Canthal Distance Research Articles

Facial Clues and Vertical Dimension of Occlusion: Diagnostic Study in a Moroccan Population

Goal of the study: To detect the prevalence, association, and correlation that may exist between the vertical dimension of occlusion and certain facial clues in a toothed population in search of a simplified method for the determination of DVO in complete edentulous people.Introduction: The methods for recording the vertical dimension of occlusion, rest, or phonetic vertical are very numerous, attesting to the absence of a universal scientific method for its determination. The aesthetic criterion of respecting morphological proportions constitutes for many authors a preferential reference guide. Determining the vertical occlusion dimension (DVO) remains a complex and imprecise step using several complementary methods. The exploitation of clues Facials seems a simple and promising means but a subject still to controversies. Material and method: We conducted a diagnostic study, spread over a period of one and a half years within the faculty of dentistry of Rabat. The facial indices studied were as follows: the inter-pupillary distance, the distance between the inner canthus and the labial commissure, the distance between the center of the pupil and the labial commissure, the internal canthus distance from the eyes × 2, the external canthus distance from the ear, the distance between external canthus and internal canthus (opposite eye), the width of eyes × 2 and distance between the external wing of nose and eyebrow. The measurements (DVO and different facial clues) were taken by the same operator directly on the toothed subjects, using a caliper.Results and discussion: On the 103 subjects, our sample presented a predominantly female with an average age of 21 years ± 3.9. The average vertical occlusion dimension was 50.49 mm ± 6.45. We noted a concordance between the DVO and two facial indices namely the internal canthus-labial commissure distance (51.16 mm ± 6.11) and the center of the pupil-labial commissure distance (52.18 mm ± 6.66). The reliability analysis was in favor of a positive, strong and very significant correlation between the DVO and the following measures: the inter-pupillary distance, the internal canthus distance-labial commissure, and the center distance of the pupil-labial commissure (p <0.001). By adjusting the inter-pupillary distance, the internal canthus-labial commissure distance, the center distance of the pupil-labial commissure, the internal canthus distance from the eyes × 2, the external canthus-ear distance, the width of the eyes × 2, the distance between the external wing of the nose and the eyebrow, only the distance between the internal canthus and the labial commissure, the distance between the external canthus and the ear and the width of the eyes × 2 were explanatory variables for the DVO.Conclusion: The inter-pupillary distance, the internal canthus-labial commissance distance, and the center distance of the pupil-labial commissure approximate the vertical dimension of occlusion in the dentate subject. The use of these facial indices seems interesting incomplete removable prosthesis because of its simplicity and speed.

Age-related changes to characteristics of the human eyes in women from six different ethnicities.

To describe some morphological characteristics of the eyes of women of 6 different ethnicities and ages. Standard digital photographs of 3600 women of different ethnicities and ages were taken for evaluating the effects of some makeup products (eyeliners, mascaras, eyelids makeup, etc) through a before/after comparison. Photographs corresponding to pre-applications offered opportunity to quantify, through image analysis, some features of the human eyes (height, length, ellipticity, horizontality, etc) for recording their possible variations linked to ethnicities and/or age. Although some minor differences between ethnicities were found (inter-pupillary distance and inner canthal distance), most eyes criteria among the 11 recorded were comparable (height and length of the eyes, ellipticity, etc). The somewhat low variability of the latter more reflects individual morphologies, at comparable ages. Asian subjects significantly differ by a much more oblique orientation of their main axis versus the horizontal inter-pupillary line. In all ethnicities, the skin aging process was found significantly altering i) the height of the eyes and ii) their orientation. Whereas the decrease of height likely results from a sagging of the upper eyelid, the decrease of orientation in all ethnicities (more marked among Asian women) possibly results from a sagging of the outer corner of the eyes. Whether this sagging may be related to the progressive outcome of crow's feet wrinkles is a plausible hypothesis. The present work is an original and complementary approach to the skin aging process prone at modifying some characteristics of women eyes of different ethnicities.

