Canola Meal In Diets Research Articles

Digestion of soybean meal and canola meal protein and amino acids in the digestive tract of young ruminants.

Eight male Holstein calves (body weight 68 +/- 5 kg; age 75 +/- 6 d), each with a permanent re-entrant pancreatic cannula and T-type ileal and duodenal cannulas, were used in a crossover design with four animals per group to determine amino acid kinetics and digestibilities in the digestive tract of calves fed soybean meal (SBM) and canola meal (CM) protein. The SBM and CM diets were fed twice daily at a level of 900 g at each feeding time (air-dry basis). With the exception of methionine, crude protein and amino acid flows at the proximal duodenum, expressed as a percentage of intake, were not influenced by dietary protein source. Apparent ileal and total tract digestibilities of CP and amino acids were reduced (P less than .05) by feeding CM compared to SBM, but apparent ileal digestibility of methionine was not affected by dietary protein source. Except for methionine, net disappearance of all amino acids in the small intestine, relative to the amount fed, was higher for the SBM diet than for the CM diet. Net disappearance or synthesis of amino acids in the large intestine were not affected by dietary protein source. Similarly, dietary protein source did not affect (P greater than .05) the secretion of pancreatic juice or concentrations of protein, chymotrypsin and trypsin in pancreatic juice. Soybean meal protein has higher ileal and total gastrointestinal tract digestibility than CM protein for young, growing calves.

Effects of ruminal escape proteins and canola meal on nitrogen utilization by growing lambs.

The effects of ruminal escape proteins and canola meal (CM) on N utilization by growing lambs were evaluated in two experiments. In both experiments, seven supplemental dietary protein treatments were fed. For each of these protein treatments a 3 x 3 Latin square metabolism trial was conducted, using two sets of three lambs and three periods. Within square treatments were 1.4, 1.7 and 2.0 times maintenance intake levels. In Exp. 1, protein treatments were control (7.0% CP, DM basis), urea fed at 9.5 or 12% dietary CP, CM fed at 9.5 or 12% dietary CP and a 50:50 (N basis) mixture of blood meal/corn gluten meal (BC) fed at 9.5 or 12% dietary CP. In Exp. 2, protein treatments were urea, 64% urea and 36% BC (all mixtures on a N basis), 36% urea and 64% BC, BC, 50% CM and 50% BC (CM/BC), CM and soybean meal (SBM), all at 10.5% CP. In Exp. 1, apparent N digestibility (AND) was lower for CM diets than for urea (P = .13) and BC (P less than .05) diets (49.0 vs 50.6 and 51.3%, respectively). Absorbed N was utilized with similar efficiencies for all supplemental protein sources. Dietary CP and digestible protein (DP) were closely related (DP = .879[CP%] -3.66; r2 = .91), indicating that for urea, CM and BC total tract N digestibility was not influenced by theoretical ruminal degradability. In Exp. 2, N balance and N utilization efficiency indicated that the optimal extent of ruminal protein degradation was about 50%. Nitrogen balance was similar for the CM, CM/BC and SBM treatments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

AMINO ACID SUPPLEMENTATION OF CANOLA MEAL

Supplementing a 15% protein diet for chickens, with all the protein coming from canola meal, with essential amino acids (EAA) to bring diet levels up to those recommended by NRC, failed to improve weight gain over that of an unsupplemented canola meal diet. While feed:gain ratio of the EAA-supplemented diet was improved, performance was markedly inferior to that of a 20% protein corn-soybean meal diet. Supplementing the canola meal basal diet with corn oil, lysine, or lysine plus arginine resulted in significant responses; however, performance was again far below that of the corn-soybean meal positive control diet. Supplementing the canola meal basal with EAA to bring levels up to close to the corn-soybean meal control diet resulted in performance which was superior to that obtained in the experiments in which EAA were supplemented to NRC requirement levels. However, performance was still markedly inferior to the corn-soybean meal control diet. A point of interest was the failure to demonstrate a need for methionine supplementation of the canola meal diet, even though by calculations it should have been deficient in this amino acid. A marked improvement in performance occurred when the level of methionine supplementation was reduced from 0.28 to 0.1% for the canola meal diet, supplemented with lysine, arginine and tryptophan. This clearly demonstrates that excess methionine or sulphur supplementation can markedly alter the performance of canola meal diets and may be one of the major reasons why EAA supplementation of semipurified diets that contain canola meal has failed to result in marked improvements in performance. Key words: Canola meal, amino acid supplementation, chickens

