measurements of Chinese children in Hong Kong—A pilot study in preschools and kindergartens

Normal growth is essential to a developing child. Most syndromes with dysmorphic features demonstrate recognizable patterns of disproportionate growth, thus physical measurements are an important aspect of patient evaluation. Delineating the abnormal growth pattern depends greatly on the accuracy of the normal range. However, the currently available reference data are restricted in terms of ethnicity and geographical location, hence may not be applicable to all children worldwide. In Hong Kong, reference data are limited only to the neonatal period. The aim of our pilot study is to obtain a set of region-specific physical measurement data for Chinese children in Hong Kong. Two to six year olds were recruited from preschools and kindergartens in different regions of Hong Kong. Twenty-six parameters found in previous publications were measured with minor modifications. Three medical personnel trained by a clinical geneticist obtained these parameters. Satisfactory inter-rater reliability was achieved in a training cohort prior to the study. Raw measurement data collected were normalized and fitted into growth curves modeled by LMS method. We recruited 448 children (55.6% male) between 2 and 6 years old from five preschools and kindergartens. Growth curves with essential percentile lines were drawn. Significant differences were identified in 11 parameters when compared with Caucasian children, including canthal distances and facial width/height. Our current pilot study presents the first local- and ethnicity-specific data on physical measurements of 2-6 year olds. Our findings highlighted the substantial ethnic variability in physical measurements and the need for an ethnic-specific reference for Chinese children. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Computed tomography-generated anthropometric measurements of orbital relationships in normal infants and children.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to develop soft-tissue and bony anthropometric orbital measurements in a normal pediatric population based upon CT scans. METHODS This was a retrospective stratified study of children with ages ranging from birth to 36 months. Head CT images for 204 children were available and obtained with 0.625-1-mm slice widths. Soft-tissue and bone windows were reviewed. Images were oriented in the Frankfort horizontal plane, and the intercanthal (IC), bony interorbital (IO), and bony lateral orbital (LO) distances were measured. Age group stratifications were 0-3, > 3-6, > 6-9, > 9-12, > 12-18, > 18-24, > 24-30, and > 30-36 months. Patients with known syndromes or craniofacial abnormalities were excluded. Statistical analysis included the mean, SD, SEM, 95% CI, and an evaluation of IO:LO ratio. RESULTS There was an average of 25.5 patients in each age group (range 25-27 patients). All soft-tissue and bony measurements consistently showed rapid increase from 0-6 months of age, which tapered after age > 12 months. The mean IC, bony IO, and bony LO distances started at 22.22 ± 1.13 mm, 14.16 ± 0.74 mm, and 65.56 ± 1.76 mm, and at 12 months were 27.74 ± 1.01 mm, 16.21 ± 0.75 mm, and 77.98 ± 1.57 mm, respectively. The bony LO position was equivalent to the lateral canthal position and measurements. The IC distance was approximately one-third the lateral canthal distance for all age groups. CONCLUSIONS This study established and reported normal anthropometric orbital measurements in a pediatric population using fine-cut craniofacial CT. These measurements are essential when evaluating children with craniofacial anomalies.

Anthropometric Evaluation of Facial Dimensions in Population of Western Maharashtra

Objective: The present study was carried out to evaluate an average ratio between specific soft tissue parameters of the face among the young adult population of Karad, Maharashtra. The soft tissue parameters gauged in the present study are inner canthal distance, outer canthal distance, alar base width and distance between the corners of the mouth. Rationale: The average ratio of soft tissue parameters of the face can act as a guideline for effective treatment of teeth and dento facial structures as well as soft tissue outlines. Materials and Methods: 1,786 young adults aged between 18 and 20 years from Karad city were initially screened, out of which 1,000 were selected on the basis of the inclusion criteria. The fronto-facial photographs of the selected subjects were captured using a digital camera. The selected facial soft tissue parameters were digitally measured, and the data were subjected to statistical analysis. Result: The values of the parameters measured were marginally more in males; however, the ratio among the parameters was similar in both the sexes. The average ratio between the inner canthal distance, alar base width and distance between corners of the mouth was found to be 1:1.3:1.7, and the average ratio etween the outer canthal distance, alar base width and distance between the corners of the mouth was found to be 2.3:1:1.3 . Conclusion: The different parts of the human face exist in certain proportions. Establishing the ratio between these parameters is important to facilitate proper diagnosis and treatment planning for the specific population. KEYWORDS: Facial measurements, Golden proportions, Digital photography

Assessment of facial golden proportions among central Indian population.

