Effects Of Cannabis Research Articles

A Cross Sectional Study Comparing the Frequency and Motivations for Cannabis Use in College Students with and Without an Autoimmune Disease

The therapeutic effects of cannabis and its derivatives have been well established for a narrow number of conditions, including syndrome-related seizures, cancer-related nausea, and AIDS-related anorexia. Research progress in the United States has been slowed by restrictions related to cannabis’ status as a highly controlled substance. Despite the sluggish pace of empirical research, there is a high level of interest among both scientists and patients regarding cannabis’ possible efficacy for a much wider range of diseases and conditions. Studies indicate that many people are self-medicating with cannabis for both physical and psychological ailments. New evidence suggests that cannabinoids may be beneficial to those who have an autoimmune disease; this may be due to cannabis’ modulatory effects on the immune system. The current study, in an attempt to determine if college students with autoimmune diseases are self-medicating their symptoms with cannabis, surveyed students (5.8% of whom reported a diagnosed autoimmune disease) about their frequency, route of administration, and motivations for cannabis use. Independent samples t-tests and chi-squared tests revealed that while those with an autoimmune disease were significantly more likely to report having used cannabis in the past 30 days than their peers without an autoimmune disease, the frequency of use in the past 30 days did not differ. Participants with autoimmune disease were significantly more likely to endorse therapeutic motives for cannabis consumption, including pain and nausea control and to improve sleep and appetite. This study is one of the first to investigate self-medication motives for cannabis use in young adults with an autoimmune disease. Potential mechanisms, as well as benefits and drawbacks of cannabis use as medicine in this population are discussed.

Supplemental Material for Data Crowdsourcing on Psychomotor and Cognitive Effects of Cannabis via Mobile App

Supplemental Material for Data Crowdsourcing on Psychomotor and Cognitive Effects of Cannabis via Mobile App

The inhibitory effect of Cannabis Sativa L. and Morus nigra L. against lipid peroxidation in goat liver and brain homogenates.

The present study was aimed to evaluate the antioxidant potential and inhibitory effect ofCannabis sativa and Morus nigra against lipid peroxidation in goat brain and liver homogenates. The formation of free radicals, highly reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) is a normal metabolic process for cellular signaling and countering the antigens. However, they may cause serious damage if they produced at amplified tolls. In addition, metabolic disorders also serve as sources of these reactive species. Although the issue can be addressed through supplements and other phytochemicals. In this study, two plant species were evaluated for their biological potential by employing a spectrum of antioxidant assays. The antioxidant activity was performed by lipid peroxidation assay. The water extract prepared from leaves of Cannabis sativa and Morus nigra showed significant (P<0.05) inhibition as compared to control i.e., 522.6±0.06 and 659.97±0.03 µg/mL against iron-induced lipid peroxidation in goat brain homogenate while the inhibitions were 273.54±0.04 and 309.18±0.05 µg/mL against nitroprusside induced lipid peroxidation of the brain. The iron and nitroprusside induced lipid peroxidation was also significantly inhibited by leaf extracts of Cannabis sativa and Morus nigra in liver homogenates such as 230.63±0.52 and 326.91±0.01 µg/mL (iron-induced) while 300.47±0.07 and 300.47±0.07 µg/mL (nitroprusside induced), respectively. The extracts of Cannabis sativa extract showed promising activity (96.04±0.060%) against DPPH radicals while Morus nigra showed a moderate activity (34.11±0.120%). The results suggest that different accessions ofCannabis sativa and Morus nigra are a potential source of antioxidants and have a therapeutic effect against disease induced by oxidative stress and hence can be used for novel drug discovery and development.

Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol does not upregulate an aversive dopamine receptor mechanism in adolescent brain unlike in adults

Earlier age of cannabis usage poses higher risk of Cannabis Use Disorder and adverse consequences, such as addiction, anxiety, dysphoria, psychosis, largely attributed to its principal psychoactive component, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and altered dopaminergic function. As dopamine D1-D2 receptor heteromer activation causes anxiety and anhedonia, this signaling complex was postulated to contribute to THC-induced affective symptoms. To investigate this, we administered THC repeatedly to adolescent monkeys and adolescent or adult rats. Drug-naïve adolescent rat had lower striatal densities of D1-D2 heteromer compared to adult rat. Repeated administration of THC to adolescent rat or adolescent monkey did not alter D1-D2 heteromer expression in nucleus accumbens or dorsal striatum but upregulated it in adult rat. Behaviourally, THC-treated adult, but not adolescent rat manifested anxiety and anhedonia-like behaviour, with elevated composite negative emotionality scores that correlated with striatal D1-D2 density. THC modified downstream markers of D1-D2 activation in adult, but not adolescent striatum. THC administered with cannabidiol did not alter D1-D2 expression. In adult rat, co-administration of CB1 receptor (CB1R) inverse agonist with THC attenuated D1-D2 upregulation, implicating cannabinoids in the regulation of striatal D1-D2 heteromer expression. THC exposure revealed an adaptable age-specific, anxiogenic, anti-reward mechanism operant in adult striatum but deficient in adolescent rat and monkey striatum that may confer increased sensitivity to THC reward in adolescence while limiting its negative effects, thus promoting continued use and increasing vulnerability to long-term adverse cannabis effects.

The Detrimental Effects of Cannabis on Brain. A Concise Review

Marijuana and hashish, from the plant Cannabis sativa L, are the illicit drugs most frequently used worldwide. Cannabis is well known for its recreational effects being popular among adolescents and young adults and is often perceived as harmless.

The effect of medical cannabis in inflammatory bowel disease: analysis from the UK Medical Cannabis Registry

ABSTRACT Objectives Cannabis-based medicinal products (CBMPs) have shown promising preclinical activity in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, clinical trials have not demonstrated effects on inflammation. This study aims to analyze changes in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and adverse events in IBD patients prescribed CBMPs. Methods A case series from the UK Medical Cannabis Registry was performed. Primary outcomes included changes from baseline in the Short Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (SIBDQ), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), Single-Item Sleep Quality Scale (SQS), and EQ-5D-5L Index score at 1 and 3 months. Statistical significance was defined using p < 0.050. Results Seventy-six patients with Crohn’s disease (n = 51; 67.11%) and ulcerative colitis (n = 25; 32.89%) were included. The median baseline SIBDQ score improved at 1 and 3 months. EQ-5D-5L index values, GAD-7, and SQS also improved after 3 months (p < 0.050). Sixteen (21.05%) patients reported adverse events with the majority being classified as mild to moderate in severity. Conclusion Patients treated with CBMPs for refractory symptoms of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis demonstrated a short-term improvement in IBD-specific and general HRQoL. Prior cannabis consumers reported greater improvement compared to cannabis-naïve individuals.

Savoring as an intervention for cannabis use: acceptability, feasibility, and preliminary results

Although savoring appears protective against cannabis problems, researchers have yet to apply it to reduce cannabis-related harms. Study I surveyed a large (N = 557, M age = 36.9, 50.1% Male, 73% White) sample who rated a hypothetical savoring intervention as feasible and acceptable; those who savored more reported fewer cannabis problems, less use, and less intoxication. Study II, a pilot experiment (N = 26, M age = 18, 34.6% Male, 42% White), randomly assigned participants to either a week-long savoring intervention (n = 15) or control group (n = 11). Savorers reported moderate to large decreases across time in cannabis use, amount consumed, and intoxication as well as increases in happiness and negative cannabis expectancies. Both studies suggest that savoring can reduce use and protect against negative outcomes. These preliminary findings suggest that further work to examine the efficacy of savoring as an intervention for substance use appears warranted.

