Candida Sp Research Articles

Production of Xylitol from Corn Biomass using Candida sp. As Microbial Agent

Xylitol, C5H12O5, is a white and odorless crystalline powder of sweetening agents that included as low-calorie sweetener. It could be used as a healthy ingredient for food and pharmaceutical. Natural sources of xylitol are fruit and vegetable, even in minute quantities. At industrial scale, xylitol is produced through hydrolysis and hydrogenation process of lignocellulosic materials. The aim of this research was to study the production of xylitol from corn biomass using Candida sp. as a microbial agent. The research was conducted using different species of Candida sp. (C. guilliermondii and C. tropicalis) and supplement media growth (with or without glucose). Xylitol concentration was examined after fermentation for 3 and 5 days. The results showed that corncob is a promising material to use in producing xylitol from lignocellulosic biomass. The longer fermentation time, the higher xylitol concentration, ranged from 0.049 to 0.088 g/L. However, compare to another microbe species, the treatment using Candida tropicalis showed that long fermentation resulted in a lower xylitol concentration. The addition of glucose as co-substrate increased xylose consumption rate and xylitol productivity. These results provide useful information to develop further study about xylitol production using agricultural biomass.

Advances in prophylaxis and treatment of invasive fungal infections: perspectives on hematologic diseases.

Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are common causes of mortality and morbidity in patients with hematologic diseases. Delayed initiation of antifungal treatment is related to mortality. Aspergillus sp. is the leading cause of IFI followed by Candida sp. Diagnosis is often challenging owing to variable conditions related to underlying diseases. Clinical suspect and prompt management is important. Imaging, biopsy, and non-culture-based tests must be considered together. New diagnostic procedures have been improved, including antigen-based assays and molecular detection of fungal DNA. Among hematologic diseases, patients with acute myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are at high risk for IFIs. Antifungal prophylaxis is recommended for these high-risk patients. There are continuous attempts to achieve ideal management of IFIs. Scoring system for quality control has been developed with important recommendations of current guidelines. Higher adherence to guidelines is related to decreased mortality in IFIs.

Infection frequency of Candida SP. in Iraqi patients suffering from UTI

One of the most opportunistic mycosis globally is the Candida ssp., which is considered as the most agent that cause nosocomial urinary tract infections (UTIs), oral candidiasis and genitourinary candidiasis. This study included 100 samples of Iraqi subjects suffering from urinary tract infections. Identification of Candida have been done by different methods such as; characteristic of colony on culture, gram stain, and microscopically. This study aimed to isolation and identification of Candida spp from urine sample of UTI patients and find the relevance of ages and blood group of patients with the infections rate, also determine the effect of age on ESR and CRP levels in the patients. The results showed the higher frequency of blood group was the O- group (33%) and the lower frequency shown by the blood group O+ (2%). Candida species showed higher frequency of C. albicans (88%) followed by 4% of C. krusei, 3% of C. glabrata, then both C. guilliermondii and C. parapsilosis were shown (1%).

Association of Vitamins D, B9 and B12 with Obesity-Related Diseases and Oral Microbiota Composition in Obese Women in Croatia.

SUMMARYResearch backgroundOral microbiota has become an important factor in obesity, but its association with obesity-related diseases and serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D] and B complex amounts is still uncertain. The main aim of the paper is to determine the variation in oral microbiota composition as a response to the vitamin status and obesity-related diseases in obese females from Croatia. We hypothesized that the prevalence of probiotic or pathogenic bacteria in the oral cavity of obese women in Croatia depends on the amounts of vitamin B9 (folic acid), B12 and 25(OH)D in serum and/or hypertension, diabetes and prediabetes diagnosis.Experimental approachTo test the defined research hypothesis, female individuals with body mass index (BMI)≥30 kg/m2 (N=70) were recruited to participate in this study. Obese women were divided into groups according to BMI value, diagnosis of obesity-related diseases and amount of micronutrient in blood. For the quantitative determination of folic acid, vitamin B12 and 25(OH)D in serum, an electrochemiluminescence protein binding assay (ECLIA) was performed. Microorganisms isolated from the saliva of obese women were analyzed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer.Results and conclusionsThe presented results do not support the hypothesis that the prevalence of probiotic or pathogenic bacteria in the oral cavity of obese women in Croatia depends on the amount of micronutrients. On the other hand, hypertension and diabetes/prediabetes favour the growth of oral pathogens, specifically increased levels of Candida sp.Novelty and scientific contributionTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first study showing the relationship between obesity, micronutrient amount, oral microbiota composition, and the incidence of obesity-related disease. We included only obese women from Croatia, so it is regionally specific. Also, we have shown that oral microbiota composition is not connected with micronutrient deficiencies but only with obesity-related diseases.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae Cases at AMC Muhammadiyah Hospital Indonesia: The Importance of Screening and Health Service Improvement to Prevent its Transmission and Complications

