Sugarcane Syrup Research Articles

Physicochemical Parameters, Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant Properties of a New Beverage Formulated with Xique-Xique (Pilosocereus gounellei) Cladode Juice.

This study elaborated different formulations with xique-xique (Pilosocereus gounellei) cladode, passion fruit and lime juice and sugar cane syrup. The formulated beverages were subjected to physical and physicochemical analysis, determination of total carotenoid, total flavonoid and total phenolic compound contents, as well as of their antioxidant activity (ABTS and FRAP method), organic acid, sugar and phenolic compound profile during 21 days of refrigeration storage (4 °C). Significant variations were found among formulated beverages for most of the measured parameters during storage. Beverages with xique-xique juice were less acidic (7.90–10.27 g/100 mL) than beverages without this juice (11.66–12.76 g/100 mL). Beverages with xique-xique juice had overall higher contents of bioactive compounds and higher antioxidant activity when compared to the control formulation. Beverages with the highest xique-xique juice concentrations had the highest contents of carotenoids (51.51–59.27 µg/100 mL), flavonoids (1.39–2.15 mg CE/100 mL), phenolic compounds (68.49–115.66 mg EGA/100 mL) and antioxidant activity, as measured by ABTS (0.71–0.84 µmol Trolox/mL) and FRAP (0.33–0.39 µmol Trolox/mL). These results indicate that the incorporation of xique-xique cladode juice in these mixed beverages enhanced their bioactive properties, especially of antioxidant compounds, enabling the development of a new product with potential functional properties to the beverage industry.

Fructooligosaccharides production by immobilized Pichia pastoris cells expressing Schedonorus arundinaceus sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase.

Fructooligosaccharides (FOSs)—fructose-based oligosaccharides—are typical prebiotics with health-promoting effects in humans and animals. The trisaccharide 1-kestotriose is the most attractive inulin-type FOS. We previously reported a recombinant sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase (1-SST, EC 2.4.1.99) from Schedonorus arundinaceus (Sa) that efficiently converts sucrose into 1-kestotriose. In this study, Pichia pastoris PGFT6x-308 constitutively expressing nine copies of the Sa1-SST gene displayed fructosyltransferase activity in undisrupted biomass (49.8 U/ml) and culture supernatant (120.7 U/ml) in fed-batch fermentation (72 hr) with sugarcane molasses. Toluene permeabilization increased 2.3-fold the Sa1-SSTrec activity of whole cells entrapped in calcium-alginate beads. The reaction with refined or raw sugar (600 g/l) yielded 1-kestotriose and 1,1-kestotetraose in a ratio of 8:2 with their sum representing above 55% (wt/wt) of total carbohydrates. The FOSs yield decreased to 45% (wt/wt) when sugarcane syrup and molasses were used as cheaper sucrose sources. The beads retained 80% residual Sa1-SSTrec activity after a 30-day batchwise operation with refined cane sugar at 30°C and pH 5.5. The immobilized biocatalyst is attractive for the continuous production of short-chain FOSs, most particularly 1-kestotriose.

Application of E-nose technique to predict sugarcane syrup quality based on purity and refined sugar percentage

Rapid test methods with portable devices along with standard chemical tests are necessary to determine raw syrup quality in the sugarcane agro-industries. On this account, a special e-nose device was developed to test the sugarcane syrup and its association with the odor emitted from it to determine the amount of sucrose (purity) in the sugarcane syrup. Samples were obtained from the farms of Hakim-Farabi agro-industry, including four varieties (CP57, CP69, IRC99-02, and CP48). Experiments included chemical tests to determine the percentage of purity (PTY) and refined sugar (RS) plus an electronic nose test. Partial least squares (PLS), principle component regression (PCR), multiple linear regression (MLR), and artificial neural network (ANN) methods were used to evaluate the correlation between the gained signals from the sensor array and chemical analysis results of the samples. In the case of PTY, among 8 sensors, MQ3, MQ5, and MQ9 had the highest response compared to the others, while regarding RS, all the sensors except for MQ8 indicated a great contribution. Also, all models for PTY and RS showed a good prediction performance. The results revealed that ANN model, with topology 8-1-2, outperformed others for prediction of the quality indices of sugarcane, with high correlation coefficients (R2 = 0.96 for RS; 0.99 for PTY), and relatively low RMSE values of 0.33 for RS; 0.4 for RTY. Finally, findings indicated that e-nose technique has the potential to become an authentic tool to assess chemical features of sugarcane syrup from e-nose system signals.