Smoked cannabis reduces peak cocaine plasma levels and subjective effects in a controlled drug administration study of polysubstance use in men

BackgroundDespite the high prevalence of polysubstance use, outcomes and potential risks associated with common drug combinations are not well characterized. Many individuals who use cocaine also use cannabis, yet little is known about how interactions between the two drugs might contribute to continued co-use. MethodsThe aim of this double-blind, placebo-controlled study was to determine the physiological and subjective effects of smoked cannabis with smoked cocaine, to identify variables that may contribute to the continued use of this drug combination. Healthy, non-treatment seeking volunteers who reported smoking both cocaine and cannabis (N = 9, all males) completed a 13-day inpatient protocol. On session days, cannabis [0.0 or 5.6 % tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)] was administered 28 min prior to cocaine (0, 12, or 25 mg). Dependent measures included pharmacokinetic assessment of THC and cocaine and their respective metabolites, in addition to subjective and cardiovascular effects. ResultsActive cannabis (5.6 % THC) increased plasma levels of THC and the metabolite 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-THC (THCCOOH), as well as subjective ratings of cannabis effects and heart rate relative to inactive cannabis. Cocaine dose-dependently increased plasma cocaine and metabolites and subjective ratings of cocaine effects. Active cannabis pre-treatment decreased plasma levels of cocaine and metabolites. Furthermore, active cannabis attenuated cocaine-related reductions in ‘Hunger’ and ‘Calm.’ ConclusionsCannabis pre-treatment altered the subjective experience of smoked cocaine and reduced peak plasma levels of cocaine. Future studies should explore additional doses of each drug and whether these changes also impact cocaine’s reinforcing effects.

Synergistic effects of cannabis with gabapentin and its analog pregabalin

Cannabis indicates a group of three plants (Cannabissativa, C.indica, and C.ruderalis) having psychoactive properties. Cannabis is majorly consumed for its calming and relaxing effects. In the United States, cannabis is also indicated for use in a range of medical ailments, including glaucoma, chronic pain, poor appetite etc. Cannabis contains more than 120 constituents, known as cannabinoids. Researchers aren’t able to fully explore effects of cannabinoids [1].

Novel Insights into Potential Cannabis-Related Cancerogenesis from Recent Key Whole Epigenome Screen of Cannabis Dependence and Withdrawal: Epidemiological Commentary and Explication of Schrott et al.

Whilst the cannabis-cancer link has been traditionally described as controversial recent whole nation and whole continent studies have demonstrated that well documented laboratory-based multimodal cannabinoid genotoxicity is indeed reflected in numerous cancer types in larger epidemiological series. A recent longitudinal human sperm epigenome-wide DNA methylation screen in both cannabis dependence and cannabis withdrawal has revealed remarkable insights into the manner in which widespread perturbations of DNA methylation may lead to cancerogenic changes in both the exposed and subsequent generations as a result of both cannabis exposure and withdrawal. These results therefore powerfully strengthen and further robustify the causal nature of the relationship between cannabinoid exposure and cancerous outcomes well beyond the previously published extensive mechanistic literature on cannabinoid genotoxicity. The reported epigenomic results are strongly hypothesis generating and call powerfully for further work to investigate oncogenic mechanisms in many tissues, organs and preclinical models. These epigenomic results provide an extraordinarily close predictive account for the epidemiologically observed pattern of cannabis-related malignant disease and indicate that malignant and multigenerational cannabinoid epigenotoxicity is potentially a significant and major public health concern.

Efficacy and Safety of Medical Marijuana in Migraine Headache: A Systematic Review.

Medical marijuana treatment for migraine is becoming more common, although the legality and societal acceptance of marijuana for medical purposes in the United States have been challenged by the stigma attached to it as a recreational drug. These substances function to reduce nociception and decrease the frequency of migraine by having an impact on the endocannabinoid system.Our study reviewed the clinical response, dosing, and side effects of marijuana in migraine management.Using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we conducted a literature search in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct, and nine studies were included in the systematic review. The studies demonstrated that medical marijuana has a significant clinical response by reducing the length and frequency of migraines. No severe adverse effects were noted. Due to its effectiveness and convenience, medical marijuana therapy may be helpful for patients suffering from migraines. However, additional clinical trials and observational studies with longer follow-ups are required to study the efficacy and safety of the drug.

