Canonical Variate Analysis Research Articles

Twenty-year impact of fire foci and its relationship with climate variables in Brazilian regions.

In recent years, Brazil has become a major global contributor to the occurrence of national fires and greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the fire foci data of the past 20years to determine their relationship with climatic variables in various Brazilian regions. The variables evaluated included fire foci, land surface temperature, rainfall, and standardized precipitation index, which were obtained via remote sensing from 2000 to 2019. The data were subjected to trend analyses (Mann-Kendall and Pettitt tests) and a multivariate analysis of canonical variables for evaluation. The results showed that the Midwest and North regions had the highest occurrence of fire foci throughout the study period, and that the North region had the highest accumulated annual rainfall. Thus, these regions require specific public policies to prevent future fires. Overall, the Midwest, Southeast, and South regions exhibit significant increasing fire foci tendencies. Our results reveal that this trend is related to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomena, which alter climatic variables such as precipitation, land surface temperature, and the standardized precipitation index. Finally, the sugarcane growing area had a significant linear relationship with fire foci in the Southeast region, especially in the state of São Paulo, the major national sugarcane producer.

Geometric morphometric analysis of flatfishes of Gopalpur-on-Sea, Odisha coast, India

Flat fishes are known for their uniqueness by possessing both eyes on one side of their body, either sinistral or dextral, and are an essential component of the food chain and food web. The present study reports the geometric morphometric (GM) analysis of five species of the family Bothidae, four species of the family Cynoglossidae, and four species of the family Soleidae collected from Gopalpur-on-Sea, Odisha coast to understand their shape variation. The GM analysis supplements the morpho-taxonomy to discriminate population, evident from the principal component analysis, canonical variates analysis, and discriminant function analysis. Landmarks-based GM can elaborate shape differences between species and provide a meaningful way to improve the visualization and quantification of these differences at the time of species identification.

Recovery of Haemal Lordosis in European Seabass Dicentrarchus labrax (Linnaeus 1758)

Lordosis of the haemal part of the vertebral column is a frequent abnormality in reared fish. Haemal lordosis develops during the late larval and early juvenile life stages of fish, mainly due to the high swimming activity of the fish in the rearing tanks. In the present study, we have examined whether haemal lordosis recovers during the growth of European seabass. Furthermore, we aimed to develop simple morphometric indices (PrAn1 and PrAn2) that might link the severity of lordosis at the juvenile stage with fish morphological quality at harvesting. At 111 days post-hatching (dph, 53 ± 4 mm standard length, SL), 600 seabass juveniles with lordotic (L, 200 fish) or normal (N, 400 fish) external morphology were selected and introduced in a common tank. At 150 dph (75 ± 7 mm SL), 350 fish were randomly selected, pit-tagged and transferred to a sea cage for on-growing up to 502 dph (234 ± 16 mm SL). The morphological examination of the fish at 150 and 502 dph revealed that 60% (46 out of 77) of L juveniles turned into normal phenotype by the end of on-growing period. Interestingly, 56% of the fish with recovered external morphology (N-Rec) presented either a completely normal vertebral column (31%) or minor abnormalities of individual vertebrae (25%). Following the results of geometric morphometric analysis, the differences in the body shape between N-Rec and N fish were not statistically significant (p > 0.05, canonical variate analysis). The examined morphometric indices were effective in discriminating the normal fish from 58% (PrAn1) to 65% (PrAn2) of lordotic juveniles. Results are discussed with respect to the mechanism of lordosis recovery, and spotlights on their application for quality control and cull out of the abnormal fish in commercial hatcheries.

A Novel Quality-Related Incipient Fault Detection Method Based on Canonical Variate Analysis and Kullback–Leibler Divergence for Large-Scale Industrial Processes

Quality-related fault detection is an effective way to ensure the stability of product quality and the safety of industrial processes. Quality abnormality is often caused by incipient faults, which propagate through the connectivity path among the equipment and subsystems, and eventually become significant faults that affect product quality and production efficiency. In this paper, a quality-related incipient fault detection method for large-scale industrial process is proposed. Firstly, a fault-relevant variable selection strategy based on Kullback-Leibler divergence (KLD) is proposed to obtain the optimal variable subsets of quality-related and quality-unrelated faults. Secondly, canonical variate analysis is applied to estimate the canonical variables from the collected processes data. Thirdly, considering that KLD has a high sensitivity to incipient faults, it is used to quantify the dissimilarity between the distributions of canonical vectors before and after fault occurs. Finally, Bayesian inference is employed to fuse the detection results of all sub-blocks to get an intuitive global detection result. The advantages and validity of the proposed scheme are verified based on the Tennessee Eastman process.