Factors Influencing the Efficiency and Attractiveness of Land Snails to Different Baits under Laboratory and Field Conditions, at Sharkia Governorate

The attractiveness of poison and non-poison baits to land snail,Monacha cartusiana were tested under laboratory and field conditions. Results in laboratory revealed that the highest attractive rate was recorded for non-poison baits the type sugarcane syrup (32.5% in 25.37 min.) followed by vanilla (28 % in 6.82 min.), while yeast showed the lowest one (3% in 1.0 min.) at 5 cm distance. Concerning weight of bait preference, 2 g proved superior to other tested weights in attractive snail numbers for all baits except sugarcane syrup with 8 gm. Regarding metaldehyde compounds poison baits, the highest mortality percentages were (93.33 %) for Gastrotex treated with 75% soil moisture 14 days post treatment and for Molotov (73.33 %) at 100% soil moisture 21 days post treatment. In the field studies, both of light blue Metarol (40 pellets/m2) and orange Molotov (54pellets/m2) proved to be more effective in reducing snails numbers than green Gastrotex (26 pellets/m2), while blue Gentrazol (102 pellets/m2) was found to be the lowest toxic one, by the end of the experiment (7days). Regarding direction effects revealed that North and East for Mesurol and Western-North and Eastern-North direction for Gastrotex, recorded the greater number of attractivity in the first day than the second and third days. The general mean of Mesurol exhibited slightly increase than metaldehyde in snail attractively. Our results highlight some factors to improve molluscicide baits performance which enhance attractiveness rate, helping in formulating new policies for better management of M. cartusiana snail.

The Investigation of the Corrosive Effects of Sulphates and Salts on the Concrete and the Study of Environmental Changes on it

Due to the environmental impact of sulphates and salts on concrete and the significant reduction in concrete strength, extensive research has been carried out to reinforce concrete against these types of attacks. The results show that the use of coal ash increases Concrete quality is counteracting the attack of sulfates. The sulfates include calcium sulfate, sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, and the like. Sulfate attack in tropical coastal areas with hot and humid weather causes very severe damage. One can refer to ash of cane sugar syrup (bagasse) as one of the most suitable alternatives for cement in concrete. Other materials that can be considered for preventing attack of sulfates include concrete containing carbon nanotubes and shells ash pozzolan Rice. Using 80% cement, carbon nanotubes and 15% zirconium rice ash in concrete structure can improve concrete performance against sulfate attack and corrosion resistance. According to the results of concrete containing nanotube Carbon and rice structure has the highest corrosion resistance.

Novel fructooligosaccharide conversion from sugarcane syrup using a specialised enzymatic pH-stat bioreactor

Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) have gained significant attention for their prebiotic properties. Given that sugarcane syrup (SS) is sucrose-rich but with other nutritional benefits, its direct transformation into FOS may add value to this product. Therefore, the aims of this study were to develop FOS conversion from SS and to define the kinetic behaviour of FOS synthesized in a 1-L specialized pH-stat bioreactor (SPSB). The SS was composed of sucrose (58.93%) with considerable antioxidant capacities and Ƴ-aminobutyric acid. The developed SPSB process consisted of three stages: evaporation of sugarcane juice into syrup (68–75 °Brix) (stage 1), optimization of the Viscozyme L and SS mixture at different reaction temperatures (47–55 °C) (stage 2), and upscaling of the optimized reaction system under defined conditions in a 1 L-SPSB system (stage 3). In the 1 L-SPSB system, the enzymatic reaction yielded 32.22% of FOS from SS after a 6 h reaction, which is comparable with a pure system containing an equivalent concentration of 10% of sucrose as initial substrate with 39.55% yield. This result demonstrated the efficient conversion of SS into FOS, supporting the utilization of sugarcane juice for its health benefits.

