Canola Research Articles

Chemical, Thermal, and Mechanical Properties of Sulfur Polymer Composites Comprising Low-Value Fats and Pozzolan Additives

High sulfur-content materials (HSMs) formed via inverse vulcanization of elemental sulfur with animal fats and/or plant oils can exhibit remarkable mechanical strength and chemical resistance, sometimes superior to commercial building products. Adding pozzolan fine materials—fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), or metakaolin (MK)—can further improve HSM mechanical properties and stability. Herein, we detail nine materials comprised of rancidified chicken fat, elemental sulfur, and canola or sunflower oil (to yield CFS or GFS, respectively) and, with or without FA, SF, GGBFS, or MK. The base HSMs, CFS90 or GFS90, contained 90 wt% sulfur, 5 wt% chicken fat, and 5 wt% canola or sunflower oil, respectively. For each HSM/fine combination, the resulting material was prepared using a 95:5 mass input ratio of HSM/fine. No material exhibited water uptake >0.2 wt% after immersion in water for 24 h, significantly lower than the 28 wt% observed with ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Impressively, CFS90, GFS90, and all HSM/fine combinations exhibited compressive strength values 15% to 55% greater than OPC. After immersion in 0.5 M H2SO4, CFS90, GFS90, and its derivatives retained 90% to 171% of the initial strength of OPC, whereas OPC disintegrated under these conditions. CFS90, GFS90, and its derivatives collectively show promise as sustainable materials and materials with superior performance versus concrete.

Daily consumption of γ-oryzanol-fortified canola oil, compared with unfortified canola and sunflower oils, resulted in a better improvement of certain cardiometabolic biomarkers of adult subjects with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled clinical trial

BackgroundThis study was undertaken to examine the effects of daily consumption of γ-oryzanol (ORZ)-fortified canola oil, as compared with plain canola and sunflower oils, on certain cardiometabolic indicators.MethodsNinety-two adult subjects from both sexes with T2D were randomly assigned to one of the three groups to receive: (a) ORZ-fortified canola oil (Group 1; n1 = 30); (b) unfortified canola oil (Group 2; n2 = 32); or (c) sunflower oil (Group 3; n3 = 30) for 12 weeks. The participants were instructed to use only the given oils for all cooking (but frying) purposes. Anthropometric, dietary and biochemical assessments were done initially and finally.ResultsThough body mass index (BMI) significantly decreased in all three groups, only in Groups 1 and 2 waist circumference (WC) showed a significant decrement (-2.6 ± 0.1 and -2.2 ± 0.1 cm in Groups 1 and 2 respectively, p < 0.001 for both) which was accompanied by a significant reduction of blood pressure just in Group 1. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) showed a significant decrease only in ORZ-fortified canola oil group (−7.7 ± 0.4 mg/dL, p = 0.039 and −0.7 ± 0.1%, p < 0.001, respectively). However, insulin resistance, as judged by HOMA-IR, did not change significantly. In addition, serum triglyceride (TG) concentrations decreased in all three groups but only in ORZ-fortified canola oil was this decrement statistically significant (-17.9 ± 2.1 mg/dL, p = 0.005). Other components of serum lipid profile did not change significantly in either group.ConclusionsConsumption of either sunflower or canola oils for 12 weeks improved certain studied biomarkers. However, only ORZ-fortified canola oil resulted in a significant decrease of blood pressure, WC, FBG, HbA1c and TG. These findings can help both clinicians and public health authorities for dietary recommendations to subjects with T2D and presumably the whole community.Trial registration: number at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT05271045).