UTILIZATION OF CALCIUM IN CANOLA MEAL SUPPLEMENTED LAYING DIETS

White Leghorn pullets were offered a corn, soybean meal laying diet or similar diets containing 15% canola meal. These diets were fed with dietary calcium levels of 3 and 5% and two levels of supplemental phytic acid (0 and 0.2%). A significant decrease in feed intake was noted with the canola meal diets. Poorer shell quality was noted for the canola versus the soybean meal diets, the low vs. high calcium diets and the phytic acid supplemented vs. nonphytic acid supplemented diet. Key words: Canola meal, laying hens, phytic acid, calcium

Full-Fat Canola Seed as a Feedstuff for Turkeys

Feeding of various forms of full-fat canola seed products was compared with feeding canola meal plus oil at up to 200 g/kg canola meal equivalent (on an oil-adjusted basis) in mash or pelleted diets for turkeys to 6 wk of age. Comparisons of seed-processing methods demonstrated that cooking was ineffective, but both flaking and extrusion increased live weights and improved feed efficiency of birds fed full-fat canola seed. Stem pelleting was more effective, resulting in similar feed efficiencies for whole and processed seed. Live weights were slightly reduced for birds fed whole or flaked seed even when the feed was pelleted.Neither lysine nor arginine supplementation affected performance of birds fed control, canola meal, or full-fat (flaked) seed diets. Increased protein did not improve weight gain of birds fed whole or flaked canola seed in the diet. Response to methionine was less with canola diets than with the wheat-soybean meal control diet.In another experiment steam-pelleted diets containing 100 or 200 g/kg of canola meal or equivalent full-fat canola seed [whole or flaked (uncooked)] were fed to Medium White turkeys to 12 wk of age; controls were fed wheat-soybean meal diets. Diets with canola meal gave performance equal to that of controls. Full-fat canola seed at 165 g/kg supported growth equal to that of birds fed control or canola meal diets, but live weights were reduced by feeding 330 g/kg. Feed efficiency was lower than expected for birds fed full-fat canola diets, and high rates of inclusion reduced carcass fleshing.

CANOLA MEAL AND EGG SIZE

Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of canola-meal-supplemented laying diets on egg size. In diets where canola protein made up half or all of the supplemental protein, egg size was significantly reduced as compared to a corn-soybean control diet. With the canola meal diets, on a percentage basis, feed intake was reduced by a percentage similar to that of egg weight. Reduced egg size was also observed when laying hens were fed corn-soybean meal diets containing 10% canola meal with various dietary supplements. In most cases where smaller egg size was noted, the energy intake of the hens was also reduced. Measurement of egg shell, yolk and albumen weight indicated that a reduction in a particular component of the egg is not the reason for the smaller egg size. It would appear that reduced feed intake or more specifically, reduced energy intake, may account for the smaller egg size that has been reported with canola-meal-supplemented laying diets. Key words: Canola meal, egg size, laying hens

LYSINE SUPPLEMENTATION OF GROWER AND FINISHER PIG DIETS BASED ON HIGH PROTEIN BARLEY, WHEAT AND SOYBEAN MEAL OR CANOLA MEAL, WITH OBSERVATIONS ON THYROID AND ZINC STATUS

A factorial experiment with four dietary levels of supplemental lysine (0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25%), three protein supplements (soybean meal (SBM), canola meal (CM), CM + 50 mg iodinated casein per kg diet), and two sexes of pigs (barrows, gilts) was conducted. Crossbred Lacombe × (Yorkshire × Landrace), specific pathogen-free pigs were randomly allotted at 23 ± 1 kg weight in four replicates to pens of four pigs, individually fed. The pigs were slaughtered at 100 ± 2 kg. The diets were based on barley and wheat (2:1) and were pelleted (4.8 mm diam.). Average daily gain (ADG) responses during the growing period (23–57 kg) to increments of lysine were not significant (P > 0.05) but when ADG was adjusted by regression for variation in feed consumption there was a significant (P < 0.05) linear response (743, 748, 757, 772 g d−1). Feed:gain ratio also showed improvement (P < 0.05): 2.45, 2.44, 2.40, 2.35. Responses to lysine were similar for SBM and CM diets but pigs fed SBM had greater (P < 0.05) ADG than those fed CM (779 vs. 745 g). There was no response to added lysine in the 57–100 kg weight range but pigs fed SBM had greater adjusted ADG than those fed CM (908 vs. 873 g) and better feed:gain ratio (3.33 vs. 3.46). Thyroid status was not affected but iodinated casein improved grower period feed:gain ratio. Carcass quality index was not affected (P > 0.05) by lysine level, protein source, iodinated casein or sex of pig. Pigs fed CM had lower serum zinc than those fed SBM. It was estimated that the addition of 0.25% lysine to diets containing 0.8% lysine resulted in 7% improvement in ADG and efficiency of feed utilization. Key words: Lysine, canola meal, zinc, thyroid, pigs