Excellent environmental performance of beet sugar production in the Netherlands

To get more insight in the environmental performance of the Suiker Unie beet sugar, Blonk Consultants performed a comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study on beet sugar, cane sugar and glucose syrup. The system boundaries of the sugar life cycle are set from cradle to regional storage at the Dutch market. For this study 8 different scenarios were evaluated. The first scenario is the actual sugar production at Suiker Unie. Scenario 2 until 7 are different cane sugar scenarios (different countries of origin, surplus electricity production and pre-harvest burning of leaves are considered). Scenario 8 concerns the glucose syrup scenario. An important factor in the environmental impact of 1kg of sugar is the sugar yield per ha. Total sugar yield per ha differs from 9t/ha sugar for sugarcane to 15t/ha sugar for sugar beet (in 2017). Main conclusion is that the production of beet sugar at Suiker Unie has in general a lower impact on climate change, fine particulate matter, land use and water consumption, compared to cane sugar production (in Brazil and India) and glucose syrup. The impact of cane sugar production on climate change and water consumption is highly dependent on the country of origin, especially when land use change is taken into account. The environmental impact of sugar production is highly dependent on the co-production of bioenergy, both for beet and cane sugar.

Effect of Sugarcane Juice Pre-Treatment on the Quality and Crystallization of Sugarcane Syrup (Treacle)

Treacle (black honey) is liquid syrup produced by heating and evaporation of sugarcane juice. It is rich in sugars including, sucrose, glucose, and fructose, which may crystallize during storage, especially at low temperatures. The crystallization of treacle was the main problem facing treacle producers in the Egyptian traditional food industry and affected negatively in the quality and consumer acceptability. Consequently, the aimed to investigate the effect of sugarcane juice pre-treatments, including the addition of citric acid at concentrations of (1, 2, and 3) g/l alone or in a combination with preheating at (60 or 70)°C for 1 h on physiochemical properties and crystallization of sugarcane syrup during storage for 60 days at room temperature. The results showed that these pre-treatments significantly affected the quality and properties of sugar cane syrup. The combination of the citric acid addition at a concentration of 1 g/l and preheat treatment at 70°C for 1 h resulted in syrup with the greatest overall acceptability. Also, these pretreatments prevented the crystallization of the produced syrup during the storage for 60 days at room temperature (20 ± 5)°C. Therefore, pre-treatment of the sugar cane syrup with a combination of the citric acid addition and heating can be suggested as a promising method for producing a high-quality sugar can syrup and preventing syrup crystallization during storage and handling.

Effect of Food Attractants and Insecticide Toxicity for the Control of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Adults

An alternative for the population suppression of Spodoptera frugiperda is the use of toxic baits. The objective of this study was to evaluate the dietary preference and toxic effect of insecticides associated with the attractiveness of S. frugiperda adults as a pest management method. The following attractions were tested: 1) 5% sucrose solution, 2) 10% sugarcane syrup, 3) 10% honey, 4) 5% hydrolyzed protein, 5) Noctovi® 43sb, 6) Noctovi® OVI PLU 1-3, 7) Noctovi® OVI PHE/PAL 50-50 in the study with choice. Attractions: 1) sugarcane syrup 10%, 2) Noctovi® 43sb, 3) Noctovi® 43sb + sugarcane syrup 10%, 4) Noctovi® OVI PLU 1-3 in the study with no chance of choice. For the toxicity study, the food attraction associated with insecticides was used: methomyl 2%, lambda-cyhalothrin 1%, chlorpyriphos 2%, spinosad 1%, chlorantraniliprole 2% and chlorfenapyr 2%. The experimental design was the completely randomized design (CRD) with chance of choice, without chance of choice and toxicity. The following parameters were evaluated: number of insects that fed; time in minutes that remained in the attractive food and mortality. The molasses (10%) and Noctovi® 43sb food attractiveness were significantly more efficient in relation to feeding time and the highest number of landings was observed in the Noctovi® 43sb treatment, both in females and total adults. Methomyl, lambda-cyhalothrin and spinosad insecticides associated with food attractiveness are promising toxic baits for the management of S. frugiperda.

