Canola Meal In Diets Research Articles

Performance of growing-finishing pigs fed barley-based diets containing toasted or non-toasted canola meal

Eighty crossbred pigs (28.7 ± 3.9 kg BW) were assigned to one of five dietary treatments in a factorial design experiment (sex × treatment). The control diet was formulated using barley and soybean meal, while four experimental diets were formulated with either toasted or non-toasted canola meal replacing either half or all of the soybean meal in the test diets. The total glucosinolate content of the non-toasted meal was more than 15-fold higher than the to asted meal (1.01 vs. 15.58 µmol g-1). The principal glucosinolates in the non-toasted meal were 3-butenyl (3.05 µmol g-1), 2-OH-3-butenyl (5.47 µmol g-1) and 4-OH-3-methylindoyl (4.68 µmol g-1). Digestibility coefficients for dry matter, crude protein, and gross energy were significantly (P < 0.05) lower for the toasted and non-toasted canola meal diets compared with the soybean meal diet. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in digestibility coefficients between the two canola meals. Digestibility coefficients were higher (P < 0.05) for pigs fed the diets in which canola meal supplied only 50% of the supplementary protein compared with diets in which 100% of the supplementary protein was supplied by canola meal. Pigs fed toasted canola meal had similar weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion (P > 0.05) as pigs fed soybean meal while pigs fed non-toasted canola meal had lower weight gain and feed intake (P < 0.05) than pigs fed soybean meal. Feed conversion was unaffected by dietary treatment (P > 0.05). There were no significant effects (P < 0.05) due to diet on any carcass trait. The overall results of this experiment indicate that omitting the desolventization/toasting procedure from the process involved in the production of canola meal did not result in an improvement in the performance of pigs fed diets containing canola meal. Key words: Pigs, canola meal, performance, digestibility, carcass, toasting

Degradation of cell wall polysaccharides by combinations of carbohydrase enzymes and their effect on nutrient utilization and broiler chicken performance

In vitro incubation studies were carried out to determine if various carbohydrase preparations contained appropriate activities to target nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP) of wheat, soybean meal (SBM), canola meal, and peas. Triplicate samples (0.1 g) were incubated with a number of carbohydrase preparations (i.e., cellulase, pectinase, xylanase, glucanase, galactanase, and mannanase) or their combinations at 45 degrees C and pH 5.2. A more pronounced degradation of NSP was achieved when the enzyme preparations were used in concert. When compared with the control (nonenzyme treatment), the highest degree of NSP degradation reached was 37% for wheat, and 36, 26, and 28% for canola meal, SBM, and peas, respectively. Four enzyme combinations were studied further in a 2-wk (5 to 18 d of age) growth performance and nutrient digestibility trial with broiler chickens. All enzyme combinations were effective in improving (P < 0.05) weight gain, feed-to-gain ratio, AMEn, apparent ileal digestibilities of starch and protein, and apparent total tract digestibility of NSP in birds fed a wheat, wheat screening, SBM, canola meal, and peas-based diet. The most complex enzyme combination was found to be superior (P < 0.05) to others in improving ileal protein digestibility and feed-to-gain ratio. The effectiveness of this combination in elimination of the nutrient-encapsulating effect of cell walls was further evaluated in a balance study with adult roosters fed a conventionally ground full-fat canola seed. Enzyme addition increased (P < 0.05) NSP digestibility from 11.1 to 30.1%, which, in turn, resulted in a marked increase (P < 0.05) in TMEn value (4.176 vs 4.744 Mcal/kg) of the seed. It is evident from the present studies that the addition of an appropriate combination of carbohydrase enzymes to target cell wall polysaccharide structures could further improve enzyme efficacy in practical wheat, SBM, canola meal, and peas-based broiler diets.