BACKGROUND: Gonorrhoeae is a type of sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by the Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) bacteria. It is a commonly reported bacterial STD with rising cases in men and women in Indonesia. Gonorrhoeae is commonly asymptomatic. Therefore, the disease is often left undiagnosed, untreated, and causes further complications. AIM: This study aims to describe the incidence and distribution of gonorrhoeae in AMC Muhammadiyah Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The importance of screening and health service improvement toward preventing transmission and complications are also discussed. METHODS: It is a descriptive observational study and aims to identify the percentage of NG in patients with clinical symptoms of STDs. The non-randomized sampling technique was used with 710 respondents. The inclusion criteria were women aged 15-44 years with STD symptoms who underwent vaginal smear examinations for NG, Bacterial Vaginosis (BV), yeast cells-pseudohyphae Candida sp, and were willing to be respondents. The exclusion criteria were women with STDs and HIV. Microscopic characteristics of NG were examined by Gram staining the vaginal swab samples from the respondents. RESULTS: It was found that 623 (87.7%) out of 710 respondents had NG with clinical symptoms of leukorrhea and itchiness. The vaginal smear results also found bacterial vaginosis and candidiasis. CONCLUSIONS: Screening and health facilities providing STI-related services are essential to prevent the transmission of gonorrhoeae and reduce the high incidence and severity of gonorrhoeae in reproductive health.

Microbial Quality and Sensory Properties of Ogiri Produced from Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Seed

The aim is to study the microorganisms involved in fermentation, their occurrence and the organoleptic properties of fermented watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) seeds. The watermelon seeds were dehulled, sorted, washed and boiled for 4 hours and fermented naturally for nine days. Microorganisms isolated from the fermenting watermelon seeds were Bacillus sp, Lactococcus sp, Pediococcus sp, Streptococcus sp, Micrococcus sp and Alcaligenes ps for bacterial, while the fungi obtained were Mucor sp, Rhizopus sp, Fusarium sp, Candida sp and Saccharomyces sp. The bacterial count increased from 4 x101 cfu/mL to 1.21 x 1010 cfu/mL while fungal count also increased from 8 x 101sfu/mL to 1.2 x 109sfu/mL during the period of fermentation. The pH and temperature increased from 6.3 to 8.7 and 29oC to 40oC respectively. The total titratable acidity decreased from 0.176% to 0.027%. The mean sensory characteristics value of fermented sample as scored by the panelist shows that the texture of the fermenting sample become softer as fermentation progressed. The aroma became more pungent with a strong ammonia odour responsible for the characteristic flavour and a darker colour of product. The overall acceptability of fermented sample was adjudged like very much while the sample bought from the market was adjudged like moderately.

Novel Probiotic Isolation of Coconut Water's Helpful Lactic Acid Bacteria Cure Covid-19 Patients