Fingerprinting pattern of orange essential oils in surfactant-free microemulsion by 3D fluorescence spectroscopy

The effect caused by surfactant-free microemulsion (SFME) systems in orange essential oil analysis was evaluated by 3D fluorescence spectroscopy. The SFME formation region was studied at different water:EO proportions (1:4, 1:2, 1:1, 2:1, 4:1 w/w) in the presence of propanol and octanol (10:3 w/w). Conductometric titrations indicated micellar aggregates containing EO (oil-in-water microemulsion) for the 4:1 proportion (droplets of hydrodynamic radius of 95.7 ± 5.3 nm). In such conditions, fluorescence increased allowing the use of 3D fluorescence spectroscopy to obtain spectroscopic fingerprint pattern that was used aiming discriminant analysis, considering nine EO Brazilian brands, along with unfold principal component analysis (UPCA). Cumulative variance of 96.7 % was obtained for the first three principal components and score plots showed distinct location for each group. Preliminary study showed the capability of these systems in evaluating storage conditions, and adulteration. The impact of storage conditions was made over 21 days exposed to light with results showing large spectral differences compared to a sample stored in amber flask at 22 °C. Adulteration of EOs by canola and mineral oil fortification was detected at different levels (1, 5, 10 and 20 %, in mass proportion) and, in addition to the spectral differences, a change in microemulsion stability was observed.

Determination of the Effect of the Addition of Second-Generation Biodiesel BBuE to Diesel Fuel on Selected Parameters of “B” Fuels

Progressive and increasingly noticeable climate change is forcing the search for new energy sources to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, especially carbon dioxide. One way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is by gradually replacing fossil fuels with biofuels. The authors of this work addressed the production of second-generation biofuel. The purpose of this study was to produce second-generation biodiesel from babassu palm oil (BBuE) and first-generation biodiesel from rapeseed oil (RME), to study their properties, and to determine the effect of the addition of these biodiesels to diesel fuel on selected properties of “B” fuels that affect the fuel–air mixture formation process and the combustion process. Biodiesel from babassu oil was produced because it is non-edible and has a different composition than canola oil. Then, fuels were prepared that were mixtures of diesel oil and biodiesel containing from 10 to 40% (v/v) BBuE or RME (B10, B20, B30, and B40).Tests were conducted on selected physicochemical properties of the obtained fuels. “B” fuels prepared with BBuE and DF were shown to have more favorable fuel properties than those obtained from RME and DF. Fuels that are blends of BBuE and DF have slightly higher heating values, higher cetane number values, a more favorable distillation curve, lower dynamic viscosity values as a function of temperature, and marginally lower flash point values compared to the corresponding blends of RME and DF. Esters with shorter molecules have been shown to have more favorable fuel properties.

Propolis oil extract as an alternative means to the alcoholic extract

Propolis is a substance with important biological activities, partly responsible for its number of bioactive compounds. It is commonly extracted with ethanol, but the resulting extract has several disadvantages. The present study aimed to evaluate the propolis extraction with canola oil as an alternative to the ethanol extract of propolis. The comparison of the extracts was made by their physical characteristics and functional properties. The oil extract showed a higher number of phenolic compounds, but a lower extraction yield. The alcoholic extract obtained an advantage in the content of flavonoids, antioxidant capacity by DPPH and FRAP. During the extracts shelf life, the alcoholic extract had a smaller loss of phenolic compounds. In the in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion, the oil extract had a greater release of phenolic compounds in the oral phase, while the alcoholic extract had a gradual release throughout the trial, reaching its maximum at the end of the intestinal phase. In FTIR it was possible to observe differences in the two extracts related to extracted compounds. Finally, it was observed that the propolis oil extract can be an alternative to the alcoholic extract, but it needs more studies that optimize the extraction of the bioactive compounds.

Stepwise peroxidation of canola and olive oils: A kinetic study

AbstractKinetics of change in the concentration of lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) and carbonyls (LCO) were simultaneously investigated during peroxidation of canola and olive oils at 90°C. Depending essentially on the fatty acid compositions, the canola and olive oils exhibited one‐step and two‐step, respectively, multiphase peroxidations before attaining the typical termination phase. Higher and lower rates of the LOOH formation and decomposition, respectively, in the second than in the first step of the canola oil peroxidation were attributed to the dominant peroxidation of linolenic acid in the first step, and the added peroxidation of oleic and linoleic acids in the second step. The kinetics of change in [LCO], which was affected by the potency of constituting antioxidative compounds, indicated that the canola oil would be safe to use till the end of the first peroxidation step whereas the olive oil should be discarded at its induction period.