Aim:This study aimed to identify and establish the facial and smile proportions in young adults and to compare the results with ideal or divine proportions, compare the proportions of males and females included in our study population and compare them with those established for Caucasian and Japanese populations.Materials and Methods:Two hundred participants (164 females, 36 males) with Angle's class I malocclusion (M.O). and well-balanced faces were selected and photographed in the frontal repose position. Analysis was done in Adobe Photoshop software. Statistical analysis was done using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 17.0. (IBM Corporation Armonk, New York, United States).Results:Results suggested that females are more near to ideal ratios and males are more deviated from the ideal ratios. The proportions of males and females were not considerably different from each other. In Indian population, upper 3rd facial height (TR-LC) was increased and mid-face height (LC-LN) was decreased; in lower 3rd of the face, LN-CH was slightly increased in comparison to CH-ME. In facial widths, outer canthal width (LC-LC) was greater in the Indian population and mouth width (CH-CH) was normal. When compared with Indian population, Japanese participants had wider noses, outer canthal distance, and bitemporal width.Conclusion:It was concluded that significant difference was found between the proportions of the Indian population and ideal ratio. When Indian population was compared with Japanese and Caucasian populations, some parameters of facial proportions showed significant difference, which leads to the need for establishing standardized norms for various facial proportions in Indian population.

Clinical analysis of epicanthus correction with two methods: Z-plasty and Y-V plasty

To compare the clinical effects of different surgical methods for the epicanthus corrective surgery. Canthoplasty with asymmetric Z-flap is applied in 46 cases, Y-V advancement procedure for epicanthoplasty is applied in 42 cases. The epicanthus aesthetic measurement were measured and calculated by software before and after surgery, the diameter of the iris was measured as a reference value,and the postoperative scar was assessed by VSS scale. At the same time, by measuring the lateral canthal distance, the accuracy of the measurement method can be verified. All patients were satisfied with the long-term results and there were no recurrences of the epicanthal fold. The shortening ratio of the ICD is 8.36% in the group with the Z-plasty, and 5.88% in Y-V plasty. the lateral canthal distance have no diffrence before and after surgery. Two surgical methods can get good results. The magnitude of correction in Z-plasty may larger than Y-V plasty, but postoperative retraction may existed in Z plasty.

The selection of maxillary anterior teeth width in relation to facial measurements

Objectives: This clinical study was carried out to determine the relationships between maxillary anterior teeth width [canine arc distance, central incisor width], and certain horizontal facial parameters which include: [(Interzygomatic, inner and outer canthus and interpupillary) distances, and (interalar, mouth and philtrum of upper lip) widths], to be used as a guide to selection of the maxillary anterior teeth width.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: The facial measurements were taken directly from (60) under-graduate students in age range (19-24) years old by using an electronic digital vernier caliper. While canine arc distance and central incisor width were measured indirectly on the casts made from impressions of the selected subjects using flexible millimeter ruler. The collected data were analyzed and correlated using statistical package SPSS version 20.&#x0D; Results: The mean value of all the parameters measured were significantly higher in males than female, for male just a significant correlation was found between canine arc distance and mouth width, CARCD =0.994×MW, while for females significant correlation was found between canine arc distance mouth width, inner and outer canthal distance, and interpupillary distance, but the most significance relation was with the mouth width, CARCD=1.036×MW, and central incisor width was significantly correlated with, mouth width, CIW = MW ÷6.15, CIW = MW ×0.16. &#x0D; Conclusions: This study demonstrated that certain horizontal facial parameters could be used as a guide in maxillary anterior teeth width selection to achieve an optimal esthetic result for each gender.