Probiotics from coconut water lactic acid bacteria have not isolated nor identified them, and no one has studied that these probiotics can help cure Covid-19 patients. This study aimed to isolate and identify probiotic lactic acid bacteria in coconut water, both morphologically, physiologically, and biochemically. Further studied his ability to help cure Covid-19 patients. Using coconut water samples, probiotics are isolated by isolating lactic acid bacteria through dilution methods and pour plate methods. The medium used is MRSA+ CaCO3 0.3%. Physiological and morphological identification. The following identification is to perform biochemical tests such as the Gram test. The results showed that there were 73 bacterial isolates and 24 fungal isolates, consisting of 4 species of bacteria, Pediococcus sp, Lactobacillus paracasei, and Lactobacillus plantarum, as well as candida sp and rhizopus fungi. In comparison, the results of the antimicrobial analysis showed that Lactobacillus plantarum has better antimicrobial ability against the pathogen bacteria Pseudomonas aureginosa. Lactobacillus plantarum's antimicrobial ability is less good against S. aureus bacteria. These findings suggest that probiotics from coconut water can be isolated and may aid the healing of Covid-19 patients. This study has implications that in the future Covid-19 patients can be helped with coconut water.

Application of Agrodeco™ Cultivation of Maize Intercropping with Peanuts in Rainfed Rice Fields

Increasing corn production is usually done by increasing the planting area (including intercropping) and applying technology. The technology applied to increase productivity is integrated crop management and the application of climate change adaptation and mitigation. One of the technology components is the management of organic fertilizers with the use of biodecomposers in the area of land to be planted. One of the biodecomposers is Agrodeco™ from the Agricultural Research and Development Agency. Agrodeko is a consortium biodecomposer from Trichoderma fungal strains, N-fixing in the form of non-pathogenic yeast and Candida sp which grows fast and is able to produce enzymes needed to decompose plant tissue. While the varieties grown in a development area can be used composite corn. The activity was carried out in Jeron Village from June to October 2017. Planting area for activities is around 4000 m2. There were 3 (three) treatments applied, namely cropping patterns (monoculture and intercropping), corn varieties (Srikandi Kuning and Provit A) and fertilizer doses (farmer's dose and recommended dose (with Agrodeco™ application)). In monoculture cropping system, yields were not significantly different between Srikandi Kuning and Provit A, but the productivity of Provit A (3.8 tons/ha) was higher than Srikandi Kuning (3.4 tons/ha). In the intercropping system, the productivity of Provit A corn at the farmer dose treatment (1.2 tons/ha) was significantly different from the recommended fertilizer dose treatment (2.2 tons/ha.

Microbiological dynamics involved in cereal-porridge production using maize and sorghum

Cereal-porridge(‘ogi’) was produced by spontaneous fermentation using maize and sorghum substrates. The microbiological dynamics involved were monitored over a period of 48h fermentation. Bacteria, yeasts and moulds were isolated. Based on the morphological, cultural and biochemical test results, the aerobic bacterial isolates were identified as Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella sp, Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus sp, Pseudomonas sp, Citrobacter sp, Bacillus sp, Proteus sp, Shigella sp, and Escherichia coli. The Lactic acid bacteria were Lactococcus sp, Enterococcus sp, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus sp. The yeast isolates were 2 strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, one other Saccharomyces sp and a Candida sp. The moulds were Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus sp and Penicillium sp. The lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated were 2 strains of Lactococcus lactis, 2 Enterobacter spp, 5 strains of Lactobacillus fermentum and 1 other Lactobacillus sp. The initial total viable aerobic bacterial count at 0h in maize, sorghum and maize-sorghum blend were 4.6 × 104, 7.3 × 104 and 2.4 × 105cfu/ml respectively. The growths rose to peaks of 6.5 × 107 and 3.9 × 107cfu/ml at 24h in maize and maize-sorghum blend, respectively. A Peak of 4.7 x 107cfu/ml was attained at 36h in sorghum. Coliform bacteria and moulds growths in the three samples attained peaks of growth at 12h and reduced till there was no growth by 48h. Lactic acid bacteria and yeasts increased in numbers till the end of fermentation. The initial pH value at 0h was lowest in maize-sorghum blend sample (5.43) and highest in maize (5.75). Final values at 48h were 3.76, 3.78 and 3.75 in maize, sorghum and maize-sorghum blend samples respectively. There were no significant differences between the microbial growth patterns, changes in pH, total titratable acidity (TTA) and amylase enzymatic activities in maize, sorghum and maize-sorghum blend samples during fermentation.