Microbiological and Microscopic Analysis of Sugarcane Syrup

Sugarcane syrup is defined as the product obtained by the concentration of sugarcane juice (Saccharum officinarum L.) or from melted cane rapadure. This product has good acceptance in the Brazilian market and can be used as a sweetener in substitution of refined sugar, besides containing important minerals. This study analyzed samples of sugarcane syrup based on its microbiological and microscopic properties. In total, 15 commercial brands of sugarcane syrups were analyzed. No brands had the presence of flat-sour thermophilic bacteria, total coliforms or Escherichia coli, while five brands were contaminated with mesophilic bacteria, molds, and yeasts. Microscopic analysis, performed under optical light transmission microscopy, revealed that 14 (93%) brands contained some kind of dirt or foreign material, with only one brand (M) according to the standards. The Brazilian standard in force (RDC, 2001) specifies the microbiological standards for food but does not contain important information for sugarcane syrup, and an update is required.

Protective activity of sweet sorghum and sugarcane syrups against oxidative stress induced by cadmium in albino rats

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of sweet sorghum and sugarcane syrups as antioxidants on oxidative stress biomarkers and the lipid profile i.e. serum total triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low density lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL-C)) in male rats. Cadmium was received orally to rats daily at a dose of 10mg/L in drinking water. Rats were divided into four groups,-eight rats for each- as follow: (I) control group, (II) cadmium treated group, (III) sweet sorghum syrup solution (500 ppm) once daily at a dose of 1 ml/kg body weight of cadmium acetate solution, (IV) sugarcane syrup solution (500 ppm) and cadmium acetate solution. Bioactive compounds of syrups under investigation were identified, total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined as well. Results cleared that the effect of variation in varieties on total phenol (mg GAE/ml sample) and antioxidant activity determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) assay of syrup was significant (P≤0.05) while it was not significant (P˃0.05) on total flavonoid (mg CE/ml sample).The highest total phenolic content was recorded by sweet sorghum syrup (1.87 mg GAE/ml sample) meanwhile, total flavonoid content varied between (1.09 and 1.36 mg CE/ml sample). Results also cleared that G.T.54-9 sugarcane and Rex sweet sorghum syrup samples exhibited significant (P≤0.05) scavenging activity compared to commercial sugarcane sample that gave lower scavenging activity (97.16, 96.07 and 74.22, respectively).Sweet sorghum and sugarcane syrups significantly affected (P≤0.05) absolute weight of organs and relative weight of both heart and kidney, while the effect on relative weight of liver was not significant (P>0.05). The treatment of sweet sorghum and sugarcane syrups during cadmium acetate administration in rats led to reduction in alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), antioxidant enzymes, urea, creatinine and biomarkers in rat livers, like reduced glutathione , catalase ,malondialdehyde ,serum total triglyceride, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol and low density lipoproteins cholesterol back near to normal when compared to control rats. In general, the treatment with sugarcane syrup reduced the cadmium acetate induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

Sugarcane Syrup Improves Xylitol Bioproduction from Sugarcane Bagasse and Straw Hemicellulosic Hydrolysate

To evaluate the supplementation of the sugarcane bagasse and straw hemicellulosic hydrolysate with sugarcane syrup, which is a sucrose-rich co-product, for xylitol production by Candida guilliermondii FTI 20037. Recently, we demonstrated that sucrose supplementation to sugarcane straw hemicellulosic hydrolysate favoured this bioprocess. A mixture 1:1 of sugarcane bagasse and straw was submitted to dilute-acid hydrolysis with H2SO4 to obtain the hemicellulosic hydrolysate, which was concentrated, detoxified and autoclaved. Three sugarcane syrup concentrations (0.83, 2.50 and 3.33% v/v) were added to the hemicellulosic hydrolysate, which was also supplemented with rice bran extract, (NH4)2SO4, CaCl2·2H2O. Next, a full factorial design was performed to assess the replacement of conventional nutrients by sugarcane syrup. Fermentations were performed in 125 mL Erlenmeyer flasks containing 50 mL of fermentation medium, for 48 h at 30 °C and 200 rpm. Improvements of 16.85% and 12.24% in xylose uptake rate (1.04 ± 0.01 g L−1 h−1) and xylitol volumetric productivity (0.55 ± 0.02 g L−1 h−1), respectively, were achieved with syrup supplementation (2.50% v/v), which led to a final xylitol titer of 26.19 ± 0.02 g L−1. Conventionally employed nutrients (rice bran extract, (NH4)2SO4 and CaCl2·2H2O) did not have significant influence on xylitol production when sugarcane syrup was added to the fermentation medium. Sugarcane syrup as a nutritional supplement improved xylitol production from a mixture of bagasse and straw, becoming an alternative to reduce costs in the formulation of the fermentation medium and contributing to the integration of this bioprocess in a sugarcane biorefinery.