Identification and Distribution of Wedge Clams (Donacidae: Bivalvia) in Thailand by Geometric Morphometric and Molecular Analysis.

The phylogenetic relationship of living Thai Donacidae was herein studied. Two methodologies, geometric morphometrics (GM) and genetic analysis of COI sequences, were combined and applied to identify the valid taxa and explain biodiversity and the distribution pattern in this family. A total of 587 living specimens were tested to analyze the shape and size patterns by Elliptic Fourier Analysis (EFA). Shell identification and GenBank sequences were added to construct the phylogenetic relationship and haplotype network. Centroid size was used to identify the specimens to the subgenus level. Donax (Hecuba) scortum, was easily distinguished from other species by Principal Component analysis (PCA) of shell size and shape. Donax (Dentilatona) incarnatus and Donax (Deltachion) semisulcatus semisulcatus were identified using Canonical Variates Analysis (CVA). Pairwise comparison of EFA was used for species level recognition, particularly shape overlap was observed for medium and small shell size. Based on genetic distance and haplotype network of COI sequences, Donax (Latona) faba and D. (Latona) solidus could be grouped in the same clade. Intraspecific and interspecific genetic data variation of some common species in different geographical localities of Thailand was observed. Three distribution patterns of Donax species were observed along the two-marine system of Thailand.

A geometric morphometric evaluation of facial hard tissue patterns

OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this study was to investigate the size and shape variations of hard tissue patterns in different skeletal relations in Malaysian Malay subjects using the two-dimensional geometric morphometrics method.MATERIALS AND METHODS:A total of 188 lateral cephalograms of adult Malay subjects (aged between 18 and 40 years) with Class I, II, and III skeletal relations were collected. Ten two-dimensional hard tissue landmarks were applied on lateral cephalograms which underwent landmark application and shape analyses as Procrustes ANOVA analysis, principal component analysis, canonical variate analysis, and discriminant function analysis. Statistical analyses were performed to find the mean and variance of each landmark using one-way ANOVA. The raw data from shape analysis were used to calculate the link between landmarks.RESULTS:Skeletal relations showed 16 Principal Components which indicated that variances existed in 16 different dimensions. In Procrustes ANOVA, the Centroid size was significantly different in genders and skeletal relations (P < 0.01). Canonical variate analysis showed the highest Mahalanobis distances and Procrustes distances between Class II and III among skeletal relations and between gender groups (P < 0.0001). Discriminant function analysis showed the classification was mostly accurate, especially for Class II and Class III with success rates of 90.6% and 83.3%, respectively, after cross-validation. The statistical analysis showed significant differences (P < 0.05) in hard tissue landmarks.CONCLUSION:There were different ANB angles in different skeletal relations. The GMM could be used as an alternative tool for diagnosis and treatment planning for craniofacial shape evaluations for future orthodontists and maxillofacial surgeons.

QUIMIOMETRIA III – REVISITANDO A ANÁLISE EXPLORATÓRIA DOS DADOS MULTIVARIADOS

CHEMOMETRICS III – REVISITING THE EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS OF MULTIVARIATE DATA. In this work, three methods for pattern recognition, used as exploratory data analysis, are revisited. A brief review of principal component analysis, PCA, an unsupervised method, is provided. Next, the Mahalanobis distance and the confidence ellipses usually drawn around the scores samples are discussed. Fisher’s canonical variate analysis (a supervised methodology) is the second method revisited in this work. The third exploratory data analysis methodology addressed is ANOVA-PCA, which uses the analysis of variance to separate variations into main effects, interaction and noise followed by principal component analysis. Unlike the other two, ANOVA-PCA was proposed recently and is still not yet explored in all its capabilities. One advantage of this method is the possibility to calculate the variance of each of the effects involved in the experimental design. The mathematical bases of the three methods are discussed as well as examples are presented.