Populasi Sel Jamur Dalam Media Dextrose Kentang Dengan Penambahan Sumber Energi S

The growth of fungi can be influenced by nutrients is in the environment, With the additional two kinds of nutrients from sugar plant waste of molasses, and waste of the pepaya taken the filtrate. Both of these wastes contain sugar which is needed by fungal microorganisms to grow and reproduce. The fungus Aspergillus niger, Hansenulla sp, Trichoderma viride, and Candida sp have a synergy interaction in a media. This study aims to learn in the growth of fungal cell populations as cell masses in potato dextrose media with the addition of two kinds of nutrients. The method used in this study was a two-population mean test with 2 treatments, namely the first treatment with the addition of sugarcane drops, and the next with the addition of papaya fruit filtrate, consisting of 11 replications, with incubation for 3 days. The analysis used was the T test and the analysis results obtained were significant, which was shown from P> 0.05. The mass of fungi cells in the addition of nutrients from sugar factory waste was greater than that of papaya fruit filtrate waste

Enhanced photocatalytic and antifungal activity of ZnO–Cu2+and Ag@ZnO–Cu2+ materials

Zinc oxide is one of the most versatile nanostructured materials with a broad range of applications. Besides, its physicochemical properties can be tuned easily by synthesis conditions to be optimal for a specific application. In our group, we aim for the production of visible light-active materials with enhanced antimicrobial activity. Thus, we synthesize ZnO–Cu2+and Ag@ZnO–Cu2+ by using a fast and robust microwave solvothermal reaction. We investigate the limit of solubility of Cu2+into ZnO lattice producing Cu doped ZnO materials with different doping levels (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 at. %, Cu/Zn). We also investigate the role of the copper precursor, using copper(II) acetate or copper(II) sulfate as model precursors. Copper acetate incorporates more efficiently into ZnO lattice by decreasing the Eg value of the doped materials at low doping levels. Furthermore, we study the composites Ag@ZnO–Cu2+ aiming to reduce doping levels and to improve antimicrobial activity. Characterization of the materials by different techniques demonstrates their uniform size, purity, crystallinity, and visible light activity. In this study, we evaluate airborne fungal contamination and demonstrate the capacity of ZnO–Cu2+ and Ag@ZnO–Cu2+ to inhibit fungal growth. We studied the microbiological quality of indoor air (vivarium) by sampling air under different conditions. By sampling air with a photocatalytic prototype, the amount of fungi in the air decreases considerably, particularly fungi that can enter the lung. In addition, ZnO–Cu2+ shows excellent antifungal activity against Candida sp at low doses. We use Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and holotomographic microscopy (HTM) to provide further evidence on the capacity of the prepared materials to achieve effective damage to fungal cells and to inhibit biofilm formation.

Effect of Storage Conditions on the Microbial and Proximate Composition of Bread Made From Wheat Flour and White Flour

Bread is one of the most consumed staple foods in the world. It is a good source of nutrients, such as carbohydrates, protein, and fat and micronutrients (minerals and vitamins) which are essential for human health. The aim of the research is to determine the effect of storage conditions on the microbial and physico-chemical composition of bread from wheat flour and white flour. The fresh samples (white and wheat bought from the super market) were cultured according to the standard microbiological procedures. The Total Heterotrophic Bacterial Count (THBC) of the fresh white flour bread sample (FB) obtained was 1.3×104CFU/g (4.11logCFU/g) while that of Wheat bread (WB) sample was 1.2×104CFU/g (4.00 logCFU/g). The total Staphylococcal Count (TSC) of the samples was recorded as 4.9×103 CFU/g (3.69logCFU/g) which was higher in comparison to that of wheat bread with the count of 1.4×103CFU/g (3.14logCFU/g). Decrease in THBC of wheat bread and white bread sample stored at refrigeration temperature as compared to the bread samples stored at ambient temperature in relation to the days of storage was observed. Refrigeration had little effect on the growth of fungi as observed in this study as the Total Heterotrophic Fungal count (THFC) of refrigerated white bread sample increased from 2.0×103CFU/g (3.30logCFU/g) on the day 6 to 8.9×103CFU/g (3.94logCFU/g) on the day 8. The microorganisms isolated were Micrococcus sp, Staphylococcus sp, Bacillus p, Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, Rhizopus sp, Mucor sp, Penicillium sp, Candida sp, and Saccharomyces of which Bacillus and Aspergillus where most occurring among bacteria and fungi respectively. The moisture content, crude lipid, crude protein of the white bread sample were higher than those of wheat bread while the ash content, crude fiber and carbohydrate were higher in the wheat bread sample as compared to those of White bread sample. From the result obtained in the study, it was observed that refrigeration temperature was effective in the increase in shelf life of bread by the reduction in bacteria growth in bread thus, it can be recommended for the storage of bread.