The Prediction of the Digestible Amino Acid Supply in Barley-Soybean Meal or Canola Meal Diets and Pancreatic Enzyme Secretion in Pigs

The Prediction of the Digestible Amino Acid Supply in Barley-Soybean Meal or Canola Meal Diets and Pancreatic Enzyme Secretion in Pigs

Effect of predigestion factors on the apparent digestibility of protein for swine determined by the Mobile Nylon Bag Technique.

Five Yorkshire x Lacombe barrows (45 kg initial wt) fitted with duodenal cannulas approximately 10 cm from the pyloric sphincter were used to determine the influence of the pH of the predigestion solution (pH 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 or 2.5), pepsin activity (189 vs 377 IU/liter) and duration of predigestion (0, 1.5, 2.5 or 4.0 h) on the apparent digestibility of the protein in soybean meal (SBM), meal and bone meal (MBM) or canola meal (CM) determined with the Mobile Nylon Bag Technique (MNBT). An additional six barrows were used to determine protein digestibility by conventional methods. Protein digestibilities determined using conventional digestibility techniques were 93.1 +/- .7, 79.1 +/- 1.8 and 79.3 +/- 1.4% for the SBM, MBM and CM diets, respectively. Protein digestibilities determined with the MNBT were highest at pH 2.0 for all three protein sources. Increasing pepsin activity from 189 to 377 IU/liter resulted in a slight increase in the digestibility of SBM and CM, but not of MBM. The absence of predigestion (0 h) resulted in a dramatic reduction in protein digestibility; predigestion times of 1.5 or 2.5 h usually resulted in lower protein digestibilities than did a predigestion time of 4.0 h. The closest agreement between results obtained by the MNBT and conventional digestibility studies occurred with a pH of 2.0, a predigestion time of 4.0 h and a pepsin activity of 377 IU/liter.

The digestibility of biotin in protein supplements and cereal grains for growing pigs.

Studies were carried out with six growing barrows fitted with a simple T-cannula 5 to 10 cm anterior to the ileo-cecal sphincter. In Exp. 1, the digestibility of biotin was determined in three cornstarch-based diets formulated to contain 16% CP by supplementation with soybean meal (SBM), meat and bone meal (MBM) and canola meal (CM). In Exp. 2 the digestibility of biotin was determined in three diets that contained 96.8% barley, corn or wheat. Experiments 1 and 2 were conducted according to a replicated 3 X 3 latin square design. In Exp. 3 pigs were fed a cornstarch-based diet supplemented with 12% vitamin-free casein to determine the amount of endogenous biotin. In Exp. 4 the digestibility of supplemental biotin was determined. There was a small amount of endogenous biotin in ileal digesta, 11 micrograms/kg DMI. Digestibilities of biotin determined at the distal ileum (apparent digestibilities corrected for endogenous biotin) were 55.4, 2.7 and 3.9% in SBM, MBM and CM, respectively, and 4.8, 4.0 and 21.6% in barley, corn and wheat, respectively. The digestibility of supplemental biotin was 93.5%. There was a large increase in the level of biotin between digesta collected from the distal ileum and in feces, ranging from 138 to 324 micrograms/kg DMI. With the exception of the CM diet, this increase exceeded dietary biotin intake. Biotin in many feedstuffs was not available in the small intestine.