Enhancing canola oil's shelf life with nano-encapsulated Mentha aquatica extract for optimal antioxidant performance.

Incorporation of antioxidants, such as phenolic compounds into edible oils has limitations such as rapid release of phenolic compounds, low solubility, low penetration, low accessibility, and rapid degradation by environmental compounds. To solve this problem, the nano-encapsulation process is offering promising opportunities. In this research, for the first time, the phenolic extract of Mentha aquatica was nano-encapsulated in nano-emulsions coated with chitosan, Lepidium perfoliatum gum (LPG), and complex of chitosan and LPG (CCL) (1:1 ratio). Based on various tests (particle size measurement, ζ-potential, polydispersity index, encapsulation efficiency index, and intensity curve), the LPG coating was the most optimum option for nano-encapsulation compared to the other coatings. Thus, the LPG-assisted nano-encapsulated phenolic extract of M. aquatica was used to improve the oxidative stability of canola oil at three concentrations (100, 200, and 300 ppm). The results of peroxide value and anisidine index tests (as initial and secondary oxidation indicators, respectively) showed that the nano-encapsulation improved the antioxidant effect of M. aquatica when compared with free extract in canola oil. In a comparative approach, the best sample was obtained from the LPG-assisted nano-encapsulated extract (200 ppm) due to the release of more phenolic compounds. The findings from this study showcase how nano-encapsulation enhances the efficacy of antioxidants in edible oils.

Effect of the use of sweet potato or chayote tuber starch hydrogels on the physical properties of oleogel‐in‐hydrogel (bigels) systems

SummaryBigel systems (BG) were formed through the combination of an oleogel (OG) formed with canola oil and beeswax (5% wt.), and a hydrogel (HG) formed with sweet potato (SP) or chayote tuber (CH) starch (10% wt.), using three OG : HG ratios (30:70, 40:60, 50:50). All the BG were self‐standing, exhibiting uniform and well‐defined phase distribution of OG‐in‐HG, and oil‐binding capacities greater than 96%. Droplet size of BG was influenced by the OG : HG ratio; higher amount of OG produced smaller droplet sizes. The characterisation of BG by FTIR and XRD showed structural configuration in BG is driven by physical and steric interactions by displaying distinctive characteristics of each individual phase and dismissing the formation of novel bonds. BG showed a pseudoplastic behaviour and was characterised as a weak gel, G′ &gt; G″ at strains below 100% for BGSP and 50% for BGCH, with a shifting process (G′ &gt; G″) at higher strains. Viscoelastic properties were influenced by the OG : HG ratio where BG at 50:50 exhibited lower strength and resistance to deformation. Textural parameters in BGSP were higher than BGCH, and influenced by the OG : HG ratio, indicating that the phase proportion in BG can modulate its structure and performance.

Kinetics of simultaneous change in the concentration of total lipid hydroperoxides and total conjugated dienes during peroxidation of canola, sunflower, and olive oils

The concentration of total lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) and total conjugated dienes (CD) were simultaneously monitored during peroxidation of canola, sunflower, and olive oils at 90 °C. Significantly different kinetic parameters differentiating the two analytical variables as a function of the fatty acid compositions as well as the constituting minor components of the oils were obtained. This was attributed to the fact that LOOH represent essentially the fundamental primary oxidation products, including non-conjugated (nCDOOH) and conjugated (CDOOH) diene hydroperoxides, whereas CD stand actually for CDOOH and conjugated diene non-hydroperoxides (CDnOOH) as the primary and secondary, respectively, oxidation products. The simultaneous study on the kinetics of change in [LOOH] and [CD] provided invaluable insights into lipid peroxidation with respect to the different species of conjugated/non-conjugated diene hydroperoxides/non-hydroperoxides.