Untargeted headspace gas chromatography – Ion mobility spectrometry analysis for detection of adulterated honey

The recognized properties of honey together with its price have, almost inevitably, led to economically motivated adulteration. In this work, headspace gas chromatography coupled to ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) is proposed for the differentiation of honey according to its purity and the level of adulteration by sugar cane or corn syrups. An easy and rapid sample treatment, consisting of incubating 1 g of honey at 100 °C for 15 min and then injecting 750 μL of the sample headspace into the GC-IMS system, is proposed. A 3-dimensional data map is obtained in 32 min. The proposed method was used for the analysis of 198 honey samples (56 pure honeys of different botanical origins, 71 honeys adulterated with sugar cane syrup and 71 adulterated with corn syrup). The influence of the adulterant on variations in the honey sample spectrum was studied. In order to obtain chemometric models for the detection of adulterated honey samples, the data obtained by HS-GC-IMS were processed selecting the significant markers of the spectrum fingerprint. OPLS-DA models were constructed using 80% of the samples, and the remaining 20% were used for method validation. The differentiation between pure and adulterated honeys had a validation success of 97.4%, and the assessment of adulterant content was obtained with a 93.8% validation success rate for both adulterant agents assayed. Nine commercial honey samples were analysed using the proposed methodology, and seven of them were classified as adulterated.

A screening method based on Visible-NIR spectroscopy for the identification and quantification of different adulterants in high-quality honey

According to European Union regulations, honey is a pure product and adding to or removing from it any kind of substance is illegal. Nevertheless, its adulteration by adding inexpensive and artificial adulterants is a common practice. This paper deals with the use of visible and near-infrared spectroscopy (Vis-NIRS) combined with chemometric tools as a screening technique for the identification and quantification of different types of adulterants (inverted sugar, rice syrup, brown cane sugar and fructose syrup) added to high-quality honey (Granada Protected Designation of Origin, Spain) at different levels (5%–50%). A complete discrimination between non-adulterated and adulterated samples was achieved. A general regression model to quantify the adulteration levels was developed as well as specific models for each adulterant. The coefficients of determination were higher than 0.96 for all the models. These results demonstrate the capacity of Vis-NIRS combined with chemometric tools for honey quality control.

Caracterização físico-química e sensorial de melados comerciais de cana-de- açúcar

The aim of this study was to obtain information about the physicochemical and sensorial characteristics of sugarcane syrup. Fifteen brands were evaluated for pH, acidity, soluble solids, viscosity, moisture, total solids, reducing sugars, ashes and instrumental color. Five brands were evaluated for sensory characteristics, preference and purchase intention. The physicochemical and sensorial data were evaluated by Variance Analysis and Tukey's test (p≤0.05) and Friedman test (p≤0.05), respectively. Results showed the following average values 4.7 for pH; 0.70% total acidity; 78.7 ° Brix for soluble solids; 116 St of viscosity; 18.1% moisture content and 81.9% total solids; 38.0% reducing sugars; 1.6% ash; and L* a* b* colors, respectively, 21.0, 1.2 and 2.4. The sensorial viscosity corroborated the instrumental viscosity and the soluble solids content. There was no differentiation for the sweet taste. The samples with the highest purchase intention and preference were the darkest sensorially, very viscous in appearance, and low or moderate texture viscosity. There is a wide variation between the physicochemical parameters of sugarcane syrup, not necessarily implying a technological quality problem, and it is suggested the revision of the range values stipulated in the legislation.

