Transesterification Of Canola Oil Research Articles

Biodiesel production using immobilized lipase supported on a zirconium-pillared clay. Effect of the immobilization method

AbstractEdible oils, used in restaurants and households, have become a potential source of environmental pollution because their residuals are indiscriminately poured into rivers and lakes. One cost-effective and sustainable way to treat this waste is using this biomass in the production of biofuels, such as biodiesel. The main reactions for obtaining biodiesel are catalyzed in a homogeneous phase, using basic or acid solutions (NaOH or H2SO4, respectively) or in a heterogeneous phase, using a porous material with or without metals. One interesting reaction, owing to its low energy consumption, is carried out using biocatalysts of enzymes immobilized in porous materials. In this work, a porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL) was immobilized in a zirconium-pillared clay (Zr-PILC) by means of two syntheses: adsorption (PPL/Zr-PILC ADS) and cross-linking (PPL/Zr-PILC CL). The biocatalysts were used in the transesterification of canola oil. The amount of methyl esters was produced in the order Zr-PILC ≈ PPL ≪ PPL/Zr-PILC CL ≪ PPL/Zr-PILC ADS. According to these results, the activity and selectivity are a function of the method of synthesis and show the potential of these biocatalysts to transform waste oil in biodiesel at low cost by means of a sustainable process.

Statistical Optimization of the Biodiesel Production Process Using a Magnetic Core‐Mesoporous Shell KOH/Fe3O4@γ‐Al2O3 Nanocatalyst

AbstractA magnetic core‐mesoporous shell KOH/Fe3O4@γ‐Al2O3 nanocatalyst was synthesized using the Fe3O4@γ‐Al2O3 core‐shell structure as support and KOH as active component. The prepared samples were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) techniques. Transesterification of canola oil to methyl esters (biodiesel) in the presence of the magnetic core‐mesoporous shell KOH/Fe3O4@γ‐Al2O3 nanocatalyst was investigated. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on the Box‐Behnken design (BBD) was employed to optimize the influence of important operating variables on the yield of biodiesel. A biodiesel yield of 97.4 % was achieved under optimum reaction conditions. There was an excellent agreement between experimental and predicted results.

Evaluation of the reaction conditions in the transesterification of canola oil for biodiesel production

The development of renewable fuels has received great attention in recent years. Fatty acid esters, known as biodiesel, are promising for partially or total diesel replacement. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the reaction conditions of transesterification of refined canola oil and a quality of biodiesel produced. The influence of the different alkaline catalysts, the catalyst amount, stirring speed, molar ratio of oil:alcohol and the alcohol type were assessed. The ester yield in the best reaction conditions were 96.1 ± 1.26% for ethanol and 95.32 ± 2.68% for methanol. The biodiesel produced was analyzed according to the ANP (Agência Nacional de Petróleo, Gás Natual e Biodiesel) quality norms. The esters showed good quality in relation to the cold filter plugging point, oxidation stability and the cetane number.

NaOH impregnated sepiolite based heterogeneous catalyst and its utilization for the production of biodiesel from canola oil

ABSTRACTNaOH/sepiolite nanocomposite heterogenous base catalyst (NaOH/sep.) was prepared via impregnation process and tested in a three-neck flask equipped with thermometer and reflux condenser for the production of biodiesel from transesterification of canola oil in an excess amount of methanol. The ratio of NaOH and sepiolite was selected as 1:4. The influence of various operational parameters was examined such as methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst dosage, and reaction temperature. Untreated sepiolite and NaOH loaded sepiolite were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy and Energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis. Overall NaOH/sep. based biodiesel production yield was examined by the help of Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The yield was calculated from the peak areas as 80.93% which is better than that of expensive catalysis system using studies.

COSMETIC PRODUCTION FROM GLYCERINE THE BIODIESEL

The present study aims to produce a cosmetic emulsion containing the co-product glycerine, generated in the production of biodiesel by the transesterification of canola oil. The first part of the work consisted in the production of biodiesel by the transesterification of crude canola oil, using potassium hydroxide as catalyst, with a molar ratio of oil:methanol (1:6) and a temperature of 25 °C. The final reaction mixture had to be washed and filtered to obtain biodiesel, which was characterized and considered within the specifications of the National Oil Agency (ANP). The second step was based on the pre-purification of the glycerine by acid hydrolysis, by the addition of concentrated phosphoric acid/crude glycerin in the 2:3 molar ratio. This step was important to remove impurities such as the catalyst and fatty acids to later use the glycerine in the manipulation of the cream. Finally, the formulations of the Lanette® cream were made, one with the pharmaceutical glycerine other for the pre-purified glycerine of the biodiesel, and comparative tests were made among them, which proved the viability of the pre-purification of the residual glycerine of the biodiesel.