Protected canola meal increases milk protein concentration in dairy cows fed a grass silage-based diet

Low concentrations of protein in milk occur during the summer–autumn in south-west Australia. This is the period, on dryland farms, when the diet of lactating cows typically consists of grass silage and a mixture of crushed lupins and cereal grain. This experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that supplying protected canola meal would increase the protein concentration of milk and, possibly, milk yield in cows fed grass silage and a lupin–cereal concentrate. Sixty Holstein cows in mid lactation were allocated to 2 equal-sized dietary treatment groups: control (lupin) or protected canola meal. The control diet consisted of 14.5 kg DM grass silage (annual ryegrasses–subterranean clover) and 5.4 kg DM of crushed lupins and barley (4:1) per head per day. For the protected canola meal diet, 2.15 kg DM protected canola meal replaced 2.15 kg lupins. The protected canola meal was produced by treating solvent-extracted canola meal with formaldehyde, to produce a product with an in sacco fractional degradability of 0.29 at a rumen fractional outflow rate of 0.08/h. The equivalent degradability of untreated canola meal was 0.80 and of lupin was 0.83. Cows were individually fed the concentrate ration twice daily, after each milking, then were managed as a single herd in dry lots and fed grass silage. By the end of 8 weeks, cows fed the protected canola meal diet had higher milk protein concentrations (30.7 v. 29.2 g/L; P&lt;0.05) and higher liveweights (604 v. 593 kg; P&lt;0.05). Milk yield (L/day) was increased by 1 L/day, but this effect was not significant (P&gt;0.10). Fat concentration was unaffected by diet (P&gt;0.05). Since the only difference in treatment was the replacement of a portion of lupins with protected canola meal, the results indicate that a deficiency of metabolisable amino acids contributes to the low milk protein concentrations recorded during summer–autumn in south-west Australia. Whether this was acting primarily through a stimulus of appetite, or directly on milk components, could not be determined because silage intakes were not recorded.

Desempenho e morfometria da mucosa de duodeno de frangos de corte alimentados com farelo de canola, durante o período inicial

Um experimento foi conduzido para verificar o efeito da utilização de níveis crescentes (0, 10, 20, 30 e 40%) de farelo de canola nas rações de frangos de corte, sobre o desempenho e a morfologia da mucosa, durante o período inicial (1 - 21 dias) e os efeitos de sua utilização no período de crescimento. Foram utilizados 1000 pintos machos de um dia de idade, distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos, quatro repetições e 50 aves por unidade experimental. No 1º, 21º e 41º dia, as aves e as rações foram pesadas e no 21º dia duas aves de cada unidade experimental foram sacrificadas para a colheita de um segmento do duodeno para avaliação de morfometria intestinal. Os resultados demonstraram que níveis crescentes de farelo de canola induziram à redução linear no ganho de peso, peso médio e consumo de ração e piora na conversão alimentar. Durante o período de crescimento (21 a 41 dias), no qual todas as aves receberam ração semelhante, observou-se decréscimo no peso médio e ganho de peso, com o aumento dos níveis de farelo de canola, enquanto os parâmetros conversão alimentar e consumo de ração foram semelhantes. Os dados referentes a morfometria da mucosa intestinal, submetidos à análise de regressão, demonstraram que houve aumento na profundidade de cripta conforme o aumento nos níveis de farelo de canola. Os resultados permitem afirmar que é possível a inclusão de até 20% de farelo de canola, sem prejuízos no desempenho das aves e no trato digestório.

Growth and carcass characteristics of prime lambs fed diets containing urea, lupins or canola meal as a crude protein source