Inter: Ethnic comparison of canthal dimensions between ibibios and ijaws in Nigeria

Canthal index is an important component of craniofacial anthropometry with no universal normative value. It varies greatly among individuals and most especially across ethnic groups. This study was aimed at comparing the canthal index between the Ibibio and Ijaw populations of Nigeria. Four hundred (400) adult participants with ages ranging from 19-31 years were included in the study. Two hundred (200) participants consisting of 100 males and 100 females were randomly selected from the Ibibio and Ijaw ethnic groups of AkwaIbom and Bayelsa states, respectively, in Nigeria. A digital Vernier caliper was used to measure the inner and outer canthal distances and the canthal index was calculated from the values obtained. The results showed that Ibibio males and females had inner canthal distance of 3.49±0.05cm and 3.36±0.03cm; outer canthal distance of 10.34±0.22cm and 10.06±0.15cm, and mean canthal index of 33.77±0.83 and 33.42±0.54, respectively. The Ijaw males and females had inner canthal distance of 3.85±0.12cm and 3.69±0.16cm; outer canthal distance of 11.09±0.16cm and 10.92±0.42cm, and mean canthal index of 34.73±1.02 and 33.71±0.73, respectively. Using z-test (p

Ratio of Inter Canthal Distance to Mesiodistal Width of Upper Anterior Teeth of the Upper Jaw Between Batak and Minangkabau Tribe

Introduction. Indonesia is rich in diversity of ethnic groups, each of which has its own characteristics, including the Batak and Minangkabau tribes. One of these characteristics can be seen from the intercanthal distance and mesiodistal width of the six maxillary anterior teeth. This research was aimed to determine whether there is a difference in the ratio of the intercanthal distance to the mesiodistal width of the six maxillary anterior teeth between the Batak and Minangkabau tribes.Methods. This research is analytic observational with nonexperimental correlation design. The research subjects were 60 people with the subject inclusion criteria were aged> 17 years. The intercanthal distance was measured from the median angle of the right eye to the left in the study subjects. Mesiodistal width measurements of six maxillary anterior teeth were performed in the study model, measured from the mesial to the widest distal margin of each tooth. Both measurements were carried out using a digital caliper with three repetitions. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation test and independent t-test.Results. The results showed a significant (p> 0.05) and strong relationship between the intercanthal distance and mesiodistal width of the maxillary anterior six teeth in both tribes. The results of the independent t-test showed that there was a significant difference between the two tribes (p <0.05) with the mean value of comparison in the Batak tribe 1:1.42 and the Minangkabau tribe 1: 1.45.Conclusion. There was a significant difference in the ratio of the intercanthal distance to the mesiodistal width of the six maxillary anterior teeth between the Batak and the Minangkabau.

3D-Analysis of Mouth, Nose and Eye Parameters in Children with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS).

Background: Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a developmental disorder with severe negative lifetime consequences for the affected person. Numerous diagnostic methods for facial assessment in FAS exist, but most of them are based on subjective evaluations. Our aim was therefore to find objective methods for the verification of FAS(D). Methods: 58 children (28 FAS; 30 controls) were examined prospectively. 3D facial scans were performed for each child and facial parameters at the mouth, nose and eye regions were measured and compared between the groups. Results: Significant differences could be found for the distance between right and left sulcus nasi at the transition point to the philtrum (p < 0.001), for the inner canthal distance (p = 0.001) as well as for the right and left palpebral fissure length (p < 0.001). No significant difference between the FAS and control children could be found for the measurements of mouth breadth (p = 0.267) and breadth between the left and right alares nasi (p = 0.260). Conclusions: Measurements of mouth breadth and nose breadth for the alares nasi are not suitable for FAS diagnosis. In contrast, digital contactless measurements of the distance between the right and left sulcus nasi at the transition point to the philtrum, as well as the inner canthal distance and palpebral fissure length of the left and right eyes, showed significant differences when comparing children with FAS to healthy controls. These measurements could thus be additional objective means for the verification of FAS.

Combined Transverse Incision and Pouch Incision for the Correction of Medial Epicanthus.