EFFECTS OF CANOLA MEAL ON ABSORPTION AND TISSUE LEVELS OF TRACE MINERALS IN RATS

The possibility that supplemental trace minerals (TM) might be less available in the presence of canola meal (CM) compared with other protein sources was investigated using growing rats fed a barley-wheat (BW) diet alone or with 20% added CM, soybean meal or ammoniated mustard meal for 28 d. A purified diet was used as a control diet. Femur Zn concentrations were lowest (P < 0.05) in rats fed the BW + CM diet (306 μg g−1femur ash) followed by the BW diet (329 μg g−1); both groups showed lower Zn levels than for all other diets (control diet 345 μg g−1). Plasma Zn concentrations were lowest (P < 0.05) in rats fed the BW + CM diet (1.07 vs. 1.35 μg mL−1 for control diet). Differences in concentrations of copper, iron or manganese in plasma and liver were minor. Apparent absorption of Zn from the BW and BW + CM diets tended to be less than from the other diets. Some differences were observed in weight gains and feed efficiency but were apparently unrelated to a TM deficiency. The results indicated that while dietary levels of copper, iron and manganese were adequate, there was evidence of a marginal deficiency of Zn particularly in the BW + CM diet, a result of reduced availability of supplemental Zn due to the CM in the diet. Key words: Trace mineral, zinc, canola meal, rat

EFFECTS OF CANOLA MEAL ON TISSUE TRACE MINERAL CONCENTRATIONS IN GROWING PIGS

This experiment was conducted to determine if the availability of supplemental trace minerals would be reduced by canola meal (CM) in a cereal grain-based diet for growing pigs. Thirty-two barrows weighing 21.5–23.5 kg were allotted to four dietary treatments: barley-wheat, 2:1, supplemented with (1) soybean meal (SBM); (2) canola meal (CM)-source 1 (CM1); (3) canola meal-source 2 (CM2), all fed according to a controlled feeding schedule; or (4) the CM1 diet fed ad libitum. All diets were supplemented with minerals at levels recommended for 20- to 35-kg pigs. In pigs slaughtered at 57 kg, liver and pancreas zinc (Zn) concentrations (dry basis) were higher (P < 0.05) when the SBM diet was fed compared to the CM diets. Pigs fed CM1 diet by either feeding regime showed lower Zn concentrations than those fed CM2. Treatment effects on tissue concentrations of other minerals were minor. From 23 to 57 kg liveweight, pigs fed CM diets gained less (P < 0.05) than those fed a SBM diet under controlled feeding (0.78 vs. 0.86 kg d−1). Pigs fed CM1 diet ad libitum gained 0.87 kg d−1. These results could not be directly related to a mineral deficiency. Based on tissue Zn concentrations, it was concluded that the dietary Zn was less available from the CM diets compared to the SBM diet. Key words: Trace minerals, zinc, pigs, canola meal

Rate of Passage of Corn-Canola Meal and Corn-Soybean Meal Diets Through the Gastrointestinal Tract of Broiler and White Leghorn Chickens

The effect of corn-canola meal and corn-soybean meal diets on the form and function of the gastrointestinal tract of broiler (meat-type) and White Leghorn (egg-type) cockerels was measured from 14 to 44 and 14 to 86 days of age or 203 to 1,844 and 115 to 1,777 g of body weight, respectively. Dry weights of the empty crop (P<.01), gizzard (P<.001), and ceca (P<.001) relative to live body weight (g/kg) were lighter in broilers than in Leghorns. Canola meal at 370 g/kg diet was associated with increased (P<.001) dry weight of the gizzard and jejunum relative to body weight. Soybean meal at 370 g/kg diet was associated with increased (P<.001) dry weight of the ceca relative to body weight. The lengths, relative to a power of body weight of the duodenum (cm/g.187) and jejunum plus ileum (cm/g.240), were longer (P<.001) in broilers than in Leghorns. The canola meal diet was associated with an increase (P<.001) in length of the jejunum plus ileum (cm/g.240) relative to a power of body weight. Mean retention time (MRT) of a particle marker, 103 ruthenium phenanthroline, increased with body weight in the entire gastrointestinal tract (P<.001) and in each of its segments except in the proventriculus, where it was not affected by body weight (P>.05), and in the gizzard, where it decreased (P<.05) with body weight. The MRT, adjusted for body weight in the entire gastrointestinal tract of broilers (338.0 ± 10.8 min) and Leghorns (359.9 ± 10.8 min), was similar (P>.05) but varied significantly in segments of the gut for both type of chicken and diet. Adjusted MRT was shorter in the crop (P<.001) and gizzard (P<.001) and longer in the duodenum (P<.001) and ileum (P<.01) of broilers than Leghorns. The soybean meal diet was retained for 2.3 min longer in the duodenum (P<.001) and 84.2 min longer in the ceca (P<.001) than the canola meal diet, which accounted for the longer (P<.001) retention of the soybean meal diet in the entire gastrointestinal tract (388.0 ± 10.6 vs. 309.8 ± 10.8 min). Segments of the gastrointestinal tract vary in length, weight, and MRT of digesta with dietary composition and type and body weight of chicken.