Investigating the effectiveness of coacervates produced from conjugated and unconjugated Spirulina protein in delivering unstable oil to the intestinal phase of digestion

This study investigated the potential of complex coacervates produced using Spirulina protein concentrate (SPC) conjugated with maltodextrin (MD) and carrageenan (CG) for encapsulating and delivering sensitive oils. A wet-heating Maillard reaction was employed to conjugate SPC with MD, followed by coacervation with CG to form the conjugate-based coacervates. Additionally, a mixture of unconjugated SPC and MD was coacervated with CG to produce mixture-based coacervates. Both types of coacervates were utilised as wall materials for encapsulating canola oil. The in-vitro digestion of the resulting microcapsules was assessed in oral, gastric, and intestinal phases, focusing on physicochemical parameters such as droplet size, zeta-potential, microstructure, proteolysis, oil release and lipolysis. The findings revealed that microcapsules prepared using both (SPC-MD mixture)-CG and (SPC-MD conjugate)-CG coacervates were remarkably stable against gastric digestion, as evidenced by the minimal production of free amino acids (15 mM). Most of the encapsulated oil (62–67%) was released during the intestinal phase due to the breakdown of the coacervates. Notably, the microcapsules produced with (SPC-MD conjugate)-CG coacervates demonstrated a lower degree of lipolysis (41.77% free fatty acid content) compared to those prepared with (SPC-MD mixture)-CG coacervates (53.35% free fatty acid content). These results highlight the potential of complex coacervates produced using conjugated SPC as promising materials for the encapsulation and delivery of sensitive oils.

Assessment of Self-Ignition Properties of Canola Oil–n-Hexane Blends in a Constant Volume Combustion Chamber and Compression Ignition Engine

This article presents the results of an assessment of the combustion process of blends of n-hexane and canola oil. Tests were conducted for pure canola oil and its blends with n-hexane, with a max. n-hexane content of 20% by volume. The tests were carried out using the constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC) method as well as a diesel engine. For comparison purposes, the results for typical diesel fuel are also presented. Tests on the self-ignition properties of the n-hexane–canola oil blend, conducted in a CVCC according to the normative method for diesel fuel, showed little effect on the combustion process. However, previous tests conducted on a diesel engine of a passenger car showed a favorable effect of the n-hexane addition to canola oil on the combustion process in the engine, the performance and environmental parameters obtained. This shows that for some fuels, the evaluation of self-ignition and combustion properties in a constant volume combustion chamber, under conditions corresponding to diesel fuel tests, is not sufficient. The findings of this research may be beneficial in optimizing the diesel engine combustion systems fueled by renewable fuels. As the results of the tests have shown, the standardized method for determining the combustion process of the CVCC method does not always fully reflect the results obtained in engine tests. The results obtained by the CVCC method can be successfully used when comparing fuels, but when considering the selection of fuel for the engine, the results obtained in engine tests should be relied on first and foremost.

Bioactive profiles of edible vegetable oils determined using 10D hyphenated comprehensive high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC×HPTLC) with on-surface metabolism (nanoGIT) and planar bioassays.

Vegetable oils rich in unsaturated fatty acids are assumed to be safe and even healthy for consumers though lipid compositions of foods vary naturally and are complex considering the wealth of minor compounds down to the trace level. The developed comprehensive high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC×HPTLC) method including the on-surface metabolization (nanoGIT) and bioassay detection combined all steps on the same planar surface. The pancreatic lipolysis (intestinal phase) experiment and the subsequent analysis of the fatty acid composition including its effect-directed detection using a planar bioassay was performed without elaborate sample preparation or fractionation to ensure sample integrity. Thus, no sample part was lost, and the whole sample was studied on a single surface regarding all aspects. This made the methodology as well as technology miniaturized, lean, all-in-one, and very sustainable. To prioritize important active compounds including their metabolism products in the complex oil samples, the nanoGIT method was used to examine the pancreatic lipolysis of nine different vegetable oils commonly used in the kitchen and food industry, e.g., canola oil, flaxseed oil, hemp oil, walnut oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, olive oil, coconut oil, and palm oil. The digested oils revealed antibacterial and genotoxic effects, which were assigned to fatty acids and oxidized species via high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (HRMS/MS). This finding reinforces the importance of adding powerful techniques to current analytical tools. The 10D hyphenated nanoGIT-HPTLC×HPTLC-Vis/FLD-bioassay-heart cut-RP-HPLC-DAD-HESI-HRMS/MS has the potential to detect any potential hazard due to digestion/metabolism, improving food safety and understanding on the impact of complex samples.