The epicanthal fold is a distinct characteristic of the upper eyelid in many Asians. To achieve satisfactory results, epicanthoplasty is usually performed with double eyelid plasty and blepharoptosis. Although many surgical procedures have been reported for the elimination of epicanthal folds, such as recurrence, copious designs, conspicuous scar, and unnatural palpebral contours are challenges to the surgeon and also make patients worried. From June 2010 to June 2015, epicanthoplasty was performed for 236 Chinese female patients using transverse incision combined with pouch incision. The transverse straight incision was performed in new inner canthus to the original eanthal corner point, after the original inner canthus corner point was reached, the oblique parallel incision was performed along the lower eyelid, so that full subcutaneous separation was obtained on the upper and lower incision, the malpositioned isomerous orbicular muscle and thickened tissue were released and excised, so that the epicanthus skin was naturally restored, and finally the incision was sutured without tension. The extent of postoperative scarring and improvement of the epicanthal fold were evaluated after surgery. The medial canthal distance was measured preoperatively and 12 months postoperatively. The average intercanthal distance decreased significantly from a mean of 41.68 ± 2.57 mm preoperatively to 37.14 ± 1.94 mm 12 months postoperatively (P < 0.05, paired t-test). And all patients were satisfied with the excellent aesthetic results in terms of an open medial canthus without definite recurrence, hypertrophic scarring, and other complications during the 12-month follow-up period. Epicanthoplasty with transverse incision and pouch incision is a simple and effective method for elimination epicanthal folds, resulting in a pleasant visualization, inconspicuous scar. However, its long-term effects require further study.

A clinical and genetic study of 16 Japanese families with Waardenburg syndrome

The purpose of this study is to profile the clinical and genetic features of Japanese Waardenburg syndrome (WS) patients and validate the W index. Sixteen Japanese WS families with congenital sensorineural hearing loss were included in the study. The inner canthal, interpupillary, and outer canthal distances (ICD, IPD, and OCD) were measured for all patients, and patients were screened for presence of PAX3, MITF, SOX10, and EDNRB mutations. The WS patients were clinically classified under the current W index as follows: 13 families with WS1, 2 families with WS2, and 1 family with WS4. In the 13 WS1 families, genetic tests found PAX3 mutations in 5 families, MITF mutations in 4 families, SOX10 mutations in 3 families, and EDNRB mutations in 1 family. 61% of clinically classified WS1 patients under the current W index conflicted with the genetic classification, which implies W index is not appropriate for Japanese population. Resetting the threshold of W index or novel index formulated with ethnicity matched samples is necessary for clinical classification which is consistent with genetic classification for WS patients with distinct ethnicity.

Normal interpupillary, inner canthal distance and outer canthal distance in a normal population of Pakistan.

Objective:This study was conducted to quantify the normal indices of anthropometric measures related to ophthalmology including Interpupillary distance (IPD), Inner canthal distance (ICD), Outer canthal distance (OCD) in a normal, healthy Pakistani population.Methods:This is a cross sectional study. Total 500 patients were chosen randomly but 499 were included in this study. Patients were selected randomly in an outpatient department of Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Centre Karachi, over the period of five months. IPD, ICD & OCD all measurements were taken with the help of plastic rule by only one researcher to minimize chances of error as much as possible. IPD was reconfirmed from auto refractometer while ICD and OCD readings were taken twice by occluding one eye of researcher to reduce error. Participants were divided into four categories on basis of: Age, Gender, ethnicity and geographical location. Patients were further categorized on basis of Ethnicity to Urdu Speaking, Sindhi, Punjabi, Pathan, and others. Moreover, four age groups were drawn ranging from 15-24 years, 25-44 years, 45-64 years and 65 years and greater.Results:Our study comprised a total of 499 patents of which 272(54.5%) were males, and 227(45.5%) were females. The mean age of the participants was 39.3 ± 14.5 years. The mean values for the IPD, ICD and OCD in mm were 61.8 ± 6.2, 30.9 ± 2.9 and 85.2 ± 6.6 respectively. A statistically significant difference was observed between IPD, ICD and OCD Indices among male and female study participants (p<0.001, p=0.043, p<0.001). While comparing the IPD, ICD and OCD indices amongst the different ethnic groups, we found no statistically significant difference (p=0.09. p=0.28, p=0.06). Overall, there was no correlation between the age and other variables i.e. IPD, ICD, OCD, (r = 0.07, p = 0.085), (r = 0.005, p = 0.906), (r = -0.08, p = 0.058).Conclusion:This work has recommended normative values of IPD, ICD and OCD in Pakistani population on the basis different variables including gender, age, and ethnicity.