SELECTION PREFERENCE OF STARTER PIGS FED CANOLA MEAL AND SOYBEAN MEAL SUPPLEMENTED DIETS

Selection preferences of starter pigs (4–5 wk old) fed diets supplemented with soybean meal (SBM) and canola meal (CM) with or without added flavor were studied in four experiments. In exp. 1, starter pigs were offered a choice between a SBM control diet and one of four isonitrogenous, isoenergetic CM supplemented diets containing either 5, 10, 15 or 20% CM. From 5 to 9 wk of age, pigs consumed two and one-half to seven times more SBM control diet than diets containing 5–20% CM, respectively. In exp. 2, the influence of supplementary monosodium glutamate (0.15%), dextrose (10%) and corn oil (4 and 5%) on the consumption of diets in which CM replaced 50–100% of the protein supplied by SBM was studied. No significant differences in feed intake or pig performance were attributed to the addition of these additives to the CM diets. In experiments three and four, the effect of flavor additives (Pig Krave and Hy Sugr ADE) on the palatability of CM supplemented diets was determined. In exp. 3, feed intake of pigs fed diets containing 100% CM with added flavors was significantly greater than that of pigs fed the 100% CM nonflavored diets. In exp. 4, a single stimulus trial, pigs consumed more (P &lt; 0.001) of the flavored CM diets than the nonflavored diets. The improved feed intake of flavored CM supplemented diets decreased as the level of dietary CM increased. Key words: Palatability, flavor additives, starter pigs, canola meal, soybean meal

AVAILABLE SODIUM AND POTASSIUM IN CANOLA AND SOYBEAN MEAL

Two experiments were conducted to study the available sodium and potassium in canola- and soybean-meal-based diets containing no supplemental salt. A response in weight gain and feed: gain ratio was noted when potassium was added to soybean meal basal diets, but not when added to a 20% canola meal diet. This response depended upon the level of sodium supplementation. Supplementation of a soybean meal diet with up to 0.08% sodium resulted in improved performance of broiler chicks; however, only 0.06% sodium supplementation was required with a 20% canola meal diet to obtain a similar response. Calculations suggest that the availability of sodium in soybean meal is less than that found in Canola meal. Key words: canola meal, sodium and potassium

Economic Analysis of the Use of Canola Meal in Diets for Broiler Chickens

Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomieVolume 29, Issue 3 p. 327-338 Economic Analysis of the Use of Canola Meal in Diets for Broiler Chickens K.K. Klein, K.K. Klein *Agriculture Canada research stations at, respectively: Lethbridge, Alberta; Swift Current, Saskatchewan; and Agassiz, QuebecSearch for more papers by this authorR.E. Salmon, R.E. Salmon *Agriculture Canada research stations at, respectively: Lethbridge, Alberta; Swift Current, Saskatchewan; and Agassiz, QuebecSearch for more papers by this authorE.E. Gardiner, E.E. Gardiner *Agriculture Canada research stations at, respectively: Lethbridge, Alberta; Swift Current, Saskatchewan; and Agassiz, QuebecSearch for more papers by this author K.K. Klein, K.K. Klein *Agriculture Canada research stations at, respectively: Lethbridge, Alberta; Swift Current, Saskatchewan; and Agassiz, QuebecSearch for more papers by this authorR.E. Salmon, R.E. Salmon *Agriculture Canada research stations at, respectively: Lethbridge, Alberta; Swift Current, Saskatchewan; and Agassiz, QuebecSearch for more papers by this authorE.E. Gardiner, E.E. Gardiner *Agriculture Canada research stations at, respectively: Lethbridge, Alberta; Swift Current, Saskatchewan; and Agassiz, QuebecSearch for more papers by this author First published: November 1981 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7976.1981.tb02087.xCitations: 5AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume29, Issue3November 1981Pages 327-338 RelatedInformation