Lupin grain typically provides the main source of protein in most lamb finisher diets in Western Australia. The aim of this work was to determine whether alternative sources of nitrogen could provide a less expensive means of achieving the desired rate of liveweight gain and carcass characteristics. Fifty-one crossbred lambs were finished using 3 different sources of crude protein. These sources were either: (i) a control diet consisting of lupins, oats, barley and cereal chaff in which lupins provided 49% of the nitrogen (lupin diet); (ii) a diet consisting of a combination of cereal grain and urea (urea diet); or (iii) a diet in which lupins were partially replaced with expeller canola meal (canola diet). Diets were isonitrogenous (14.4% crude protein) and isoenergetic (10.5 MJ ME/kg DM). Lambs were gradually introduced to the diets over 2 weeks before being fed the diets ad�libitum for 5 weeks.Lambs fed the canola diet performed the best in terms of feed intake and liveweight gain while those fed the urea diet performed the worst. Respective growth rates for sheep fed the canola, lupin and urea diets were 272, 233 and 180 g/day, respectively, with significant (P&lt;0.05) differences only between the canola and urea diets. Equivalent dry matter intakes for the 3 groups were 1660, 1570 and 1380 g/day respectively, with sheep fed the urea diets being significantly (P&lt;0.05) lower than the other two. Acidosis was considered to be a major cause of the poor performance of sheep fed the urea diet, with 3 sheep from this treatment showing inappetance and markedly reduced growth rates ('shy feeders'). Lambs finished on all 3 diets produced acceptable carcasses. Carcass weights followed the trend of growth rates, but there were no significant differences between diets in carcass weight, dressing percentage, GR tissue depth, C�site fat depth, eye muscle area, muscle pH or meat colour. At the price of the feeds used in this trial, the canola meal diet was the cheapest feed per kilogram of liveweight gain despite being the most costly diet per tonne of feed.

Additivity and Associative Effects of Metabolizable Energy and Amino Acid Digestibility in Barley and Canola Meal for White Pekin Ducks

An experiment was conducted using the TMEn bioassay method to investigate the additivity and associative effects of metabolizable energy and amino acid digestibility in barley and canola meal for White Pekin ducks. Additivity was tested by comparing the difference between observed values determined in a complete diet and predicted values from measurements determined with individual ingredients (barley and canola meal). Six ducks each were assigned to diets of barley, canola meal, the complete diet, and dextrose. Dextrose-fed ducks were used for estimation of endogenous losses for calculation of true amino acid digestibility. The observed AME, TME, AMEn, and TMEn values in the complete diet were 0.065, 0.083, 0.016, and 0.023 (kcal/g), respectively, numerically higher than predicted values. Differences between observed and predicted values were not significant (P > 0.05), indicating that the AME, AMEn, TME, and TMEn in barley and canola meal were all additive. In general, observed values for apparent amino acid digestibility (AAAD) and true amino acid digestibility (TAAD) in the complete diet were higher than those predicted from individual ingredients. Observed AAAD for lysine, histidine, tryptophan, alanine, and aspartate were higher (P < 0.05) than predicted values, indicating that digestibilities of these amino acids were not additive. The mean of AAAD in canola meal (77.29%) was higher (P < 0.05) than the observed values of barley (52.2%) and complete diet (64.55%). For TAAD values, differences between observed and predicted values were significant for lysine, histidine, and tryptophan (P < 0.05). The mean of TAAD in canola meal, barley, and complete diet were 85.88, 80.87, and 81.33%, respectively. The average difference between observed and predicted values for TAAD (1.18 %) was smaller than that of AAAD (5.41%). These results indicated that ME values for barley and canola meal were additive in the complete diet but that digestibilities of some amino acids were not additive; they further suggested that there were some associative effects of amino acids in barley and canola meal for ducks.

Utilisation of growing‐finishing pig diets containing high levels of solvent or expeller oil extracted canola meal

Canola meal (CM) from the solvent and expeller oil extraction processes was used as replacement for fishmeal in grower‐finishing pig diets in two separate experiments. Diets were formulated on an iso‐nutrient basis (approximately 13.6 MJ kg‐1 DE, 160g kg‐1 CP, 9.0 g kg‐1 lysine, 6.5 g kg‐1 methionine and cystine, 6.5 g kg‐1 threonine, 2.0 g kg‐1 tryptophan on DM basis) to contain 0 g kg‐1, 80 g kg‐1, 160 g kg‐1, and 240 g kg‐1 CM in the first (solvent process) and 0 g kg‐1, 97 g kg‐1, 195 g kg‐1, and 292 g kg‐1 CM in the second (expeller process) case. In Experiment 1, 13 pigs per diet were individually housed and fed ad libitum from 25.4 kg to 84.4 kg liveweight, whereafter pigs were slaughtered and carcass characteristics determined. In Experiment 2, randomly selected groups of 4 pigs (16 per diet) were fed ad libitum from 21.6 kg to 88.4 kg liveweight, whereafter pigs were slaughtered and carcass characteristics measured. The inclusion of CM in the diets at levels of up to 24% in Experiment 1 and 29.2% in Experiment 2 had no significant effect on dry matter intake (DMI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), or liveweight gain. In Experiment 1, P 2 backfat thickness was significantly lower and percentage of meat in the carcass was significantly higher in the 24% CM diet group. In Experiment 2, dressing percentage was significantly lower in the 29.2% CM diet group. It was concluded that canola meal from recently released cultivars may be included at higher than conventional proposed levels (12–18%) in grower‐finisher pig diets without any detrimental effect on growth performance and minor effects on carcass characteristics.