Craniofacial measures and minor physical anomalies in patients with schizophrenia in a cohort of Serbian population

Introduction/Objective. Craniofacial dysmorphology has been shown as the most prominent among physical anomalies in schizophrenia patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the frequency of craniofacial anomalies in Serbian schizophrenia patients. Methods. A list of 27 minor physical anomalies (modified Waldrop scale) and nine ratios of craniofacial measures was used to detect the presence of craniofacial dysmorphology in 126 schizophrenia patients and 124 healthy controls. Results. Compared to the healthy subjects, schizophrenia patients had significantly higher rates of the following minor physical anomalies: fine hair, two or more hair whorls, fused eyebrows, wide nose basis, low-seated ears, high steepled and high flat palate, and furrowed tongue (most prevalent were vertical fissures and diffusely distributed fissures) with significance of p ? 0.001. The best predicting parameters for distinguishing between schizophrenics and controls were the inner canthus distance, the outer canthus distance, hair whorls (all at level p = 0.000), and high steepled palate (p ? 0.001). Conclusion. The results of the present study confirm the neurodevelopmental concept of schizophrenia, being potentially useful for further psychiatric-anthropological research. Clinical significance is reflected in the possibility of monitoring the potential mental illness in childhood through potential ectodermal markers, as well as the possibility of their comparison with the psychological profile in early adolescence.

An Anthropometric Comparison of Inner Canthal Distance, Outer Canthal Distance and Canthal Index in the Indian and Nepalese Undergraduate Students of Nepalgunj Medical College

Background: The canthal distances are one of the most important aspects in ascessing the facial aesthetics. Several authors have described changes in the canthal distances attributable to race and gender.Aims and Objectives: To compare the inner canntahl distance, outer canthal distance and canthal index in between Nepalese and Indian undergraduate students of Nepalgunj Medical College.Materials and Methods: The study was conducted to compare canthal distances and canthal index among 320 (160 Indians: 100 male,60 female and 160 Nepalese: 100 male and 60 female) undergraduate students of Nepalgunj Medical College of age group 18-24 years at Department of Anatomy, Chisapani, Banke. Inner canthal distance(ICD) and Outer canthal Distance(OCD) were measured by using round end spreading caliper and Canthal Index were calculated by ICD/OCD *100. The value obtained was compared among Indian and Nepalese students in both sexes by using student t-test.Result: The study showed that there was no any significant difference on the value of inner and outer canthal distances and canthal index observed between Nepalese and Indian population except on the value of canthal index which was significantly different between Indian male and Nepalese male population. However, when the comparison was done between the sexes, inner and outer canthal distances and canthal index of males are larger than females except on the value of canthal index of Indian males and Indian females which was non-significant.Conclusion: There occurred a sexual dimorphism within Indian and Nepalese population except on canthal index of Indian male and Indian female but there wasn't any significant differences between Nepalese and Indian population of same sex except on canthal index of Indian male and Nepalese male. JNGMC, Vol. 14 No. 2 December 2016, Page: 12-14

Craniofacial morphometric study of adult Ogoni people of Nigeria

Craniofacial anthropometry requires series of direct standard anthropometric measurement of the bones of the human skull. The study was aimed at establishing baseline data of the craniofacial parameters which are head circumference, intercanthal distances, canthal index and circumference interorbital index of the adult Ogonis of Nigeria. A total of three hundred and eighty two (382) subjects were selected randomly from Kibagha in Gokana local government area, Bori in Khana local government area, Nonwa in Tai local government area and Alesa in Eleme local government area all in Ogoni. Three hundred and eighty two (382) subjects which include one hundred and eighty nine (189) and one hundred and ninety three (193) for males and females respectively with a non-stretchable plastic ruler with 0.5cm interval was used for the measurement and the data. The results showed among others, the mean age value as 30.81±10.13 for male and 32.64±10.91 for female, head circumference (male 56.41±1.52cm, female57.05±2.02cm), intercanthal distance (male 3.56±0.30cm, female 3.47±0.26), outer canthal distance (male 12.53±0.49cm, female 12.39±0.55cm), canthal index (male 28.41±1.79cm, female 28.15±1.83cm) and circumference inter-orbital index (male 6.31±0.44cm, female 6.09±0.40cm). It showed statistical significant difference between the male and female among the parameters measured indicating sexual dimorphism. Discriminate function analysis of Wilkis’ Lambda test also confirms accurateness and predictability of the statistical significant difference of male and female measured variables. The knowledge from the study can provide information for craniofacial assessment for important clinical questions in research especially during surgery on the cranium development forensic investigation in personal identification in the population and society at large.