Emergence of Synthetic Cannabinoids: Pharmacological insights and adverse effects

Despite the risks involved in the use of synthetic cannabinoids, their applications in researches gained huge popularity. Researches into synthetic cannabinoids have increased recently as a result of relaxed global legal developments. Synthetic cannabinoids such as Dronabinol and Nabilone may help with symptoms of chronic pain, muscle stiffness, nausea and vomiting brought on by chemotherapy and unmanageable adolescent epilepsy. The coarse use of cannabinoids is typically associated with psychotropic effects like relaxation, euphoria and a vague gratifying feeling, but their aberrant uses are also associated with serious adverse-effects. Despite this cognizance, affinity between the molecular structure of synthetic cannabinoids and their receptors mediated pharmacological activities is yet not well understood. Around the world, numerous experiments are being conducted in order to explore their therapeutic values as well as toxicities. The experimental models beneficial for the evaluation of emerging cannabinoids of synthetic origin include the cannabis tetrad test, drug discrimination, dependence, withdrawal and assays of tolerance. Real risks and perceived hazards can have significant disparity. Certain empirical approaches and scientific methods could be used to compare and appraise the therapeutic indications and adverse effects of the synthetic cannabinoids. The present review provides a scientific discussion of these substances and their pharmacological insights as well as adverse effects referring latest references.

Effects of Marijuana on Weight Changes, Physical Observation and Histology on the Kidney of Wistar Rats

Background and Objective: The rate of use of cannabis is rapidly increasing in society. Some of its usefulness has been documented, while its effect on weight changes is still understudied. This study was carried out to evaluate the weight changes, physical changes, and histological effects of cannabis on the kidney of Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: They were divided into five groups, A, B, C, D, and E comprising five rats each. The study involved 25 growing Wistar rats with weight ranges between 250-275g and 50 growing Wistar rats for LD50, with weight ranges between 250-275g. Groups A served as the control and received only growers’ mash and distilled water, while groups B, C, D, and E received 65mg/kg body weight, 130mg/kg body weight, 162mg/kg body weight, and 194mg/kg body weight of cannabis respectively. Animal weights were measured before and after the administration of cannabis. The control rats and test animals were sacrificed after 28 days, and the kidney was harvested for histological processing. The results obtained were compared with the control using the statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 20 with a level of significance (P&lt;0.05). Results: The results on weight recorded were; group B (310.0±14.14), groups C (273.0±2.32), D (295.0±7.07), and E (277.0±3.53) recorded significant (P&lt;0.05) lower weight when compared with the control group The control kidney tissue section, however, presented normal cytoarchitectural features of the kidney while the test groups showed histological alterations which were dosage induce. Photomicrograph of group B kidney tissue section shows kidney cytoarchitecture with vacuolations and mild glomerular distortion, photomicrograph of group C kidney tissue section shows kidney cytoarchitecture with vacuolations, photomicrograph of group D kidney tissue section shows shrinking glomeruli which were adjacent to a normal glomerulus and photomicrograph of group E kidney tissue section shows glomerulus surrounded by cellular infiltrates. Conclusion: The study’s findings revealed that cannabis has a deleterious effect on the cytoarchitecture of the kidney in a dose-dependent way. Also, more studies are needed to identify the time in relation to dosage consumption effect, knowing which could be harmful to living and the LD50 that would produce 100% mortality.

Gender differences in cannabis use disorder symptoms: A network analysis

BackgroundWhile cannabis use in women is increasing worldwide, research into gender differences in cannabis use disorder (CUD) symptomology is lacking. In response to limited effectiveness of addiction treatment, research focus has been shifting from clinical diagnoses towards interactions between symptoms, as patterns of symptoms and their interactions could be crucial in understanding etiological mechanisms in addiction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the CUD symptom network and assess whether there are gender differences therein. MethodsA total of 1257 Dutch individuals reporting weekly cannabis use, including 745 men and 512 women, completed online questionnaires assessing DSM-5 CUD symptoms and additional items on plans to quit or reduce use, cigarette use, and the presence of psychological diagnoses. Gender differences were assessed for all variables and an Ising model estimation method was used to estimate CUD symptom networks in men and women using network comparison tests to assess differences. ResultsThere were gender differences in the prevalence of 6 of the 11 symptoms, but symptom networks did not differ between men and women. Cigarette use appeared to only be connected to the network through withdrawal, indicating a potential role of cigarette smoking in enhancing cannabis withdrawal symptoms. Furthermore, there were gender differences in the network associations of mood and anxiety disorders with CUD symptoms. ConclusionThe association between smoking and withdrawal as well as gender differences in the role of comorbidities in the CUD network highlight the value of using network models to understand CUD and how symptom interactions might affect treatment.