Orbitofacial Assessment of Indian Americans and Its Significance – An Anthropometric Study

Background: For the perception of facial attractiveness, the orbital region in the face acts as a key determinant factor. The Orbitofacial measurements vary with sex and race. Orbital region in the face is one of the most important regions in plastic, reconstructive and ophthalmic surgery and anthropometric evaluation. There are no reports available on the Orbitofacial anthropometry in Indian American population. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to determine the normal average values of linear measurements of the orbital and eyebrow regions and to determine any significant sex differences that exist in the Indian American students of American University of Antigua (AUA), Antigua. Methods: The direct orbitofacial anthropometric measurements (orbital and eyebrow linear measurements, height of the orbit to the length of the eye fissure ratio and canthal index) were carried out using digital caliper in 100 men and 100 women Indian American students (18 to 30 years) of AUA, Antigua and compared between sexes. Results: The orbital and eyebrow linear measurements of Indian American men showed higher value when compared to women. Outer canthal distance, inner canthal distance and thickness of the eyebrow showed statistically significant sexual difference. The palpebral fissure width, height of the orbit and inter eyebrow distance showed no statistical significant sexual difference. Height of the orbit to length of the eye fissure ratio and Canthal index were calculated and showed higher value in men when compared to women. Conclusion: The Orbitofacial anthropometric data obtained in the present study can be used as a reference value for Indian Americans and can be made use in diagnostic procedures, designing of products like optical spectacle frames and lenses, surgical procedures and also in studies involving facial attractiveness.

Selecting maxillary anterior tooth width by measuring certain facial dimensions in the Kurdish population

Statement of problemOne of the most difficult aspects of complete denture fabrication is selecting appropriately sized maxillary anterior teeth that will harmonize with the face. There are no generally accepted or naturally observed principles to guide dentists in this selection. PurposeThe purpose of this study was to determine whether a relationship exists between various facial measurements and the different single or combined mesiodistal widths of maxillary anterior teeth in a Kurdish population. Material and methodsA total of 65 Kurdish dental students participated in this study. Two standardized digital photographs of the face (relaxed and smiling capture) were recorded. The interpupillary distance (IPD), inner canthal distance (ICD), interalar distance (IAD), and width of the 2 central incisors were determined by Image J software. The mesiodistal width and the combined straight-line width of the centrals, laterals, and canines were measured directly from the casts of the participants with digital calipers. A simple linear regression and the Pearson correlation coefficient were used to investigate the relationship between the particular facial measurement and the widths of the anterior teeth (α=.05). ResultsSignificant correlations existed between the IPD and different tooth measurements; the highest was with the mean width of the canines (r=0.55). The proposed proportion between the IPD and the central incisor width was 6.93. The golden proportion of the ICD to the width of the central incisors and of the IAD to the straight-line width of the 6 anterior teeth could be used as a dependent parameter in Kurdish men. ConclusionsThe IPD can be used to predict the width of anterior teeth in both sexes. In men, the width of the central incisors may be estimated from the ICD and the straight-line width of the 6 anterior teeth from the IAD.

Therapeutic strategy for different types of epicanthus

To explore the reasonable therapeutic strategy for different types of epicanthus. Patients with epicanthus were classificated according to the shape, extent and inner canthal distance and treated with different methods appropriately. Modified asymmetric Z plasty with two curve method was used in lower eyelid type epicanthus, inner canthus type epicanthus and severe upper eyelid type epicanthus. Moderate upper epicanthus underwent '-' shape method. Mild Upper epicanthus in two conditions which underwent nasal augumentation and double eyelid formation with normal inner canthal distance need no correction surgery. The other mild epicanthus underwent '-' shape method. A total of 66 cases underwent the classification and the appropriate treatment. All wounds healed well. During 3 to 12 months follow-up period, all epicanthus were corrected completely with natural contour and unconspicuous scars. All patients were satisfied with the results. Classification of epicanthus hosed on the shape, extent and inner canthal distance and correction with appropriate methods is a reasonable therapeutic strategy.

Dysmorphologic assessment in 115 Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser patients.

Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) patients are characterized by congenital aplasia of the uterus and the upper part of the vagina, with normal secondary sexual characteristics. This disorders affects one in 4000-5000 females and it is classified as typical, type I or isolated, and as atypical, type II, manifesting additional malformations. To date, no specific study has addressed the question of facial features in MRKH patients. The aim of this study is to perform a dysmorphological assessment of a large cohort of patients. We studied 115 women referred to our center from 2008 to 2012. Seventy-two percentage (83/115) of our patients showed isolated uterovaginal aplasia (MRKH type I); 32/115 (28%) had other abnormalities including kidney and cardiac defects, skeletal anomalies, and hearing impairment. Auxologic investigations comprised measurements of height, weight, BMI, head circumference, arm span, span to height ratio, hand length, middle finger length, foot length, inner and outer intercanthal distance, and auricle length. All patients had normal measurements, except for the outer canthal distance-inner canthal distance ratio, which was consistent with elongated eyelids. Women with MRKH syndromes do not present a typical facial feature and a dysmorphological examination of all patients seems unnecessary. However, a multidisciplinary approach is useful with respect to explaining the etiology, interpreting test results, and counseling.

Vertical Localization of the Malar Prominence.

Background:During reconstruction or augmentation, it is important to localize the malar complex in a symmetrical and aesthetically pleasing position. Few studies have determined the location of this feature and none related the location to gender, age, or ethnicity. Some of these have attempted to relate the position to the aesthetically pleasing Golden Ratio φ.Methods:We assessed the vertical location of the malar prominence relative to other facial landmarks, determined consistency among individuals, and compared this with values used in artistry. Study population consisted of a convenience sample of 67 patients taken from an otolaryngology practice at a large urban medical center. Coordinates of the malar prominence were referenced to distinct facial landmarks from which the ratio of chin-to-malar prominence to chin-to-eye canthus was determined.Results:Average chin-to-malar prominence distance was 0.793 ± 0.023 (SD) of the chin-to-eye canthus distance. Variability due to the specific image chosen [coefficient of variation (CV) = 1.19%] and combined inter/intrareader variability (CV = 1.71%) validate the methodology. Variability among individuals (CV = 2.84%) indicates population consistency. No difference was found between gender and age groups or between whites and Hispanics. Individuals of other/unknown ethnicities were within the range common to whites and Hispanics. Our population’s value is not different from the value of 0.809 used in artistry, which is based on the Golden Ratio φ.Conclusions:The vertical position of the malar prominence is consistent among individuals, is clinically well-approximated by the value based on the Golden Ratio, and may be useful as a reference for surgical reconstruction or augmentation.

Eyes of beautiful women and femme fatales depicted in Western portraits.

This study aimed to compare the eyes of beautiful women and femme fatales depicted in Western portraits. A total of 37 samples were collected; 19 beautiful women and 18 femme fatales. Nine aspects were measured in reference to the corneal horizontal diameter. The estimated corneal vertical diameter was calculated by a corneal horizontal diameter multiply constant, 1.11.The double-fold was observed in 89% (17 of 19) of the beautiful women and 83% (15 of 18) of the femme fatales. The eye-width ratio was 2.42 (SD, 0.28) in the beautiful women and 2.31 (SD, 0.34) in the femme fatales. The eye-height ratio was 0.91 (SD, 0.18) in the beautiful women and 0.84 (SD, 0.10) in the femme fatales. Eyebrow-to-upper lid distance was 0.92 (SD, 0.35) in the beautiful women and 0.89 (SD, 0.23) in the femme fatales. The interpupillary distance was 5.00 (SD, 0.46) in the beautiful women and 5.00 (SD, 0.71) in the femme fatales. The intercanthal distance was 2.72 (SD, 0.42) in the beautiful women and 2.78 (SD, 0.73) in the femme fatales The outer canthal distance was 7.32 (SD, 0.64) in the beautiful women and 7.20 (SD, 1.01) in the femme fatales. The ptosis amount was -0.01 (SD, 0.18) in the beautiful women and 0.06 (SD, 0.01) in the femme fatales. For the above 7 measurements, there were no significant differences between the 2 groups (P > 0.05, t test).It is noteworthy that the beautiful women and femme fatales have the same interpupillary distance (5.00). Also, the ptosis ratio was almost zero in both groups (-0.01 [SD, 0.18] in the beautiful women and 0.06 [SD, 0.01] in the femme fatales). The results of this study might be of some reference in performing eyelid surgeries especially in brow lifts or canthoplasties.