Adjustable V-Flap Epicanthoplasty Based on Desired Eyelid Morphology.

Eyelid shape is one key distinctive feature of the Asian eye. The presence of epicanthal folds is a common eyelid defect of Asians. Different surgical techniques have been developed to correct epicanthal folds. However, potential problems with these techniques are emerging, such as difficulty in design, recurrence and/or prominent scarring after surgery, and restricted application together with double eyelidplasty. An improved epicanthoplasty technique with high simplicity and flexibility is imperative. From October 2000 to March 2017, we performed V-flap epicanthoplasty procedures on 423 Asian patients. The whole procedure, including V-shaped skin incision, myotomy and pilication of the medial canthal ligament was performed layer by layer. A similar palpebral fissure distance and inner canthal distance were acquired with this surgical operation. Besides, this surgical technique will not cause limitations on double eyelid morphology when a double blepharoplasty is performed at the same period. The V-flap epicanthoplasty we described here is able to fully correct the epicanthal folds with a simple and flexible design, and the surgery can be adjusted according to patient needs for desired double eyelid shape. Satisfactory results were ideally achieved with no recurrence and finer scar.Level of evidence V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these evidence-based medicine ratings, please refer to the table of contents or the online instructions to authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Reference values of anthropometric measurements in healthy late preterm and term infants

Geographical distribution, ethnicity, and other socioeconomic factors may affect anthropometric measurements, and for that reason each society should determine their own measurements accounting for those factors. In this study, we aimed to determine the anthropometric measurements of healthy late preterm and term infants to compare the results with other national and international studies. This sectional study was carried out among 1197 infants born with a gestational age of ≥35 weeks. Chest circumference, ear length, foot length, palmar length, middle finger length, philtrum distance, inner and outer canthal distances, and palpebral fissure length were measured in the first 24 h of life. All measurements of late preterm infants were smaller than those of term infants (P ˂ 0.05). Compared with male infants, the chest circumference, ear length, foot length, palmar length, philtrum distance, and inner canthal distances of the female infants were lower (P ˂ 0.05). No significant differences were found between male and female infants’ middle finger length, outer canthal distance, and palpebral fissure length measurements. Percentile values for all measurements of 35–42-week male and female infants were described. These measurements of male and female infants born between 35 and 42 weeks may be useful for early detection of syndromes by detecting anatomical abnormalities in our population.

Minor physical anomalies in adolescents at risk for substance use and early sex.

Minor physical anomalies (MPAs) are associated with disruptions of fetal development. We propose that the same genetic compositions that contribute to the presence of MPAs, also predispose individuals to health-compromising behaviors, thus considering MPAs as particular endophenotypes.We developed a screening questionnaire for problematic conduct, substance abuse, and early sexual practice. A total of 108 adolescents (55 males, 50.9%) aged 11 to 19 years were recruited and further divided into case and control groups according to their answers to the questions of health behaviors mentioned above. We then measured their MPAs that included qualitative and quantitative physical features. Stepwise logistic regression and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were used to determine the predictive values of MPAs for behavioral outcomes.The obliquity of palpebral fissure and the head MPAs were negatively associated with substance use. In the ROC analysis, the model provided an area under curve (AUC) of 0.91 with prediction indices being 0.89 for sensitivity and 0.85 for specificity. In addition, the feet MPAs and outer canthal distance were positively, whereas the obliquity of palpebral fissure and ear rotation was negatively associated with early sexual practices. The AUC for early sexual practice was 0.91 and the prediction indexes were 0.87 for sensitivity and 0.88 for specificity.Certain MPAs were associated with adolescent substance use and early sex, which suggests a neurodevelopmental etiology for behavioral outcomes

Sexual Dimorphism among the Kathmandu University Students Assessed by Anthropometric Studies

Objectives: To observe the sexual dimorphism among the young adult age group ranging from 18-21 years, of Kathmandu University students by measuring craniofacial circumference and canthal distances.&#x0D; Rationale of the study: These data could be useful for establishing the craniofacial standards and adds an implementation on plastic surgery, crime detection as well as in the industrial field.&#x0D; Method: 300 clinically normal students of Kathmandu University aged between 18-21 years were examined for the study. Fronto-occipital circumference, outer and inner canthal distances were measured. All the parameters were compared between males and females.&#x0D; Result: The cranial circumference as well as the inner and outer canthal distance in males was found to be significantly higher as compared to the females.&#x0D; Conclusion: The results concluded that sexual dimorphism remarkably exists in young adults of Kathmandu University students.