Kinetic modeling of canola oil transesterification catalyzed by quicklime

This work aimed to study and model the kinetics of transesterification of canola oil with methanol catalyzed by calcined quicklime (CaO + MgO). The influence of three main variables was studied at 328 K: reagents order addition (has a negligible effect on the reaction), methanol-oil molar ratio (has minor effect on reaction rate after 1.5 h of reaction) and catalyst loading (high effect on reaction rate) to achieve at least a triglycerides conversion of 96.5% in concordance with norm EN 14103. A kinetic model based on an Eley-Rideal mechanism was found to well fit (R2 = 0.9886) the experimental data. Thus, it was concluded that for the quicklime catalyzed transesterification of canola oil with methanol to occur, first the methanol must be chemisorbed and the resulting methoxy species react with triglycerides in the interface liquid-solid. The whole process is limited by this step since methanol readily adsorbs onto the catalytic surface.

Synthesis of magnetic mesoporous nanocrystalline KOH/ZSM-5-Fe3O4 for biodiesel production: Process optimization and kinetics study

Abstract This study attempts to synthesize magnetic mesoporous nanocrystalline KOH/ZSM-5-Fe3O4 and employ them for biodiesel production through transesterification of canola oil. In this respect, ZSM-5 zeolite has been selected as an appropriate support since it possesses a high specific surface area and noticeable porosity that can enhance physical contact between oil molecules and the catalyst. After synthesis of the catalyst, different characterization techniques including XRD, FESEM, BET, XRF and VSM were used to unravel physical and chemical features of the zeolite based materials. Then, the prepared catalysts were applied to transesterification of canola oil to produce biodiesel. Furthermore, impacts of reaction time, catalyst amount and alcohol to oil molar ratio parameters on the process were investigated by Box-Behnken method. Optimization of the process gave maximum biodiesel yield of 93.65% at 65 °C reaction temperature, 3.26 h reaction time, 12.3 molar ratio of alcohol to oil and 9.03% catalyst loading. Moreover, magnetic property of the catalytic facilitated its separation from the reaction mixture. So that, the catalyst was removed after completion of the process by an external magnetic field and reused for five successive cycles. Acceptable yield (above 80%) was achieved for the first three cycles. In addition, the kinetics of the transesterification reaction was explored, which declared that the process obeys the behavior of pseudo-first order reactions with activation energy of 122.7 kJ mol−1 and frequency factor of 2.15 × 1017 min−1.

Effect of Preparation Methods and Pluronic Template on the Catalytic Activity of Ca/SBA-15

Two approaches for metal ion incorporation were employed to introduce Ca2+ into SBA-15; Direct Synthesis (DS) and Wet Impregnation (WI). The non-ionic template was removed by two different methods; calcination and solvent extraction. The obtained catalysts were characterized by means of X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), and FT-IR spectroscopy. The basicity was determined by using Hammett indicators and benzoic acid titration. The effects of synthesis methods and organic template on basicity and catalytic performance were studied in the transesterification of Canola oil with methanol. 1H NMR was used to analyze the products. The best results were obtained using catalysts which prepared by wet impregnation method. Furthermore, calcination is a better method of template removal. So calcined Ca/SBA-15 prepared by impregnation showed particularly the highest activity (conversion 84.2 %). Although dis catalyst has a limited reusability in the transesterification reaction.

Transesterification of Canola Oil to Biodiesel Using CaO/Talc Nanopowder as a Mixed Oxide Catalyst

AbstractA series of heterogeneous catalysts including different molar ratios of CaO/talc was synthesized to study the transesterification reaction of canola oil and methanol under different reaction conditions. Characterization and kinetic results revealed that the activity of this catalyst was enhanced due to the increase of CaO/talc molar ratio value leading to an improvement in the biodiesel production. Moreover, the effect of various parameters on the activity of the undertaken catalysts was studied in order to determine the optimum process conditions. Leaching measurements and the durability of the CaO/talc catalyst under several reaction cycles were evaluated and proved it to be a stable catalyst.