Resident Astrocytes can Limit Injury to Developing Hippocampal Neurons upon THC Exposure

Cannabis legalization prompted the dilemma if plant-derived recreational drugs can have therapeutic potential and, consequently, how to address their regulation and safe distribution. In parallel, the steady worldwide decriminalization of cannabis and the enhanced content of its main psychoactive compound Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), exposes populations to increasing amounts of cannabis and THC across all ages. While adverse effects of cannabis during critical stages of fetal neurodevelopment are investigated, these studies center on neurons alone. Thus, a gap of knowledge exists on how intercellular interactions between neighboring cell types, particularly astrocytes and neurons, could modify THC action. Here, we combine transcriptome analysis, transgenic models, high resolution microscopy and live cell imaging to demonstrate that hippocampal astrocytes accumulate in the strata radiatum and lacunosum moleculare of the CA1 subfield, containing particularly sensitive neurons to stressors, upon long term postnatal THC exposure in vivo. As this altered distribution is not dependent on cell proliferation, we propose that resident astrocytes accumulate in select areas to protect pyramidal neurons and their neurite extensions from pathological damage. Indeed, we could recapitulate the neuroprotective effect of astrocytes in vitro, as their physical presence significantly reduced the death of primary hippocampal neurons upon THC exposure (> 5 µM). Even so, astrocytes are also affected by a reduced metabolic readiness to stressors, as reflected by a downregulation of mitochondrial proteins. Thus, we find that astrocytes exert protective functions on local neurons during THC exposure, even though their mitochondrial electron transport chain is disrupted.

Pollens de Mahi Binebine, l’amour entre l’ivresse cannabique et l’ivresse du pouvoir

This research questions Mahi Binebine’s novel Pollens as one of the few representations of the effects of cannabis intoxication in Maghrebian literature. The rational mind is opposed to the madness of cannabis that invades the mind. But beyond this aspect, it is above all a question of denouncing a rout, the degeneration of the quest for bucolic utopia into a hellish descent. Worthy of the best love stories, Pollens is also a reflection on despotic power, which does not hesitate to use very archaic methods to dominate the population and shatter hopes. The protagonists fight against the ugliness and monstrosity embodied by the hideous lord of Ketama to defend the human values of love, friendship and moral integrity. In this struggle, storytelling and writing, as in most of Binebine’s novels, are the best weapons to defend against amnesia and complicit silence.

The use of medical cannabis concomitantly with immune checkpoint inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer: A sigh of relief?

BackgroundThe use of medical cannabis has rapidly increased among cancer patients worldwide. Cannabis is often administered concomitantly with cancer medications, including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). As the cannabinoid receptors are abundantly expressed and modulate immune cells, it has been hypothesised that cannabis may attenuate the activity of ICIs. We aimed to assess the effect of cannabis on ICIs' efficiency in patients having non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). MethodThe murine model of CT26 tumour-bearing mice treated with an anti-PD-1 antibody and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was used to evaluate the interaction between THC and ICIs in vivo.Correlation between use of medical cannabis and clinical outcome was evaluated in a cohort of 201 consecutive metastatic NSCLC patients treated with monotherapy pembrolizumab as a first-line treatment. ResultsMedian overall survival (OS) of the mice receiving a control vehicle, THC, anti-PD-1 antibody or their combination was 21, 24, 31 and 54 days, respectively (p < 0.05 for the combination treatment compared to a control vehicle), indicating that THC did not reduce the efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy.Of 201 NSCLC patients treated with first-line monotherapy pembrolizumab for metastatic disease, 102 (50.7%) patients received licence for cannabis within the first month of treatment. Cannabis-treated patients were younger compared to the cannabis naïve patients (median age 68 versus 74, p = 0.003), with female predominance (62, 60.8% versus 34, 34.3%, p = 0.002) and with more prevailing brain metastasis (15.7% versus 5%, p = 0.013). Similar distribution of histology, smoking status, ECOG (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group) and programmed death-ligand 1 expression was noted between the groups. Liver metastases were marginally significant (19.6% versus 10.1%, p = 0.058). The most common indication for cannabis was pain (71%) followed by loss of appetite (34.3%). Time to tumour progression was similar for cannabis-naive and cannabis-treated patients (6.1 versus 5.6 months, respectively, 95% confidence interval, 0.82 to 1.38, p = 0.386), while OS was numerically higher in the cannabis-naive group (54.9 versus 23.6 months) but did not reach statistical significance (95% confidence interval 0.99 to 2.51, p = 0.08). In multivariate analyses, we did not identify cannabis use as an independent predictor factor for mortality. ConclusionsPreclinical and clinical data suggest no deleterious effect of cannabis on the activity of pembrolizumab as first-line monotherapy for advanced NSCLC. The differences in OS can most likely be attributed to higher disease burden and more symptomatic disease in the cannabis-treated group. These data provide reassurance regarding the absence of a deleterious effect of cannabis in this clinical setting.