Pasta de canola como suplemento proteico en dietas para la finalización de cerdos

Rojo GA, Perez MVG, Bayardo UA, Correa CHJ, Cuaron IJA. Tec Pecu Mex 2001,39(3)179-192. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the substitution of Soybean meal for Canola meal in diets for finishing pigs. In Exp 1, 28 pigs individually housed (initial weight, 63±9.1 kg) were used. Canola meal was as such or pre-pelleted and the addition of a flavoring agent was tested. Treatments were: 1) A fortified sorghum-soybean meal diet, 2) Canola meal, 3) Canola meal plus flavoring agent, 4) Pre-pelleted canola meal, 5) As 4 plus flavoring agent added. Diets were similar in nutrient profile. In Exp 2, 93 pigs (average initial weight, 51±5 kg) were used. Individually housed pigs, were randomly allotted to five treatments: 1) A sorghum-soybean meal diet, 2) A 50 % substitution of the soy protein by canola, 3) As 2, but 100% substitution, 4) As 3, but feed formulation to total amino acids, 5) As 3, but ME was not corrected. No differences (P>0.10) were found in Exp 1, thus canola meal could totally replace soy protein in diets for finishing pigs, provided that diets are formulated to digestible amino acids. In Exp 2, dietary energy dilution by canola (treatment 5), resulted in greater (P 0.10), gain/feed was deteriorated (P 0.64), carcass primal and lean cuts were unaltered (P>0.19). It is concluded that canola meal can totally replace soybean meal, if feed formulation to satisfy digestible amino acids and ME of the diet is maintained.

Effects of untreated and heat-treated canola presscake on milk yield and composition of dairy cows

Five primiparous and five multiparous Holstein cows were used in two Latin square design experiments to determine effects of feeding unheated and heated canola presscake on milk yield and composition, and milk fatty acid concentrations of lactating dairy cows. Five diets that differed in level and source of dietary fat were formulated: a low fat control diet with 30gkg−1 fat from tallow, an unheated canola presscake supplemented diet (50gkg−1 fat), a heated canola presscake supplemented diet (50gkg−1 fat), a high tallow plus unheated canola meal supplemented diet (50gkg−1 fat), and a high tallow plus heated canola meal supplemented diet (50gkg−1 fat). In sacco ruminal degradability of heated and unheated canola presscake was compared with that of heated and unheated canola meal in a randomized complete block design using two ruminally fistulated cows. Heat treatment reduced ruminal DM and CP degradability of canola presscake. Multiparous cows fed diets supplemented with heated or unheated canola presscake produced more milk than those fed diets containing similar levels of fat from tallow with heated or unheated canola meal, respectively. High levels of fat from any diet reduced milk fat percentage for cows of either parity. Feeding heated canola products increased milk and milk protein yields in primiparous cows only, but cows of both parities fed diets containing canola presscake produced milk with lower concentrations of C12:0, C14:0, and C16:0 fatty acids than cows fed the canola meal and tallow diets, although concentrations of C18:1 n-9 were unaffected by fat source or level. Feeding canola products to dairy cows can alter milk fatty acid profile, but only primiparous cows have increased productivity as a result of feeding heated, versus unheated, canola presscake.