Inter- and intraspecific variability of Quercus cerris L. and Quercus frainneto Ten. in the Sumadija region (Serbia) based on leaf geometric morphometrics

In this study, we used leaf geometric morphometrics to quantify the differences among Quercus cerris L. and Quercus frainetto Ten. and their populations in the Sumadija region in Serbia. We sampled 2200 leaves from eight populations and on each leaf recorded 13 landmarks. To analyze how leaf morphology varies across species and populations, we used Procrustes ANOVA, a two-block partial least-squares analysis, a principal component analysis and a canonical variate analysis. The results showed a clear discrimination between species, followed by different levels of leaf shape variability in Q. cerris and Q. frainetto. The leaves of Q. cerris displayed higher levels of variability and higher differences among populations compared to Q. frainetto. The patterns of population grouping in the two species greatly differed, indicating that in these species different factors contribute to intraspecific variability. This study provides preliminary results of the leaf morphometric variability of oak species in the Sumadija region in Serbia. Future studies should include genetic and environmental analyses to understand the origins of phenotypic differences between species and populations, and to fully recognize which factors mostly determine relationships between taxa.

Variability of some traits of walnuts (Juglans regia L.) in the test of half sib, originating in the Djerdap forest

As part of efforts for protection and restoration of variability of Juglans regia in Djerdap gorge, Serbia, where it grows as autochthonous relict species, the variability of ten measured and nine derived leaf morphometric parameters of half-sib progenies Persian walnut originating from Djerdap gorge was studied in this work. According to the contribution to total expected variance, parameters that were most effected by differences between half-sib progenies are leaf width (LW), side leaflet length (lL) and top leaflet length (20-30%). Using loadings with the first four rotated principal components, describing 90.1% of total variance, all parameters were grouped in four groups, where parameters LW, lL and lt were in the first group, suggesting multicollinearity between them. These parameters had also relatively high loadings with the first canonical variable from canonical discriminant analysis. Only one of them (lt) was selected by forward stepwise discriminant analysis, where model with four selected leaf parameters achieved 26.5% of correct allocation, while model with all studied parameters achieved 62.4% of correct allocation. Half-sib progenies agglomerated in three clusters, where two small clusters originate from trees that were close to sheltered valleys of small tributaries to river Danube, opposite to mother trees of the first cluster progenies, that were exposed to dominant winds.

Identifying Panel Inconsistency in Sensory Profiles using Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and follow–up Canonical Variate Analysis (CVA)

Inconsistency in sensory evaluation is a serious problem and it often leads to loss of large revenue. Screening tasters before the sensory evaluation is the only remedy to overcome this inconsistency. This paper aims at showing how the above requirement can be achieved by using Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and follow–up Canonical Variate Analysis (CVA). The approach was illustrated using sensory profiles of Sri Lankan tea. The principle behind the approach is that any discrepancy between assessors on several attributes is detected simultaneously using MANOVA, and the discrepancy interacts with the factors such as products or region is detected using CVA. Data used for the study consisted of sensory scores given by 8 tea tasters for 13 tea growing regions on 6 attributes; colour, brightness, strength, flavour, aroma, quality. Samples from four factories represented a region, and data were collected for a one–year period on a monthly basis. Data from each month were analyzed separately. The Wilk’s Lambda statistics of MANOVA revealed assessor effect as well as assessor × region interaction effect (P &lt; 0.05) in every month indicating the inconsistency among assessors. The CVA for each region, specifically the 95% confidence regions of CV bi–plots, clearly identified clusters of assessors. Based on the location of these clusters in bi–plots, assessors who are suitable for different attributes were also identified. MANOVA followed by CVA, can effectively be used to identify discrepancies between assessors, discrepancy interacts with factors such as geographical region, and selecting consistent assessors depending on product or region and season.

Which Parts of the Male Genitalia are More Diagnostic in Terms of Bumblebee Taxonomy?