Anthropometric and Anthroposcopic Analysis of Periorbital Features in Malaysian Population: An Inter-racial Study.

In oculoplastic operations, knowledge of the dimensions of periorbital features based on age, gender, and race is essential for achieving better aesthetic result. This article seeks to determine the racial and gender differences of periorbital features among Malaysian Malay (MM), Malaysian Indian (MI), and Malaysian Chinese (MI) subjects. Evaluation of periorbital features was done on photographs of 200 MM, 200 MI, and 200 MC subjects, aged 18 to 26 years. The measured values were evaluated by an independent t-test. A significant difference was found between MM and MI in all measurements except interbrow distance in males, eyebrow thickness in females, and apex to lateral limbus distance in both sexes. Between MI and MC the difference was insignificant for interbrow distance in male groups, apex to lateral limbus distance in females, and palpebral fissure inclination and eyebrow apex angle in both sexes. Between MM and MC, significant differences were found for eyebrow thickness and medial canthus tilt in female group. Male groups showed significant difference for apex to lateral limbus and lateral canthus distance and eyebrow apex angle. Eyebrow height, palpebral fissure width, and intercanthal distance were significantly different in both sexes. Sexual dimorphism was found for all measurements in MI, but MM and MC showed insignificant difference for eyebrow apex angle. Four types of epicanthus were observed in MM and MC and three types in MI. Eyebrow apex between lateral limbus and lateral canthus was the most common position in all racial groups. Significant racial and gender differences exist for certain periorbital measurements. The knowledge of these differences is expected to influence the surgical outcome.

The Latino Eyelid: Anthropometric Analysis of a Spectrum of Findings.

Published anthropometric measurements of the Latino eyelid are limited. This study describes features spanning the morphologic range from non-Latino whites to East Asians in the spectrum of the Latino eyelid. A cross-sectional study of 68 people (32 Latinos, 18 non-Latino whites, and 18 East Asians, ages 18-39), approved by the Institutional Review Board and HIPAA-compliant, was performed. Saliva samples determined genetic components. Indirect anthropometric measurements were performed with ImageJ software. Eyelid measurements included margin reflex distance, palpebral fissure height, eyelid crease height, orbital height, horizontal fissure length, inner and outer canthal distances, medial and lateral canthal angles, and lateral canthal angle of inclination. Additionally, exophthalmometry and epicanthal folds were recorded. Analysis of 184 markers from HumanExome Chip data revealed distinct clustering patterns. Genetically, the Asian participants were in 1 group, the whites in another group, and the Latinos spanned the spectrum between these 2 groups. In Latinos, the inner canthal distance and lateral canthal angle of inclination were similar to Asians, whereas the eyelid crease spanned the range from Asians to whites. Half of the Latinos had epicanthal folds. Latinos possess a spectrum of eyelid features spanning the morphologic characteristics from those of non-Latino whites to those of East Asians. These normative data on Latinos from Texas and Mexico aid in the diagnoses of Latino eyelid disorders and are a reference for optimizing oculofacial surgery outcomes.

Medial Canthoplasty Combined with Conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy for the Treatment of Delayed Medial Telecanthal Deformity.