Dynamic analysis of flavor properties and microbial communities in Chinese pickled chili pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.): A typical industrial-scale natural fermentation process

Pickled chili pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.), a traditional Chinese fermented vegetable product, is favored by consumers because of its unique flavor. Microbial succession is the main factor affecting the development of the typical flavor of pickled chili pepper. This study investigated the dynamics of flavor changes (mouthfeel sensation, taste properties, and aroma profile) and microbial diversity (bacterial and fungal communities) during the industrial-scale fermentation of pickled chili pepper. Results revealed that during fermentation, the hardness and pungency of pickled chili pepper decreased significantly (P < 0.05), whereas organic acids, free amino acids, and volatiles (especially terpenes, alcohols, and aldehydes) increased significantly (P < 0.05). Lactobacillus and Candida species, specifically, Lactobacillus brevis and Candida sp. F15, dominated in pickled chili pepper. Correlation analysis indicated that the dominant bacterial (Lactobacillus versmoldensis and L. brevis) and fungal (Colletotrichum simmondsii and Cladosporium tenuissimum) species had a high positive correlation with volatile compounds (e.g., aldehydes, terpenes, and esters).

Penicillium chrysogenum

Brain abscess is a severe intracranial infection with a very high mortality rate and usually secondary to an external infection. Fungal infections are now been increasingly reported especially with Candida sp. We present a case of brain abscess in a 63-year-old woman, which was managed successfully by surgical evacuation and was diagnosed radiologically as a fungal infection and on culture detected to have Penicillium chrysogenum.

Effect of nystatin and licorice on yeasts isolated from the oral lesions of patients with cancer under chemotherapy (in vitro study)

Oral candidiasis is one of the most common manifestations of patients with cancer under chemotherapy. Due to many side effects of chemical antifungal products and various advantages of herbal extracts like licorice, this study was performed to compare the antifungal effects of nystatin and licorice on yeasts isolated from oral mucosa of patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy.In this in vitro study, a total number of 30 patients with oral candidiasis who received chemotherapy were examined. The samples were prepared by using swabs taken from the lesions, and after 48 h, they were transferred and cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar. The antifungal effect of licorice was compared with nystatin using agar disk diffusion method. These data were entered in SPSS statistical software and were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. (α = 5%).Four types of candida were identified among all 30 oral lesions (Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida stellatoidea, and Candida SP). The mean inhibition zone diameter around nystatin showed a significant difference (P < 0.001) between C. albicans (9.486), C. glabrata (8.627), C. stellatoidea (7.00), and C. sp (7.06) but the inhibition zone diameter around licorice was almost zero in all groups.Licorice extracts did not show any antifungal effects whereas nystatin showed the most antifungal effect against C. albicans.

Could the salivary microbiota be an individual signature?

DNA is one of the important pieces of evidence at the crime scene. There may be cases where the DNA is damaged or insufficient. In this case, the criminal can be identified by qualifying microorganisms as evidence. In recent studies, it has been shown that the detection of microbiota communities on the surface of the human body can bring a new perspective to forensic science. In our study, we investigated the importance of the microbiota in the saliva in terms of identification in forensic sciences, by using phenotypic and morphological features as opposed to genotypic identification, and by checking how unique and characteristic features of these determined microorganisms are compared to other people. 60 different swab samples, including the mouth and bitten right index finger, were cultivated in 4 different media (Blood, Chocolate, Endo, and Chrom) from 30 subjects. All reproducible microorganisms found in the saliva of individuals were investigated. According to the data obtained from the mouth and bitten finger; It was determined that alpha-hemolytic streptococci were the most dominant species among these microorganisms. In addition, Neisseria sp bacteria in the salivary microbiota of individuals have been shown to have a significant relationship with smoking and Candida sp with oral hygiene. We believe that this study will present a different perspective to the literature in cases where the DNA procedure obtained from the bite marks of suspects in the criminal investigation is degraded or insufficient, or to obtain a complementary result in addition to genotypic approaches.