The insect genitalia work as a perfect taxonomical tool as it is one of the most stable prezygotic isolation powers among species. The details of morphological characters are potentially useful in the recognition and diagnosis of species but sometimes it can be really difficult to find out the details of visible features. Within this context, male genitalia of bumblebees from the Kashmir Himalaya were compared using a model pool of 28 species with 38 taxa from eight subgenera. Three structures that have a function in copulation (penis valve from the postero-dorsal aspect and from the outer lateral aspect, volsella from the interio-ventral aspect, and gonostylus from the dorsal aspect) were inspected and the outline-based geometric morphometric technique of elliptical Fourier analysis were performed. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Canonical Variates Analysis (CVA) were used to explain the diagnostic power of these structures for the taxonomy of bumblebees at the subgeneric rank. It was found that the lateral aspect of the penis valve shows greater diagnostic power than the other genital structures investigated. This approach may help future studies by contributing towards solving problems in taxonomy and semi-automatic taxonomical systems.

The impact of time standardising TCATA by modality data on the multisensory profile of beer

Temporal sensory profiles are increasingly assessed ‘by modality’ to investigate complex profiles and multisensory properties of foods and beverages. Panellists’ noise in temporal data caused by differences in oral and cognitive processing cannot entirely be removed by training or strict experimental setups. Therefore, time standardisation can be applied to align onsets of sensations and standardise temporal data. This paper compared raw temporal data collected in a preceding study performed by a trained expert panel (n = 10) using a TCATA by modality approach with the same data time standardised either by modality or with merged modalities. Binary data, durations and citation proportions were evaluated and subjected to Repeated Measures (RM-) Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Canonical Variate Analysis (CVA), and Multiple Factor Analysis (MFA) to investigate the differences between sensory properties and dynamic profiles. Time standardisation with merged modalities was able to reduce some noise related to panel repeatability from the raw data while also improving panel agreement indices in the taste and mouthfeel data. Time standardisation by modality reduced some of the panel heterogeneity, but distorted patterns in the flavour data. The main reason for distorted patterns in single sample data and resulting sample discrimination was the different impact of time standardisation on samples described by quickly fading versus long lasting sensations. No substantial effects were observed on the samples’ overall profiles in their sensory space. Time standardisation by modality could not reduce panellists’ noise in the data. Only a slight noise reduction was achieved in the time standardised data with merged modalities supporting the use of the raw data for further analyses. The findings indicated several differences between raw and time standardised data and highlighted advantages and disadvantages of pre-processing TCATA by modality data obtained to describe samples inducing complex, multisensory sensations.

A taxonomic outline of the Poecilimon affinis complex (Orthoptera) using the geometric morphometric approach

The genus Poecilimon contains 145 species, widely distributed in the Palaearctic, among which the Poecilimon ornatus group has the greatest diversity in the Balkans. Despite several revisions of the genus, the systematics of the species group, and in particular, of the taxa associated with the species Poecilimon affinis, is still unsolved. Due to morphological similarity, P. affinis with its subspecies, P. nonveilleri and P. pseudornatus form the Poecilimon affinis complex. The aim of this study is to test the hypotheses of an outlined species complex, namely the P. affinis complex, within the P. ornatus group using morphological data. Geometric analysis was conducted to explore variation in the structure of the male tegmen, ovipositor, male cercus, and male pronotum. The number of teeth and stridulatory file measurements provided additional information on morphological variation within the complex. A phylogenetic tree based on the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) was used for comparison with the morphological data. Canonical variate analysis showed that male tegmen and male cercus are good morphostructures to distinguish the taxa belonging to the P. affinis complex from other species in the P. ornatus group. This may confirm our assumption for the designation of the P. affinis complex. The results of the principal component analysis of stridulatory file measurements, molecular data, and CVA of the ovipositor suggest adding two additional species to the complex: P. ornatus and P. hoelzeli.

Larval clypeus shape provides an indicator for quantitative discrimination of species and larval stages in Japanese diving beetles Cybister (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)

Morphological shapes of the larval clypei of seven Cybister diving beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) from Japan—namely C. brevis Aubé, 1838; C. chinensis Motschulsky, 1854; C. lewisianus Sharp, 1873; C. limbatus (Fabricius, 1775); C. rugosus (Macleay, 1825); C. tripunctatus lateralis (Fabricius, 1798); and C. sugillatus Erichson, 1834—were investigated using landmark-based geometric morphometrics (GM). Younger instar larvae possess clypei with smaller centroid sizes than older larvae in all species. Distinct morphological changes in clypeus are also observed during larval growth. Canonical variate (CV) analysis indicated that CV1 (53.5%) has the most contributing factor explaining shape variations representing clypeus length from anterior to posterior margin. Younger larvae have longer clypei than older ones in all species. Leave-one-out cross-validation indicates that larval clypeus morphology can identify species with greater than 90% accuracy. According to cluster analysis, clypeus shape can also categorize the same species with 99.8% for the first instar larvae and 100% accuracy for the second and third instars. Thus, the GM method can accurately identify species and developmental stages of larvae among the seven Cybister species.