The effect of dietary protein source and protected methionine (Lactet) on wool growth and microbial protein synthesis in Merino wethers

With increasing awareness of the importance of controlling tender wool, there is a need to describe supplementary feeds in terms of their effects on wool growth. Since wool growth is largely a function of the quantity and quality of absorbed protein, the aim of this experiment was to compare the protein quality of different diets in relation to their ability to promote wool growth. An additional aim was to compare observed responses with those predicted using feeding models based on metabolisable protein. Sixty-four Merino weaner wethers were allocated to 8 treatment groups in a factorial design consisting of 4 diets each at 2 levels of protected methionine. The 4 roughage-based diets consisted of different protein sources: Rumentek®-protected canola meal (at 33% of the diet), oats plus urea (oats at 46% and urea at 2.6%), Lupinus angustifolius (at 36%), and L. albus (at 36%). The 2 levels of protected methionine were 0 or 3 g/day as Lactet. The diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isoenergetic and were fed at 1.5 × maintenance metabolisable energy. The experiment lasted 13 weeks, which included a 3-week balance collection period in which faeces and urine were collected. Wool growth in sheep fed the protected canola meal diet was 37% greater than in sheep fed oats (1.37 v. 1.0 mg/cm2 per day), and 73% greater than in sheep fed L. angustifolius (P &lt; 0.001). Wool growth from the oat diet was 26% greater than from the L. angustifolius diet (P &lt; 0.05). There was no effect of diet on rumen volatile fatty acid concentrations. Lactet increased wool growth by 18% across all diets (P &lt; 0.001), representing an additional 0.17 mg/cm2 per day or 1.7 g/head per day. There were no significant differences in liveweight gain between the diets unless Lactet was added. When Lactet was added, lupins produced a significantly higher liveweight gain than oats or protected canola meal. Lactet increased mean liveweight gain by 22% across all diets (P &lt; 0.05). Lactet also increased the concentration of plasma albumin, decreased plasma α-amino nitrogen, and increased urinary excretion of creatinine and purine derivatives (P &lt; 0.05). The findings highlight the need to evaluate feed sources in terms of protein degradability and sulfur amino acid composition, particularly when assessing effects on wool growth. The inability of current feeding models to incorporate differences in amino acid flows, particularly sulfur amino acids, is an impediment to evaluating supplement quality in terms of wool growth.

Effect of growing fattening diets on the growth performance of intensified Afghani lambs

Three isonitrogenous and isocaloric complete diets (A, B and C) were prepared from cottonseed meal, soybean meal and canola meal, respectively, as the major source of protein. Eighteen 100- to 115-day-old Afghani male lambs were fed individually ad libitum for a period of 90 days. A growth trial was followed by a digestibility trial during which lambs were fed 90% of their voluntary feed intake (VFI). Average daily weight gain was higher ( P < 0.05) in lambs fed Diets B (244 g day −1) and C (233 g day −1), respectively, as compared to Diet A (213 g day −1). No significant difference was found in DMI among diets. Better ( P < 0.05) feed efficiency was found in lambs fed on Diets B (8.98) and C (8.58) as compared to Diet A (9.79). Economic efficiency was best on Diet B (18.97) as compared to Diets A (24.11) and C (21.61). Non-significant differences were observed in DM and CP digestibility of Diets B and C. However, DM and CP digestibility of Diets B and C differed ( P < 0.05) from those of Diet A. Crude fibre digestibility was higher ( P < 0.05) for Diet B as compared to Diets A and C. It was concluded that soybean meal and canola meal diets were significantly better protein sources for lamb growth than cotton seed meal.

Estimating endogenous amino acid flows at the terminal ileum and true ileal amino acid digestibilities in feedstuffs for growing pigs using the homoarginine method.