In vitro antifungal and antibacterial potentials of organic extracts of Avicennia marina collected from Rabigh Lagoon, Red Sea Coasts in Saudi Arabia.

Mangrove shrub Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh was used to test the antifungal and antibacterial activities of aerial fractions in vitro. Aspergillus sp, Candida sp and Gram positive bacteria have all been found to be sensitive to mangrove extracts, whereas Gram negative bacteria have been found to be resistant to them. Agar disc diffusion and well-cut diffusion were employed to conduct antifungal and antibacterial activities. The MICs (minimum inhibitory concentrations) for each assay have been established. Several extracts from Mangrove reduced fungus growth (diameters fluctuated between 11 and 41 mm). The Ethyl acetate fraction showed particularly strong inhibition of C. tropicalis, C. albicanis, and A. fumigatus. They had 41, 40, and 25 mm-diameter inhibition zones, respectively. Nesoral, a synthetic antifungal medication, showed no significant changes in its MICs compared to different extracts. Enterococcus faecalis and Bacillus subtilis were inhibited by Petroleum Ether extracts at MICs of 0.78 and 0.35 mg/mL, respectively. It is possible that A. marina extracts may be exploited as a viable natural alternative that may be employed in the management of various infections, notably nosocomial bacterial infections, as anti-candidiasis and as anti-aspergillosis agents.

Экспериментальная оценка лечебных свойств мази на основе меланинов из природного сырья и глубинной культуры чаги

Introduction. Due to the acquisition of antibiotic resistance by pyogenic microbiota, the problem of topical (drug) treatment of wounds has worsened. Aim. Experimental evaluation of the antibiotic properties of melanin from natural raw material and a submerged culture of chaga (Inonotus obliquus) in vitro and the therapeutic properties of ointments prepared on the basis of these melanins in vivo. Materials and Methods. Melanins were obtained by alkaline hydrolysis. The antibiotic activity of melanins was determined by co-cultivation in a liquid medium of the studied samples with six cultures of test strains of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria and two of yeast fungi. Ointments based on melanin from natural raw material and the submerged culture of chaga (Inonotus obliquus F-1244 strain) were obtained using two compositions of ointment base. The wound-healing efficacy of ointments was evaluated on three groups of mice. The control groups were mice untreated and treated with a comparison drug (Levomikon-TFF). The treatment of mice was continued until their incised skin wounds healed. Wound areas, motor activity, appetite, dynamics and character of wound healing were assessed daily in mice of all groups, as well as changes in their body weight every three days. Results. Melanins from natural raw materials and the submerged culture of chaga completely suppressed the growth of gram-positive spore-forming Bacillus cereus bacterium in a co-culture. Melanin from natural raw material of chaga on average suppressed the growth of the Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 strain by an order of magnitude. Melanin from the submerged chaga culture completely suppressed the growth of a clinical isolate of the highly pathogenic Candida sp. Ft-5 strain from a deceased patient with generalized candida infection and, on average, inhibited the growth of the collection strain of yeast Candida albicans 620 by two orders of magnitude more intensively. It was found that ointments based on melanin from natural raw materials and the submerged culture of chaga, as well as ointment containing a fivefold increased concentration of melanin from natural chaga, do not have toxicity to experimental animals. Ointments containing 0.4 mg of melanin from natural raw material and the submerged chaga culture per 0.2 g of a single dose of ointment had the same wound healing efficacy, while not only were not inferior in this indicator to the combined antimicrobial comparison drug Levomikon-TFF, but also showed a tendency to more accelerated wound healing (on the 15–18th day of observation) compared with the process of wound regeneration in the group of animals treated with the drug of comparison. A more accelerated wound healing effect was demonstrated in experimental animals (already on the 12th day of observation) treated with a fivefold increased content of melanin from natural raw material of chaga, compared with mice treated with the comparison drug. Conclusion. Ointments containing melanin of chaga (Inonotus obliquus) have anti-inflammatory, regenerative properties and can be considered promising for topical treatment of wounds.