Canthal and Cephalic and Indexes of Children with Homozygous Sickle Cell Disease in Port-Harcourt

This research was conducted in view of the importance of anthropmetric indices of the head and face in forensic medicine, surgery, paediatrics and medical imaging. this study was put forward to determine some of the effects of chronic diseases on head and face of children with homozygous sickle cell disease. A comparative study on canthal and cephalic indexes were carried on 100 patients, 54 male and 46 females who are homozygous for sickle cell anaemia, who attended the sickle cell clinic at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital between the ages of 3-17years. The same was done for 500 growing children, 291 males and 209 females between 3-17years. The head length, head breadth, inner and outer canthal distances were measured. the results showed a mean cephalic index value of 79.89± 0.87 for the normal growing children while that of the sickle cell children was 79.54± 2.14 which is not statistically significant (p>0.05). The mean canthal index for healthy children was 35.16±1.01 as against 37.28±1.65 for sickle cell children, which is statistically significant. This result determined the possible effects of chronic diseases such as sickle cell anaemia on the diversity of head and face shapes in children.

Anthropometric measurements of the orbital contour and canthal distance in young Turkish

IntroductionThis study is aimed to define the mean values of the different anthropometric measurements of right and left orbits and giving the average of the basic measurements of the soft orbital tissues in young Turkish and compare the obtained measurements between women and men. Materials and methods115 students (59 female and 56 male) from Yasar Dogu School of Physical Education and Sport of Ondokuz Mayis University participated in the study. The age of participants were ranging between 18 and 30 years. 12 measurements were done, 3 for general body measurement and 9 for orbit contour region. The parameters of measurements are the intercanthal width (en-en), the biocular width (ex-ex), interpupillary distance (p-p), palpebral fissure width right-left (ex-en/r-l), height of the orbit right-left (os-oi/r-l), palpebral fissure height right-left (ps-pi/r-l). ResultsThe mean values of en-en, ex-ex, p-p, ex-en/r-l, os-oi/r-l, and ps-pi/r-l in males the mean values were, 28.68±3.61mm, 96.43±11.90mm, 61.73±3.77mm, 36.02±2.71mm/35.63±2.79mm, 35.19±4.37mm/35.13±4.49mm, 10.06±1.74mm/10.30±1.90mm, respectively. However, in females were 27.84±2.90mm, 95.08±9.85mm, 58.99±3.22mm, 35.01±2.27mm/34.66±2.28mm,35.15±3.64mm/35.79±3.70mm, 10.31±1.43mm/10.37±1.73mm, respectively. DiscussionThe results indicate that the measurements were higher in males than in females (p<0.001). The normative anthropometric data presented in this study would be useful for clinical interpretation of periocular pathology and serve as reference values when planning aesthetic and posttraumatic surgical interventions.

Determination of mesiodistal width of maxillary anterior teeth using inner canthal distance

BackgroundSelection of appropriately sized maxillary anterior teeth is one of the important aspects of complete denture prosthodontics. In the past several methods have been proposed, but little consensus on an effective method for anterior teeth selection has been reached. Inner canthal distance is one of the reliable anatomic dimension that may provide a valid approach to anterior teeth selection. This study was aimed to ascertain the co-relation between inner canthal distance (ICD) and combined mesiodistal width of maxillary anterior teeth. MethodThis study was conducted in Army Dental Centre (R & R) Delhi Cantonment between Aug 2006 to Mar 2008. Eight hundred dentate Indian subjects of four different ethnic group; Such as Rajputs, Marathas, Sikh and Tamilian. 100 males and 100 females from each race under the age group of 18–30 years formed the subjects of study. The ICD and mesio-distal width of maxillary anteriors were measured using Digital Vernier Caliper. The Data obtained was statistically analyzed. ResultsA consistent ratio of 1.61 was found between ICD and combined mesiodistal width of maxillary anteriors in all four ethnic group. The mean value showed no statistically significant difference between sex. The variation in the ratio between the ethnic groups was negligible. ConclusionThe findings of the study indicated that, to select the combined mesiodistal width of maxillary anterior teeth, ICD of the required patient should be multiplied by 1.61. This ratio was consistent with all the four ethnic groups irrespective of sex.