Fish Oil Substitution in Fish Feed Using Vegetable Oils, Terrestrial Animal Fats and Indonesian Local Raw Material Candidates (A Review)

Aquaculture is one of the world's most rapidly expanding producers of protein-rich diets. This is in accordance with the rising demand for feed to sustain these activities. However, the use of natural materials for fish feed, particularly fish oil, creates a paradox because it is derived from fish, therefore it is against the principles of sustainable agriculture. This article examines vegetable oils with a superior nutritional profile, palatability, digestibility, anti-nutritional factors, availability, and cost in comparison to fish oil. The ten-year-old articles selected and compiled originate from national (SHINTA) and international (Elsevier and Proquest) websites. Finding alternatives to fish oil as a source of lipids in fish diets is the result of several decades of research. Vegetable and animal sources are two main types of fish oil substitutes. Up to one hundred percent of fish oil can be substituted with vegetable oils like palm oil, canola oil, soybean oil, and olive oil. Similarly, animal sources can provide up to 75% of the lipids necessary for fish diets. Moreover, rubber seed oil has the potential to supplant fish oil in Indonesia due to its high omega-3 fatty acid content, which is comparable to that of fish oil. The conclusion of this review is that there are multiple sources of lipids that can be used to replace fish oil, and that more consideration must be given to the type of lipid source used in accordance with the type of fish being cultivated and the location of the fish cultivation.

Genetic improvement of tocotrienol content enhances the oxidative stability of canola oil.

Tocotrienols and tocopherols, which are synthesized in plastids of plant cells with similar functionalities, comprise vitamin E to serve as a potent lipid-soluble antioxidant in plants. The synthesis of tocopherols involves the condensation of homogentisic acid (HGA) and phytyl diphosphate (PDP) under the catalysis of homogentisate phytyltransferase (HPT). Tocotrienol synthesis is initiated by the condensation of HGA and geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP) mediated by homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase (HGGT). As one of the most important oil crops, canola seed is regarded as an ideal plant to efficiently improve the production of vitamin E tocochromanols through genetic engineering approaches. However, only a modest increase in tocopherol content has been achieved in canola seed to date. In this study, we transformed barley HGGT (HvHGGT) into canola to improve total tocochromanol content in canola seeds. The results showed that the total tocochromanol content in the transgenic canola seeds could be maximally increased by fourfold relative to that in wild-type canola seeds. Notably, no negative impact on important agronomic traits was observed in transgenic canola plants, indicating great application potential of the HvHGGT gene in enhancing tocochromanol content in canola in the future. Moreover, the oil extracted from the transgenic canola seeds exhibited significantly enhanced oxidative stability under high temperature in addition to the increase in total tocochromanol content, demonstrating multiple desirable properties of HvHGGT.

Effects of repeated frying on physicochemical characteristics, oxidative stress, and free radical scavenging potential of canola oil and ghee

AbstractThe repeated use of cooking oils and ghee for the deep frying of food materials may affect their nutritional quality. The present study evaluated the effect of repeated frying on the physicochemical characteristics and antiradical potential of canola oil and ghee. The oil and ghee were used for frying of fish and chicken for 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 frying cycles followed by the analysis of physicochemical, oxidative stress, and antiradical parameters. Regression analysis of the data showed a frying cycle‐dependent significant linear increase in saponification (R2 = 0.9507–0.9748), peroxide and acid values (R2 = 0.956–0.9915), and malondialdehyde (MDA) production (R2 = 0.9058–0.9557) of canola oil and ghee subjected to fish and chicken frying but exponential increase in saponification value (R2 = 0.9778) and MDA production (R2 = 0.7407) of canola oil and ghee used for fish frying. The increase in the number of frying cycles linearly decreased the iodine value (R2 = 0.9781–0.9924), and 1, 1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl, hydroxyl, and 2, 2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzthiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) radical scavenging potential (R2 = 0.9089–0.9979) of canola oil and ghee. Repeated frying in cooking oil and ghee increases oxidative stress and decreases their physicochemical and antioxidant qualities. Canola oil was comparatively more oxidative resistant than canola ghee. The regression equations derived from regression analysis will guide researchers to conduct similar types of univariate studies.