Effect of fuel molecules on properties and activity of KOH/calcium aluminate nanocatalyst for biodiesel production

New technologies such as microwaves have gained a large deal of attention from scientists and industries who sought increased rate of production processes. In this study, microwave irradiation was utilized to produce a novel KOH/Ca12Al14O33 nanocatalyst used for biodiesel production. As support, calcium aluminate was prepared by microwave combustion method using different fuels including urea, glycine, sorbitol, and citric acid. The samples were then impregnated by KOH to improve their catalytic activities for microwave-enhanced transesterification of canola oil for biodiesel production. Results of XRD, BET, FTIR, TG, EDX, and FE-SEM analyses showed differences in physicochemical properties of the samples when using different fuels with different flame characteristics and combustion temperatures. Only the urea-fueled sample showed the crystalline structure of monocalcium aluminate (CaAl2O4), with the other samples exhibiting amorphous structure of CaO–Al2O3. However, all samples, except for that prepared by citric acid, transformed to crystalline structure of Ca12Al14O33 by calcination during KOH impregnation. Among the samples, the KOH/Ca12Al14O33 nanocatalyst prepared by sorbitol showed the highest activity in microwave-enhanced biodiesel production because of its large surface area, pore size, and basicity, converting 93.4% of canola oil to biodiesel at a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 18, catalyst concentration of 4 wt%, and microwave output power of 450 W in 60 min of reaction time. Moreover, the sample showed well-distributed particle sizes without any agglomeration, so that it could easily maintain its level of activity for several rounds of use.

Transesterification of canola oil over Li/Ca-La mixed oxide catalyst: Kinetics and calcination temperature investigations

In this research, a solid 1%Li/Ca-La mixed oxide catalyst was prepared using co-precipitation method followed by wet impregnation. The prepared catalyst was used in the transesterification reaction of canola oil and methanol for biodiesel synthesis. The effects of calcination and reaction temperatures were investigated on the activity of the catalyst. In addition, rate of the reaction was studied through a kinetic model for which parameters were determined. Surface properties and structure of the catalyst were characterized through the powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry/derivative thermogravimetry (TG/DTG), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. All these emphasized that the performance of the catalyst corresponded to the generation of the active sites and their thermal activation.

Study on Deactivation and Regeneration of Modified Red Mud Catalyst Used in Biodiesel Production

Deactivation of solid catalyst often occurs in biodiesel production. In this work, deactivated modified red mud catalysts used in biodiesel production were regenerated with hexane and calcination treatments. The deactivated and regenerated catalysts were characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM, TG, N2 adsorption, measured for their basic strength, and tested in the transesterification of canola oil. The results revealed that the main cause of the catalyst deactivation is due to obstruction of the active sites by contaminants. The regeneration by washing with hexane followed by calcination can effectively improve the properties of the deactivated catalyst and increase its catalytic activity.

Nano KF/Al2O3 particles as an efficient catalyst for no-glycerol biodiesel production by coupling transesterification

In this study no-glycerol biodiesel production was prepared using nano γ-Al2O3 particles as support in the tri-component coupling transesterification of canola oil, dimethyl carbonate and methanol.

Utilization of Modified Red Mud as a Heterogeneous Base Catalyst for Transesterification of Canola Oil

Utilization of Modified Red Mud as a Heterogeneous Base Catalyst for Transesterification of Canola Oil

Transesterification of canola oil and methanol by lithium impregnated CaO–La 2 O 3 mixed oxide for biodiesel synthesis

Abstract CaO–La2O3 mixed oxides were synthesized by co-precipitation coupled with Li doping through wet impregnation. These were used as catalysts for transesterification of canola oil and methanol toward biodiesel production. To determine the structure and morphology of the prepared catalysts, they were characterized by the XRD, FESEM, BET, and basic strength measurements. Under optimum reaction conditions of methanol/oil molar ratio of 15:1, 5 wt% catalyst at 65 °C, 96.3% conversion was obtained in 2.5 h of reaction duration. Moreover, the catalyst demonstrated a rather high stability where reuse of up to five cycles without significant loss of performance observed.