Electrochemical Oxidation of Sugar Cane Syrup as Fuel Over Developed Nano Carbon MnO2 and NiO Electrodes to Produce Pollution Free Electrochemical Energy

Electrochemical Oxidation of Sugar Cane Syrup as Fuel Over Developed Nano Carbon MnO2 and NiO Electrodes to Produce Pollution Free Electrochemical Energy

Newcomers head for zero-calorie sweetener market

Companies based on fermentation technology are pushing into the business of making rebaudioside M, a zero-calorie sweetener extracted from the stevia plant. The Bay Area biotech firm Amyris says it will launch a Reb M-based sweetener in 2019. It intends to produce the molecule from sugarcane syrup on a large scale via fermentation with modified microbes. Plant-extracted stevia sweeteners can contain bitter-tasting molecules, Amyris says. Reb M is considered the sweetest of steviol glycosides, but it exists in only tiny quantities in the stevia plant. Amyris has linked up with ASR Group, the cane-sugar refiner that owns the Domino Sugar and C&H Sugar brands. ASR has agreed to buy 80% of Amyris’s sweetener output for three years. The company also has partnerships with Brazilian firms, including the cane-sugar producer Raízen. Shoppers in the South American country will be the first to try a tabletop sweetener version of Reb M, made

Microbial biodiesel production: From sucrose-based carbon sources to alkyl esters via enzymatic transesterification

Abstract Sucrose, in contrast to glucose, is a lower-cost carbon source. This manuscript discloses that its use in submerged fungal growth promotes lipids more suitable to biodiesel production due to lower unsaturation indexes. The wild strain of Mucor circinelloides URM 4182, a potential source of microbial lipid, was grown on three sucrose-based carbon sources: commercial brown sugar, sugarcane juice, and sugarcane syrup, achieving biomass accumulation productivities up to 3.62 ± 0.04 g L−1 day−1, and lipid productivities as high as 0.93 ± 0.01 g L−1 day−1. Lipid extraction was performed using ethanol, a green alternative to petroleum-derived solvent, and characterized according to their fatty acid distribution, from which C16:0 and C18:1 stand as the most abundant fatty acids. Extracted lipids were converted to ethyl esters via lipase-catalyzed reactions achieving ester contents up to 97.4% and low contents of mono- and diacylglycerols (1.9% and 1.0%, respectively). The interest in utilizing sucrose-based sources is due to the wide abundance of such feedstock in sugarcane-producing regions, and due to the potential of increasing value to these low-cost carbon sources. The results presented herein demonstrate a simple, yet efficient, process of converting sucrose and its derivatives to microbial biodiesel using green-chemistry processes, such as lipid extraction using ethanol, avoiding the use of harsh and toxic chemicals commonly utilized, and enzyme-catalyzed reactions.

Authenticity and geographic origin of global honeys determined using carbon isotope ratios and trace elements

Honey is the world’s third most adulterated food. The addition of cane sugar or corn syrup and the mislabelling of geographic origin are common fraudulent practices in honey markets. This study examined 100 honey samples from Australia (mainland and Tasmania) along with 18 other countries covering Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and Oceania. Carbon isotopic analyses of honey and protein showed that 27% of commercial honey samples tested were of questionable authenticity. The remaining 69 authentic samples were subject to trace element analysis for geographic determination. One-way ANOVA analysis showed a statistical difference (p < 0.05) in trace element concentrations of honey from Australian regions and different continents. Principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) coupled with C5.0 classification modelling of honey carbon isotopes and trace element concentrations showed distinct clusters according to their geographic origin. The C5.0 model revealed trace elements Sr, P, Mn and K can be used to differentiate honey according to its geographic origin. The findings show the common and prevalent issues of honey authenticity and the mislabelling of its geographic origin can be identified using a combination of stable carbon isotopes and trace element concentrations.

Artificial Feeding and Wing Symmetry in Drone Honeybees

Wing asymmetry was used to measure the possible stress which could be created when we feed honeybee colony with cane and beet sugar syrup in comparison with feeding with honey (control). For this purpose, 25 traits of wing venation pattern on left and right forewing of drone honey bees were used. The results indicated that directional asymmetry (DA) was not related to the type of feeding. Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) differed between characters and between feeding treatments, but no interaction was found between them. The individual characters were combined and analyzed as composite fluctuating asymmetry (CFA) to maximize the probability of detecting (FA)-stress relationship when it exists. The result showed that (CFA) of vein angels were significantly higher in sugar-feeding than in honey-feeding colonies.