True ileal lysine digestibilities were determined using the homoarginine (HA) method in casein-, barley-, canola meal-, and barley-canola meal-based diets fed to growing pigs. Four Yorkshire barrows (25 to 49 kg BW) equipped with ileal T-cannulas were fed one of the diets according to a 4 x 4 Latin square design. All diets, except for the barley diet, were formulated to be similar in DE:CP ratio. Ileal digesta were collected continuously for 24 h on d 7 and 9 of each experimental period for determining apparent and true ileal digestibilities, respectively. True ileal lysine digestibility and endogenous flows were determined by feeding diets in which 50% of the protein-containing ingredients was guanidinated; the conversion of lysine to HA allows for direct determination of true lysine digestibilities. The apparent ileal CP and amino acid digestibilities were higher (P < .05) in the casein diet than in the barley, canola meal, and barley-canola meal diets. The CP digestibility was higher (P < .05) in the barley-canola meal diet than in the barley and canola meal diets. Endogenous lysine losses were influenced by diet (P < .05) and ranged between 586 and 1,429 mg/kg DM intake. True ileal lysine digestibilities in barley, canola meal, and barley-canola meal diets were similar (P > .05) and lower (P < .05) than in the casein diet. The true ileal amino acid digestibilities were estimated for other amino acids. Unlike apparent digestibilities, true digestibilities seemed additive in the barley-canola meal mixture.

The effects of protease and carbohydrase supplementation on the nutritive value of canola meal for poultry: In vitro and in vivo studies

An in vitro incubation system was used to assess a variety of enzyme preparations regarding activities toward protein and carbohydrate components in canola meal with the objective of identifying those preparations that possessed potential for improvement of the nutritive value of canola meal. Promising preparations were evaluated further in 2-week growth trials utilizing 4-day-old broiler chickens. Enhanced protein hydrolysis was demonstrated for several of the protease enzyme preparations studied in the in vitro incubation system. Protein hydrolysis was most effective when either pancreatin or pronase were included in the incubation medium along with the protease enzyme and for the most effective protease preparations values for percent of total protein hydrolyzed exceeded those for pancreatin or pronase acting alone. The most effective protease preparation also resulted in improved broiler chick growth performance when added to semipurified canola meal diets. While some carbohydrase enzyme preparations were shown to be effective in the in vitro test of cell wall polysaccharide solubilization, only a trend toward improved growth performance was noted when broiler chickens were fed semipurified canola meal diets containing these enzyme preparations. A synergistic response in growth of young (4–11 days of age) broiler chickens was noted when phytase, carbohydrase and protease enzymes were added to a wheat/canola meal based diet deficient in available phosphorus.

Comparison of sweet white lupin seed, canola meal and soybean meal as protein supplements for lambs

Western-Canadian grown sweet white lupin seed (LS), canola meal (CM) and soybean meal (SM) were compared in situ and in digestibility and feedlot experiments using Romanov × Suffolk lambs. Barley-based (75.5% as fed) diets were isonitrogenous (15.5% crude protein, CP) with LS, CM or SM as protein source. Sunflower hulls were substituted as necessary for protein supplement to ensure the diets were isonitrogenous. The LS used in this trial was relatively low in alkaloids (0.03%), as compared with other lupins, and high in manganese (2347 mg kg−1). In situ, the effective rumen degradability of protein of LS was higher than that of either CM or SM. Rates of DM and protein disappearance were also higher for LS than for CM and SM. Digestibilities of DM organic matter, energy and nitrogen were higher (P &lt; 0.05) in LS than in CM or SM diets, but there were no differences (P &gt; 0.05) among the supplements in digestibilities of starch or NDF. No differences (P &gt; 0.05) were found in feed conversion or DM intake of the three diets. Average daily gain (ADG) of the lambs receiving LS did not differ (P &gt; 0.05) from those of lambs on the other two diets, but lambs on CM had higher ADG (P &lt; 0.05) than lambs on SM. We conclude that LS is comparable to SM and CM as a protein supplement for lambs, provided care is taken to avoid toxic levels of manganese and alkaloids. Key words: Lupin, lamb, protein, canola meal, soybean meal

The additivity of the digestible energy and apparent ileal digestible amino acid supply in barley, wheat and canola meal or soybean meal diets for growing pigs