Background:Rupture of the medial canthal ligament can be caused by many events. It remains a challenge to rebuild the drainage system and restore the function. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of medial canthoplasty combined with conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy (CDCR) in patients with medial telecanthal deformities and lacrimal drainage system damage.Methods:Twenty-two patients (22 eyes) treated with medial canthoplasty and CDCR during June 2012 to June 2014 were included in this retrospective study. For all patients, a self-tapping, titanium, low-profile head microscrew was drilled into the solid bone on the posterior aspect of the anterior lacrimal crest at the attachment position of the medial canthal ligament. Medpor-coated tear drainage tubes were applied. Distance of patient's lateral displacement before and after operation was recorded and compared. The complications of CDCR were described.Results:Before the surgery, distance of patient's canthal displacement was 4–6 mm. The canthal distance between two eyes of patients with surgery was 1 mm or less. Among patients with CDCR, four patients had proximal obstruction and two patients had distal obstruction. Five patients had tube malposition, for example, tube extrusion 1–3 months after surgery.Conclusions:Medial canthoplasty combined with CDCR is an effective surgical method for treatment of patients with medial telecanthal deformity and lacrimal drainage system obstruction. The study indicates that medial canthoplasty combined with CDCR surgery rebuilds normal appearance of eyelid and contour of the medial canthus and successfully repairs the function of the lacrimal drainage system.

Ophthalmology national normative database series (4): Normal ranges of interorbital anthropometric values in healthy sudanese children

Background: The knowledge of the normal ranges of interorbital anthropometric values among schoolchildren aged 6–15 years is very important because normal values of facial measurements, inner canthal distance (ICD), outer canthal distance (OCD), canthal index, and circumferential interorbital index are useful parameters in the evaluation and treatment of congenital or posttraumatic deformities of the cephalic and facial regions such as telecanthus, ocular hypotelorism, and craniosynostosis. Objective: To assess the normal ranges of interorbital anthropometric values in schoolchildren and to measure the interorbital distances and to define the effects of age and gender in Al-Shifa area, Khartoum State. Materials and Methods: Systematic interorbital anthropometric measurements were done in 980 schoolchildren aged 5–16 years. Measurements of far Interpupillary Distance (FIPD), Near Interpupillary Distance (NIPD), Outer Canthal Distance (OCD) and Inner Canthal Distance (ICD) were taken in all study population. Comparisons were made between their gender and age using the Chi-square test. Results: In total, 980 individuals were studied. Out of these, 675 (68.9%) individuals were boys and 305 (31.1%) were girls. The mean age of the study group was 9.47 ± 2.71 years; there was a statistically significant difference in all measurements (P Conclusion: Significant interorbital measurement differences were found between Sudanese children according to gender and age. The present study suggests that age and gender should be considered in Sudanese children in any orbital surgery. To individualize the treatment planning and diagnosis, it is important for the surgeons to have a knowledge of these local Sudanese interorbital norms.

Ophthalmology national normative database series (3): Normal ranges of interorbital anthropometric values in healthy sudanese adults

Background: The face is the most distinctive part of the human body. Of all areas on the face, the bilateral orbital regions which are located in the upper half of the face act as a strong influence in the perception of facial attractiveness, esthetic criteria, and “ideal” features of any certain nation. This fact increases the needs for interorbital anthropometry or interocular distances (IODs) which refers to the measurements of the human far interpupillary distance (FIPD), near interpupillary distance (NIPD), outer canthal distance (OCD), and inner canthal distance (ICD) among individuals of different age, sex, and ethnicity. Objective: To assess the normal ranges of interorbital anthropometric values among adult healthy Sudanese population and to define the effects of age, gender, and tribal ethnicity on interorbital anthropometry. Materials and Methods: Systematic interorbital anthropometric measurements were done in 920 Sudanese adults aged 20–85 years. Parameters included were FIPD, NIPD, OCD, and ICD across age, sex, and tribal ethnic perspective of the study subjects. Comparisons were made between their gender, age, and tribal ethnicity using the Chi-square test. Results: The study included 565 female (61.4%) and 355 male (38.6%) subjects with mean age of 48 ± 20 (range 20–85) years. Significant age, gender, and ethnical dimorphism were noted in the following parameters. OCD (male: 92.23 mm; female: 90.79 mm), FIPD (male: 63.20 mm; female: 61.57 mm), NIPD (male: 59.34 mm; female: 57.73 mm), and ICD (male: 34.30 mm; female: 33.00 mm). Conclusion: Significant interorbital measurement differences were found between Sudanese males and females in different age and ethnic groups. The present study suggests that age, gender, and ethnicity should be considered in Sudanese esthetic criteria and “ideal” features in any cosmetic or reconstructive orbital surgery. To individualize the treatment planning and diagnosis, it is important for the surgeons to have knowledge of these local Sudanese interorbital norms.