Data-knowledge-driven distributed monitoring for large-scale processes based on digraph

Large-scale processes play a pivotal role in modern industry. For process safety concerns, this work proposes a novel digraph-based data-knowledge-driven method (DG-DKD) for large-scale process monitoring. Different from traditional purely data-driven methods, DG-DKD combines process data and knowledge to improve the capability of fault detection and diagnosis. Firstly, the large-scale process is converted into a digraph based on process knowledge and then decomposed into multiple physical meaningful subblocks through a digraph partition method, which eliminates the spurious correlation and improves interpretability. On this basis, the spatial information between subblocks is characterized by a one-hop digraph diffusion method and the temporal information within subblock is captured by canonical variate analysis. With concurrent analysis of temporal and spatial information, the accurate detection of process faults can be guaranteed. Subsequently, a two-stage distributed fault diagnosis method is developed where process data and digraph are leveraged for contribution analysis and causality analysis respectively, which can reduce the smearing effect and identify the fault root cause and propagation path. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated through the Tennessee Eastman benchmark process and a reactor separator process.

Uncovering the hidden history of transpacific contact between Latin America, the Caribbean, and Asia through skeletal population genetics

AbstractObjectivesThe long history of contact between Latin America, the Caribbean, and Asia extending back to the 16th century has only recently been focused upon in the literature, documenting the intersection of their population histories. Specifically, Chinese laborers immigrated to work in a variety of occupations in the region, along with Japanese workers and those of other Asian nationalities. In this study, we seek to uncover these hidden relationships and hypothesize that Latin American and Caribbean populations will show a close affinity to Asian populations due to a shared population history extending from the 16th century and later.Materials and methodsUsing a population structure approach with craniometrics, we analyzed samples of modern individuals from Panamá, Cuba, China, and Japan, using Mahalanobis D2, principal coordinates analysis (PCoA), canonical variates analysis (CVA), minimum Fst, and an R matrix.ResultsThe results from the population structure analyses are consistent with more recent contact between Latin America, the Caribbean, and Asia as they cluster together on 3D plots and population genetics parameters align with knowledge of contact among these populations.ConclusionsTranspacific contact between Latin America, the Caribbean, and Asia in the 16th–20th centuries is detailed, showing an extensive trade network and evidence of Asian migrations into Latin America and the Caribbean that may be under‐enumerated in the censuses. The population signal in the craniometric data closely follow documented events with Asian populations in Panamá and Cuba in the 19th and 20th centuries, as well as the construction of the Asian Latina/o identity.

Ontogeny of the human fetal, neonatal, and infantile basioccipital bone: Traditional and extended eigenshape geometric morphometric analysis.

The basioccipital bone is an essential developmental component to the occipital bone, occipital condyles, foramen magnum, clivus, and cranial base. The basioccipital bone joins each exoccipital bone with a basiexoccipital synchondrosis and the basisphenoid/sphenoid bone with a spheno-occipital synchondrosis. The basioccipital is found intermediate to the petrous temporal bones and forms the bilateral petrooccipital/petroclival fissures otherwise known as the petrooccipital complex. Thus, the basioccipital bone is a central component to the developing cranial base. Despite the importance of basioccipital development in cranial ontogeny, there has been limited study of basioccipital ontogeny. This study assessed 98 disarticulated human basioccipital bones from a perinatal population ranging in age-at-death from 5-months intrauterine to 5-months post-natal development. Size and shape of basioccipital bones were assessed with traditional and extended eigenshape geometric morphometric analysis. The results of this study demonstrate that the basioccipital bone grows in width at a faster rate than it grows in length. The maximum basioccipital width surpassed the midsagittal length at approximately 7-months intrauterine development. Canonical variate analysis revealed statistically significant shape change occurring from a relatively narrow/elongate (anterior-to-posterior) basiocciput shape with mild concavity at the foramen magnum in the fifth and sixth intrauterine months to a relatively broad/stout basiocciput shape with more pronounced concavity in the postnatal months. Likewise, growth rate in total length was greater than midsagittal length, demonstrating enlargement of concavity in the anterior foramen magnum over time. This report provides insight into cranial development and aids in estimating age-at-death among fetuses and infants.