Evaluation of Animal Fats and Vegetable Oils as Comonomers in Polymer Composite Synthesis: Effects of Plant/Animal Sources and Comonomer Composition on Composite Properties

AbstractRancid animal fats unsuitable for human or animal food production represent low‐value and abundant, yet underexploited organic chemical precursors. The current work describes a strategy to synthesize high sulfur‐content materials (HSMs) that directly utilizes a blend of partially hydrolyzed chicken fat and plant oils as the organic comonomers, following up on analogous reactions using brown grease in place of chicken fat. The reaction of sulfur and chicken fat with either canola or sunflower oil yielded crosslinked polymer composites CFSx or GFSx, respectively (x = wt% sulfur, varied from 85%–90%). The composites exhibited compressive strengths of 24.7–31.7 MPa, and flexural strengths of 4.1–5.7 MPa, exceeding the value of established construction materials like ordinary Portland cement (compressive strength ≥17 MPa required for residential building, flexural strength 2–5 MPa). The composites also exhibited thermal stability up to 215–224 °C. The simple single‐step protocol described herein represents a way to upcycle an affordable and previously unexploited animal fat resource to form structural composites via the atom economical inverse vulcanization mechanism.

Does dietary linseed or canola oil affect lipid metabolism, immunity, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids content in quail eggs?

One of the most intriguing areas of research and innovation in the animal production and food sector recently has been designed-enriched products. These items are regarded as functional foods because they feature components that have advantageous physiological impacts on human health. In the production of poultry, designed eggs constitute a significant category of functional foods. The present study hypothesized that adding different kinds of oils to quail diets will help produce designer eggs rich in omega-3 and 6 fatty acids in addition to enhancing productive performance. So, this study examined how linseed (flaxseed) and canola oils with various levels can affect lipid metabolism, immune function, and the amount of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) in Japanese quail eggs. This work was conducted using 3 different vegetable oils (sunflower, linseed, and canola oils) and 3 different antioxidant supplements (0, 250 mg vitamin E/kg feed, and 1,000 mg ginger/kg feed) in a 3×3 factorial experiment. When linseed or canola oil was added to the diet, the number of fatty acids in the egg yolks of Japanese quail layers fell by (12.7 and 18.9%) and (41.4 and 24.6%), respectively. The amounts of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in total eggs fell by 21.9 and 14.6% and 24.5 and 15.8%, respectively, at 20 wk of age. However, when linseed and canola oil were added to the diet, the sum n-3 PUFA content in the egg yolk of Japanese quail-laying hens was noticeably raised at 15 and 20 wk of age. At 15 and 20 wk of age, the same groups' total n-6 PUFA content considerably increased compared to the group that did not receive flaxseed. In conclusion, during the laying period of Japanese quail, linseed oil, canola oil, vitamin E, or ginger positively affected productivity, blood hematology, constituents, resistance, lipid digestion system, and antioxidative properties in serum and egg yolk.

Deep eutectic solvent-based modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe extraction combined with solidification of floating organic droplet-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of some pesticides from canola oil followed by gas chromatography analysis.

Herein, a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe extraction was developed based on deep eutectic solvent for the extraction of several pesticides from canola oil samples. In this work, first, different sorbents were selected to remove the sample interferences, and the composition of the sorbents was optimized by simplex centroid design. The extracted analytes were more concentrated by solidification of floating deep eutectic solvent droplet-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. Low limits of detection (0.15-0.23ng/g) and quantification (0.49-0.76ng/g), high extraction recoveries (74-87%) and enrichment factors (224-263), and good repeatability (relative standard deviation equal to or less than 5.1 and 4.7% for intra- and interday precisions, respectively) were achieved using the proposed method. The suggested approach was used for the quantification of the analytes in different canola oil samples. Additionally, the effects of microwave irradiations exposure and sonication in decontamination of the samples were evaluated. In this method, there was no need for centrifugation and toxic solvents. Also, effective extraction of the analytes and minimizing interferences were achieved through the use of various sorbents.