Study of canthal index in Nepalese undergraduate medical students of BPKIHS, Nepal: gender and ethnic differences

Background: Craniofacial anthropometry is a technique used in both physical and clinical anthropology comprising precise and systematic measurements of the human skull. It also includes measurement of the medial and lateral canthal distances. People of different genetic background subjected to significantly different environmental influences have different craniofacial morphology.Objectives: To find out effect of gender and ethnicity on Canthal anthropometry.Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out to determine and compare canthal anthropometry among 299 undergraduate students (Male=161, Female=138) of different ethnic groups (Indo-Nepalese, indigenous and Tibeto-Nepalese) of age group 19-21 years at BPKIHS. Medial and lateral canthal distances were measured by using straight vernier caliper and canthal index (medial canthal distances / lateral canthal distance × 100) for all three ethnic groups in both sexes were compared.Results: The study has shown that the female students had higher canthal index than male students (27.65±12.35 vs 23.96±5.76). When compared on the basis of ethnicity, Indo-Nepalese had highest value of canthal index followed by Indigenous and Tibeto-Nepalese.Conclusion: In conclusion, genetics and environmental factors are responsible for the variation in canthal indices and other craniofacial indices between and within populations. Therefore, its standard values are largely applicable for clinical assessment of patients with syndrome affecting canthal anatomy.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v3i2.11231Journal of Kathmandu Medical CollegeVol. 3, No. 2, Issue 8, Apr.-Jun., 2014Page: 78-81

English

Aim: The aim of the study is to determine the circumference interorbital index amongst the Isoko ethnic group of Nigeria. Methods: This study was based on data collected from 600 Isoko subjects between 12&ndash;31 years of age in Delta State of Nigeria. Data was collected using a tape rule to measure the head circumference and a non-stretchable transparent centimeter ruler to measure the inner canthal distance. Circumference interorbital index was determined by measuring the head circumference and inner canthal distance. The head circumference was measured from the occipital prominence to the supraorbital ridge, while inner canthal distance was taken as the distance between the medial angles of the two eyes. Circumference Interorbital Index was calculated as Inner Canthal Distance (ICD)/ Head Circumference (HC) x 100. Mean and standard deviation for both sexes were calculated while t-test was employed as a statistical tool to search for significant gender differences. Results: The mean and standard deviation for Isoko male and female circumference interorbital indices were 6.62 and 6.58; 0.38 and 0.10 respectively. Conclusion: This study has provided a baseline data on circumference interorbital index of the Isoko ethnic group of Nigeria. The Isoko males displayed a higher circumference interorbital index than the females. Keywords: Anthropology, Craniofacial surgery, Forensic medicine, Isoko.

Ocular dimensions in relation to auxological data in a sample of Swedish children aged 4–15 years

The purpose was to characterize normal growth patterns of ocular and optical components and to relate them to auxological data in a sample of Swedish children aged 4-15 years. A prospective cross-sectional study was carried out in 143 Swedish children with a mean age of 9.8 years. Variables including gestational age (GA), weight, length and head circumference (HCF) at birth and at the time of assessment were registered. Visual acuity (VA), cycloplegic refraction and biometric measures were obtained. Palpebral fissure length and inner canthal distance were measured. Optic disc morphology as seen on fundus photographs was analysed. Children born more mature, with male predilection, were found to have deeper anterior and vitreous chamber depths, longer axial lengths and thinner crystalline lens thickness. No correlations were found between ocular biometric measurements and VA or refraction after adjustment for confounding variables. Inner canthal distance was significantly correlated with birth length (p = 0.03), height, weight, BMI and HCF (p = 0.0008, p = 0.0007, p = 0.037, and p = 0.04, respectively) at time of assessment. Total axial length was found to be significantly correlated with GA (p = 0.0226) and length at assessment in girls (p = 0.0084). Right optic disc and rim areas decreased with increasing age (p = 0.0078 and p = 0.0107, respectively); however, optic disc parameters were not dependent on any other variable. These normative values may serve as a basis for the ocular findings and their relationship to auxological data in Caucasian children aged 4-15 years, as well as for future comparison in patients with paediatric ocular pathologies.