Morphological diversity within the Ozark minnow (Notropis nubilus: Leuciscidae).

The Ozark minnow, Notropis nubilus, is a small stream fish that has a disjunct distribution in the Ozark Plateau and upper Mississippi River basin. Three reciprocally monophyletic and deeply divergent lineages have been hypothesized within the species based on molecular data. These lineages are allopatric and isolated from each other. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that these lineages and the disjunct population in the upper Mississippi River basin are morphologically distinct. Meristic and geometric morphometric data were used to identify and quantify morphological diversity within the Ozark minnow. Analyses of the meristic data and a principal component analysis of the morphometric data were unable to find any noticeable differences in morphology among groups. However, canonical variates analyses of the morphometric data and linear models were able to define statistically significant differences in shape. Analyses of all-individuals were able to identify shape differences between all groups. Males-only analyses were less conclusive, but there was some indication that males may be diverging more quickly than all-individuals. The detection of subtle variation in shape implies selection is not a strong factor in morphological divergence and observed differences are most likely due to morphological drift. This indicates that the lineages within the Ozark minnow are likely on the trajectory for speciation. The allopatric nature of these clades makes the Ozark minnow an interesting model for the study of morphological drift and speciation.

Cranial materials from the Oglakhty burial ground

In this article means of cranial measurements and indexes of the Tashtyk sample from the Oglakhty burial ground obtained as a result of analysis and integration of the measurements of G. Debets, V. Alexeev and I. Gokhman are presented. Also we updated the means of the pooled Tashtyk sample. It was demonstrated that the Oglakhty cranial sample cover the whole spectrum of variability of the Tashtyk population. The data on 37 male and 35 female Early Iron Age series of the Tashtyk culture, Early Tes tombs, Tes flat-grave burial grounds, Podgornovo, Bidzha, and Saragashen stages of the Tagar culture, were subjected to canonical variate analysis. The results of the analysis reveals that Tashtyk male and female series are very similar to the Early Tes samples mainly due to higher cranial index in both male and female samples and smaller nose protrusion angle in male sample. Describing the variety of options for postmortem trepanations of the Tashtyk skulls, we argue that the trepanation process was not a ritual in itself, but was a routine procedure aimed at extracting the brain.

Geometric morphometric wing analysis as a tool to discriminate female mosquitoes from different suburban areas of Chiang Mai province, Thailand.

Mosquitoes are hematophagous insects that transmit parasites and pathogens with devastating effects on humans, particularly in subtropical regions. Different mosquito species display various behaviors, breeding sites, and geographic distribution; however, they can be difficult to distinguish in the field due to morphological similarities between species and damage caused during trapping and transportation. Vector control methods for controlling mosquito-borne disease epidemics require an understanding of which vector species are present in the area as well as the epidemiological patterns of disease transmission. Although molecular techniques can accurately distinguish between mosquito species, they are costly and laborious, making them unsuitable for extensive use in the field. Thus, alternative techniques are required. Geometric morphometrics (GM) is a rapid and inexpensive technique that can be used to analyze the size, shape, and shape variation of individuals based on a range of traits. Here, we used GM to analyze the wings of 1,040 female mosquitoes from 12 different species in Thailand. The right wing of each specimen was removed, imaged microscopically, and digitized using 17 landmarks. Wing shape variation among genera and species was analyzed using canonical variate analysis (CVA), while discriminant function analysis was used to cross-validate classification reliability based on Mahalanobis distances. Phenetic relationships were constructed to illustrate the discrimination patterns for genera and species. CVA of the morphological variation among Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex, and Mansonia mosquito genera revealed five clusters. In particular, we demonstrated a high percentage of correctly-distinguished samples among Aedes (97.48%), Armigeres (96.15%), Culex (90.07%), and Mansonia (91.67%), but not Anopheles (64.54%). Together, these findings suggest that wing landmark-based GM analysis is an efficient method for identifying mosquito species, particularly among the Aedes, Armigeres, Culex, and Mansonia genera.