UJI EFEKTIVITAS KOTORAN SAPI DALAM REMEDIASI TANAH TOP SOIL YANG TERCEMAR OLI

Oil waste that enters the soil will cause damage to the soil. Bioremediation is an alternative to hazardous waste treatment which is relatively more economical, easy and environmentally friendly. This technology utilizes microbial activity to treat polluted soil. Cow dung is an organic material that contains many microbes and also contains good nutrition for microbial growth. Cow dung contains several microorganisms such as bacteria (Bacillus sp, Lactobacillus sp and Corynebacterium sp), fungi (Trichoderma sp and Aspergillus sp), protozoan and yeast species (Candida sp and Saccharomyces sp). Cow dung in this study acts as a bioactivator and a source of nutrients for microbes in degrading Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) in oil-contaminated soil. This study aims to determine the effect of adding cow dung on bioremediation of oil-contaminated soil. This study consisted of six (6) treatments, namely the concentration of cow dung with variations in concentrations of 0 gr, 20 gr, 40 gr, 60 gr, 80 gr, and 100 gr on each soil of 300 gr and processing time for 30 days and analyzed 2 times a day. In this study, measurements of pH and TPH values ​​were carried out. The results of the analysis showed that the addition of cow dung with a concentration of 100 gr on 300 gr of soil was able to reduce the TPH value from 3.6% to 0.2%, with the effectiveness of reducing TPH by 86.66% within 30 days. Based on the results of the analysis using the Simple Linear Regression Test, it was stated that the bioremediation time and the addition of the concentration of cow dung had an effect on the decrease in the TPH value.

Fungal Population and Physicochemical Characteristics of Abattoir-Impacted Soil in Iwofe, Rivers State

Aim: To determine the fungal population and physicochemistry of abattoir impacted soil in Iwofe, Rivers State.&#x0D; Study Design: This study focused on Abattoir impacted soil. Statistical analysis of data and interpretation was carried out.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Abattoir impacted soil was collected from three points in an abattoir located in Iwofe, Rivers State while the unpolluted soil which served as control was collected from the Rivers State University, Port Harcourt in January, 2021.&#x0D; Methodology: Standard microbiological techniques were used: the fungal population was determined by inoculating aliquots of an appropriate dilution resulting from a ten-fold serial dilution on prepared Sabouraud dextrose agar plates in duplicates. Plates were later incubated for 3-5 days after which colonies were enumerated and used in obtaining the fungal population in the soil samples while distinct colonies were subcultured for macroscopic and microscopic identification of fungi. The physicochemical parameters and heavy metals were analyzed using standard methods.&#x0D; Results: Fungal load in the control and abattoir impacted soil were 1.09×105 and 3.9×104 CFU/g, respectively. The fungal load of the control soil was significantly higher (P˂0.05) than the abattoir impacted soil. The fungal isolates identified in the abattoir impacted soil were Microsporium sp, Aspergillus niger and Candida sp while Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium sp, Penicillium sp, Mucor sp and Rhizopus sp were identified from the control soil. The pH, temperature, nitrate and phosphate of the abattoir soil were 6.7, 28.33℃, 27.83(mgKg-1) and 1055(mgKg-1), respectively. The concentrations of Cadmium, Iron and Lead in the abattoir Impacted soil and control soil were 0.81, 563.35 and 7.12 mgKg-1, 0.51, 582.0 and 3.18 mgKg-1, respectively. The physico chemistry and heavy metals in the abattoir soil were within acceptable limits.&#x0D; Discussion and Conclusion: The findings from this study showed that heavy metals in abattoir impacted soil had an impact in the fungal population which led to the isolation of only three fungal isolates belonging to Microsporium sp, Candida sp and Aspergillus niger. More so, despite the presence of heavy metals in the abattoir impacted soil, the metals were all within permissible limits. Thus, the abattoir impacted soil was not heavily polluted.