ZusammenfassungDie additive Bestimmung der verdaulichen Energie und scheinbaren ilealen Verdaulichkeit von Aminosäuren aus Gerste, Weizen, Raps‐ und Sojamehl bei wachsenden SchweinenSechs Kastraten mit einem anfänglichen Körpergewicht von 35 kg wurden mit 6 verschiedenen Rationen nach einem 6times6 Lateinischen Quadrat gefüttert. Die Rationen 1 und 2 enthielten 94% Gerste oder Weizen. Die Rationen 3 und 4 bestanden aus Maisstärke und enthielten 17% Rohprotein aus Raps‐ oder Sojamehl. Die Rationen 5 und 6 enthielten 17% Rohprotein aus einem Gemisch von Gerste, Weizen und Rapsmehl bzw. von Gerste, Weizen und Sojamehl. Die Schweine wurden zweimal täglich um 8.00 und 20.00 Uhr mit 900 g Futter versorgt. Jeder Versuch dauerte 9 Tage. Der Kot wurde von Tag 6 bis Tag 8 über 48 h gesammelt. Proben aus dem Ileum wurden über 24 h von 8.00 Uhr am Tag 7 bis 8.00 Uhr am Tag 9 gezogen. Als Marker zur Verdaulichkeitsbestimmung wurde Chromoxid eingesetzt. Die direkt bestimmten Verdaulichkeiten der Energie und Aminosäuren in den Rationen 5 und 6 wurden mit denen aus den Rationen 1 bis 4 mit den einzelnen Komponenten verglichen. Mit Ausnahme von Glycin in der Ration 6 (Gerste, Weizen oder Soja) konnten keine Unterschiede (p &gt; 0,05) zwischen der direkten Bestimmung und den kalkulierten Verdaulichkeit von Energie und Aminosäuren beobachtet werden. Daraus läßt sich schließn, daß die Gehalte an verdaulicher Energie und an den verdaulichen Aminosäuren aus der Bestimmung in Einzelkomponenten additiv abgeleitet werden können.

Characteristics of ruminal and total tract digestion of canola meal and soybean meal in a high-energy diet for feedlot cattle.

Four Holstein steers (233 kg) with ruminal cannulas and "T" cannulas in the proximal duodenum were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square experiment to evaluate characteristics of ruminal and total tract digestion of a generic (CM-40, 40% CP) and a high-protein (CM-46, 46% CP) variety of canola meal (CM) compared with a conventional, solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM). Treatments consisted of an 80% concentrate diet that contained 20% tapioca (TP) or 20% of the respective test protein sources. Supplemental proteins replaced TP in the basal diet. Intake of dietary treatments was restricted to 5.0 kg/d (DM basis, 2.2% BW). Ruminal digestion of OM was similar (P > .10) for the CM-supplemented diets. Ruminal digestion of OM was higher (5.8%, P < .01) for SBM than for CM diets. Ruminal digestibility of ADF was similar (P > .10) across treatments. Ruminal degradation of feed N was similar (P > .10) for CM diets but tended to be greater (6.7%, P < .10) for SBM. Ruminal degradation of N in CM-40, CM-46, and SBM averaged 71, 73, and 80, respectively. Passage of individual amino acids to the small intestine was similar for CM and SBM diets. Total tract DM digestibility (DMD) was similar (P > .10) for the CM diets. Total tract DMD was higher (2.9%, P < .01) for SBM than for CM diets. Total tract digestibility of ADF also tended to be higher (14; P < .10) for SBM than for CM diets. The DE (megacalories/kilogram) of the CM and SBM diets were greater (P < .01) than for the TP diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Canola Meal in Diets for Market Turkeys

Canola meal was fed at 0, 10, 20, and 26 to 10% dietary levels to Large White turkey males during 0 to 19 wk of age. Feed was in meal and pelleted forms. Body weights were reduced at higher canola meal levels in mash and pelleted diets. When isocaloricity was maintained by addition of fat, 19-wk body weight was significantly greater with 20% canola meal than with the corn-soybean meal control. Differences in breast and leg yield were not significant statistically. Taste panel findings showed no preference among breast meat samples, but thigh meat from birds fed 20% canola meal was preferred over that of the control. Canola meal was an acceptable protein source in turkey diets in the present study.