In-depth study of continuous production of biodiesel using supercritical 1-butanol

The continuous production of biodiesel from canola oil in supercritical 1-butanol (SCB) was thoroughly examined in order to investigate the detailed reaction behavior and elucidate the reaction kinetics. A continuous reactor was employed, and experiments were carried out at reaction temperatures of 270–400°C, residence times of 5–30min, a pressure of 20MPa, and an oil-to-1-butanol molar ratio of 1:40. The factors affecting the product yield, such as temperature and time, were investigated and discussed in detail. The result showed that the highest biodiesel yield of 94.73mol% was achieved at 400°C within 14min. The detailed kinetic model describing the transesterification of canola oil in SCB agreed well with the experimental data. The corresponding reaction rate constants and activation energies were determined. In comparison to supercritical methanol, supercritical ethanol, and supercritical 1-propanol, the reactivity of SCB was the lowest.

An experimental and kinetic study of canola oil transesterification catalyzed by mesoporous alumina supported potassium

An experimental and kinetic study of the transesterification of canola oil with methanol for biodiesel production using a novel mesoporous alumina supported potassium (MAK) catalyst was conducted. The mesoporous alumina supported potassium (MAK) catalyst was synthesized via the aqueous phase sol-gel pathway involving the one-pot simultaneous self-assembly of aluminium isopropoxide (Al(i-PrO)3) and potassium nitrate (KNO3). The effect of reaction temperature (from 50°C to 70°C), methanol to canola oil molar ratio (M/O, 6:1–15:1) and catalyst loading (1.0wt%–2.5wt%, relative to the oil) on the biodiesel yield was investigated. The MAK catalyst achieved the highest of 91.9% biodiesel yield under the reaction conditions of: temperature of 70°C, catalyst loading 2.0wt% and M/O 12:1 in 24h. The reaction rate increased with increasing reaction temperature, catalyst loading and M/O under the conditions tested. The kinetics of the transesterification was also determined and a literature kinetic model has been shown to well reproduce the experimental data. The activation energy was found to range from 20.9 to 23.4kJmol−1. The MAK catalyzed transesterification was thought to follow an Eley–Rideal mechanism that the reaction started with methanol adsorption on the active sites of MAK, followed by surface reaction between the adsorbed methanol and triglyceride to yield methyl esters and glycerol.

K2O supported on sol-gel CeO2-Al2O3 and La2O3-Al2O3 catalysts for the transesterification reaction of canola oil

Heterogeneous supported potassium on promoted CeO2-Al2O3 and La2O3-Al2O3 sol-gel mixed oxides was used as a catalyst for biodiesel production via the transesterification of canola oil with methanol using a batch reactor. These mixed oxides alone do not show any catalytic activity in the transesterification reaction, and the incorporation of potassium increases the catalytic activity, which is greater in the La2O3-promoted catalysts. The improved catalytic activity of the potassium La2O3-promoted catalysts was associated with the partial insertion of lanthanum into alumina with a favorable interaction between the potassium and the oxygenated species of the La2O3-Al2O3 mixed oxide. The larger amount of K2O species in K2O/5La2O3-Al2O3 and the lower acidity explain their large production of biodiesel. Moreover, the leaching resistance of potassium is remarkable, with the K2O/5La2O3-Al2O3 catalyst showing<4% in the first recycle and no more leaching in the four subsequent recycle steps.

Development of an Online Raman Analysis Technique for Monitoring the Production of Biofuels

In this study, the feasibility of Raman spectroscopy for studying the transesterification of canola oil with dimethyl carbonate to biofuel using triazabicyclodecene modified Mg–Al layered double hydroxide as a catalyst was investigated. The conversion of the oil was monitored at certain intervals over 1 h. The height of the C═C stretching mode of unsaturated fatty acids of the oil at 1655 cm–1 was measured to determine the conversion of the oil. Deconvolution algorithms were developed to differentiate between the peaks and optimize the spectra for quantitative analysis using Gaussian distribution. The developed Raman spectroscopy method was validated by gas chromatography analysis of the reaction.

Ultrasound assisted biodiesel production in presence of dolomite catalyst

Ultrasound (US) assisted transesterification of canola oil in presence of heterogeneous catalysts calcined dolomite and CaO was investigated in comparison to each other. An US generator (200W, 20kHz) equipped with an horn type probe (19mm) was used to study the effect of catalyst amount (3–7wt.% of oil), methanol/oil molar ratio (4/1–15/1), ultrasound power (30–50W), temperature (25–60°C) and time (60–120min) on US assisted biodiesel synthesis. Biodiesel yield reached over 97.4% for calcined dolomite at the end of 90min and 95.5% for CaO at the end of 75min. According to the results, US improved the transesterification reaction by reducing necessary time for high biodiesel yield, using calcined dolomite as well CaO as heterogeneous catalyst.