Chronic prenatal delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol exposure adversely impacts placental function and development in a rhesus macaque model

Cannabis use in pregnancy is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes, which are likely mediated by the placenta. However, the underlying mechanisms and specific vasoactive effects of cannabis on the placenta are unknown. Our objective was to determine the impact of chronic prenatal delta-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, main psychoactive component of cannabis) exposure on placental function and development in a rhesus macaque model using advanced imaging. Animals were divided into two groups, control (CON, n = 5) and THC-exposed (THC, n = 5). THC-exposed animals received a THC edible daily pre-conception and throughout pregnancy. Animals underwent serial ultrasound and MRI at gestational days 85 (G85), G110, G135 and G155 (full term is ~ G168). Animals underwent cesarean delivery and placental collection at G155 for histologic and RNA-Seq analysis. THC-exposed pregnancies had significantly decreased amniotic fluid volume (p < 0.001), placental perfusion (p < 0.05), and fetal oxygen availability (p < 0.05), all indicators of placental insufficiency. Placental histological analysis demonstrated evidence of ischemic injury with microinfarctions present in THC-exposed animals only. Bulk RNA-seq demonstrated that THC alters the placental transcriptome and pathway analysis suggests dysregulated vasculature development and angiogenesis pathways. The longer-term consequences of these adverse placental findings are unknown, but they suggest that use of THC during pregnancy may deleteriously impact offspring development.

Examining the role of cannabinoids on osteoporosis: a review.

Prior research studies have shown that the endocannabinoid system, influenced by CBD and THC, plays a role in bone remodeling. As both the research on cannabis and use of cannabis continue to grow, novel medicinal uses of both its constituents as well as the whole plant are being discovered. This review examines the role of cannabinoids on osteoporosis, more specifically, the endocannabinoid system and its role in bone remodeling and the involvement of the cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 in bone health, as well as the effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and synthetic cannabinoids on bone. A comprehensive literature search of online databases including PUBMED was utilized. A total of 29 studies investigating the effects of cannabis and/or its constituents as well as the activation or inactivation of cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 were included and discussed. While many of the mechanisms are still not yet fully understood, both preclinical and clinical studies show that the effects of cannabis mediated through the endocannabinoid system may prove to be an effective treatment option for individuals with osteoporosis.

How a Component of Marijuana Can Be Used to Treat Epilepsy

In the past, plants were the only medical resources available to people. Although plants were used a lot, sometimes they had dangerous effects. The evolution of science has allowed us to separate the helpful and dangerous compounds from various plants. An example is Cannabis sativa, also known as marijuana or weed, one of the most commonly used recreational drugs worldwide. These plants produce hundreds of compounds, called cannabinoids. The two most famous cannabinoids are tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which produces the “high” sensation and might cause some of the negative effects of cannabis, and cannabidiol (CBD), which might be useful for treating certain diseases. In this article, we will explain how CBD can be used to treat epilepsy, a disease that affects people’s brain function. But remember: we are talking about the use of cannabinoids for therapeutic purposes only, not recreational use of marijuana.