Sulphur and calcium supplementation of soybean and canola meal diets

No significant difference in weight gain or feed:gain ratio was noted with 6-wk-old male broilers fed a practical type corn-soybean meal diet or a similar diet containing 25% canola meal. Supplementing the canola meal diet with 0.2% sulphur, however, did significantly reduce gain. A reduction in feed intake and total abdominal fat was noted with the canola-meal-supplemented diets as compared to the corn-soybean meal diets. In a second experiment, sulphur addition to a soybean meal, semi-purified, low-protein, low-calcium diet, resulted in weight gains and feed intakes similar to those noted in a canola meal diet with the same levels of sulphur fed to male broilers from 7 to 21 d of age. As sulphur was added to the soybean meal diet, there was a linear depression in weight gain and feed intake which was partially overcome by calcium supplementation. Sulphur appeared to exert its negative effect on performance by reducing feed intake rather than interfering with the efficiency of utilization of the diets. The present results suggest that high levels of inorganic sulphur in canola meal are a major factor in the reduced performance often reported with canola-meal-supplemented diets. Key words: Chickens, canola, sulphur, calcium, feed intake

Live performance, carcass yield, protein and energy retention of broiler chickens fed canola and flax full-fat seeds and the restored mixtures of meal and oil

Two experiments were conducted to assess the use, in broiler diets, of full-fat canola and flax seed or their restored mixtures of seed meals and oils. The first experiment compared raw and heated full-fat canola and flax seeds, and mixtures of the meals with the corresponding oils or animal tallow (ratios of 6:4, respectively), each added at 10% to the diet. The second experiment evaluated the raw full-fat seeds or mixtures of the meals with canola oil or animal tallow, added at 10 and 20% to the diets. Each experiment lasted 6 wk. Heat treatment did not significantly affect performance (P &gt; 0.05). Dry matter and protein retention, and bird mortality were not influenced by dietary treatments. Diets containing 10 or 20% full-fat canola or canola meal plus oil mixtures resulted in similar body weight, feed conversion and carcass yield as the soybean meal control diet. In the first experiment, the inclusion of full-fat flaxseed depressed body weight, feed conversion and dietary metabolizable energy (ME) while the flax meal plus flax oil containing diets gave responses similar to the canola meal diets. In exp. 2, increasing the level of flax seed or flax meal plus oil mixture to 20% further depressed body weight and feed conversion. The ME and feed conversion efficiency of birds fed the full-fat seed containing diets were less than those obtained from birds fed the meal plus oil diets, but only significantly so for the flax diets. The type of fat fed with the meal had no effects on the responses of the birds. Key words: Chickens, canola, flax, heating, carcass yield, protein retention, metabolizable energy

INTERACTION OF CALCIUM AND SULPHUR IN CANOLA AND SOYBEAN MEAL DIETS FED TO BROILER CHICKS

Several studies were undertaken to investigate the interaction of calcium and sulphur when added to semi-purified diets containing either canola or soybean meal, as the only protein source. High levels of sulphur supplementation reduced the performance of birds fed diets containing both sources of protein; however, it was more severe with canola than with soybean meal diets. Sulphur coming from methionine resulted in poorer bird performance than that coming from cystine. Increasing dietary calcium levels from low to close to the requirement level partially alleviated the detrimental effects of the higher sulphur supplementation. Liver weight was not altered, as a percent of body weight, at the high sulphur levels, suggesting little or no liver involvement in the reduced performance noted. Reduced performance often reported for birds fed canola versus soybean meal diets may well be due, in part, to the higher level of sulphur in canola meal than soybean meal, in particular the inorganic sulphur fraction. However, the present study utilized diets containing 40% canola meal, which is much higher than would be found in practical type diets. Thus care must be taken in extrapolating the present findings to practical conditions. Key words: Chickens, canola, calcium, sulphur, methionine