Study the consequences of nanoemulsion canola oil in overweight Iraqi volunteers on various biochemical indicators in Iraq.

Obesity is a significant problem in human health and increases the chances of various diseases such as type 2 diabetes, particularly heart disease, systemic hypertension, hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular and certain types of cancer, and arthritis. Obesity is a significant health problem in human beings. The overweight, overweight individuals of various ages (50-65y) and the BMI (kg/m2) were &gt;25 visiting AlMustansiriyah University/Baghdad National Diabetes Centre. The research period was between October 2018 and June 2019. This was a randomized, controlled, uniblind test with a parallel design (1 control and 2 therapy groups) comparing the effects on 75 overweight individuals and obese during a 12-week intervention period of standard Canola oil and nanoemulsion canola oil. In addition to the traditional Canola oil group (CCO, n=25) and the canola nanoemulsion groups (NCO, n=25) who used the customary dietary ingredients, the control group participants (CO, n=25). Confirmation of fatty acids showed that oleic acid affected the principal fatty acid by a mean percentage of 61.6±5.78, followed by linoleic and alphalinoleic, respectively, representing 21.7±3.1 and 9.6±0.87. Nanoemulsion canola oil emulsified with a sonic effect by means of the tween 80 and a milipore 0,22 μm of tiny nonionic surfactant molecule. There has been no change in the body composition indices (body weight, fatty body, total slurry tissue and bone mineral density). Fasting glucose reduction is seen following nanoemulsion canola oil ingestion. Experimental findings showed no significant fluid profile alterations between and between treatments. However, in both canola oil groups, LDL-cholesterol reduced compared to sunflower oil while participant intake HDL-cholesterol rose. On the other hand, triglyceride in the canola oil group rose in the three groups with a similar total cholesterol concentration. The leptin level in the nanoemulsion canola oil group was significantly less than in the control group, but the leptin exclusion was insignificant in classical and canola oil groups. The leptin level was significantly reduced. Keywords: Chronic conditions; nano-production; diet of feed; blood pressures.

High-power ultrasound bleaching technique for canola oil (Brassica napus L.): Pigments removal and quality parameters

Canola seeds (Brassica napus L.) are among the most commonly used seeds in Mexico for vegetable oil production. This is based on the high yield and content of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. During oil bleaching, it is important to maintain fatty acids in their cis configuration because of the health concerns associated with trans-fatty acid consumption. In this sense, the industrial processing parameters employed for this purpose present some limitations, such as high temperatures and long times, which may change the cis configuration to trans. In addition, the amount of bleaching clay employed for this process could be a source of contamination because it is disposed of after treatment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a bleaching process for canola oil using high-power ultrasound (US). US processing was applied to nine treatments with different processing times (60, 75, and 90 min), clay percentages (1, 2, and 3%), and temperatures (60 and 80 °C) to determine the concentrations of chlorophyll a and b (µg chlo/100 g oil), carotenes (µg β-carotene/100 g oil), color (L*, a*, b*, C*, and h°), iodine value (g I2/100 g oil), and finally carrying out a spectroscopic analysis (ATR-FTIR and Raman). A conventional bleaching treatment (100 °C for 180 min, 3% bleaching clay) was used as a control. The results revealed that US treatments with 2% clay at 60 °C for 60 and 90 min eliminated most of the chlorophyll compounds (98%). However, in terms of carotenes reduction, these identical treatments exhibited a similar tendency to that of the control (approximately 30% decrease). These findings also affected the sample color, in which US treatments revealed chromatic coordinates that indicated yellow tones with chroma values that were more intense than those in the control samples. In terms of the iodine value, such treatments fulfilled the international standards for vegetable oils (90–100 g I2/100 g oil). Finally, the spectroscopic study revealed no trans configurations or the presence of different chemical compounds after US treatment, because neither of them presented typical peaks for those molecular configurations. In this regard, US can be a useful methodology for bleaching vegetable oils, helping to reduce time, and bleaching clay with similar pigment reduction results.