Candida Sp Research Articles

Anti Microbial Activity, Vibrational, Electronic and Topology Analysis of 3, 4, 5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde

The density functional theory (DFT) approach has become one of the most gainful means to scrutinize the molecular structure and vibrational spectra are finding well-known use in the applications related to biological systems. The experimental and theoretical on the molecular structure, electronic, and characteristics of 3, 4, 5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde (TMB) are reported. The structure of the molecule was optimized and structural characteristics were determined by DFT using the wb97xd method with 6-311 G++ (d, p) basis sets. The vibrational assignments were made on the basis of potential energy distribution. A good consistency between the observed and calculated spectra was achieved. The intramolecular charge transfer and second-order perturbation theory of Fock Matrix in Natural bond orbital analysis by means NBO analysis. It shows the electronic stability of the compound arising from hyper conjugative interactions and charge delocalization of that molecule. Besides, the HOMO-LUMO, MEP, and Fukui were performed. In this review, the present benzaldehyde derivatives for skirmishing against bacteria strain Escherichia coli and fungi strain Candida Sp. Spectral and quantum chemical calculations are also discussed.

Isolation and identification of non-saccharomyces ethanol and thermo-tolerant yeasts strains from fermented carbohydrate wastes

Ethanol is an important chemical with its potential as a biofuel to displace the environmentally unfriendly fossil fuels. Isolation and identification of ethanol and thermo-tolerant yeast capable of producing ethanol were carried out in this study. Seventy (70) samples from different fermented foods and agricultural wastes from millets, sorghum, maize, rice and guinea corn were obtained from local sellers in Panteka, Farin-Gida, Barkallahu and Barnawa in Kaduna State (North West), Nigeria were used in this research. The samples were collected using a sterile plastic container and were transported immediately to the Biotechnology laboratory of the Nigerian Defence Academy in iced chamber. They were serially diluted in distilled water and inoculated on yeast extract peptone dextrose agar (YEPD) media plates supplemented with 0.2% chloramphenicol. The plates were incubated at 30°C for 72 hours and developed colonies were sub-cultured to obtain pure culture which was observed for their morphological and microscopic characteristics. After examination, ten (10) yeast isolates were obtained from the seventy (70) samples collected. Flocculation test, Hydrogen sulphide test, preliminary alcohol production and sugar fermentation test were carried out on the isolates and their tolerance to ethanol at varying concentration 5%-20% (v/v) and temperature at 37oC-45oC were studied. Using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1 and 2 regions primer, the DNA were sequenced and the isolates identified. Four isolates FG 17, FG 27, P1 and BN50 showed ethanol tolerance potentials at 20% ethanol and were identified as strains of Diutina rugosa, Candida sp, Candida ethanolica and Candida tropicalis while one isolate FG 35 showed good thermo-tolerance ability at 45oC and was identified as Trichosporon sp.

Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from Nephelium lappaceum fruit peel

In the present work, the qualitative analysis of Nephelium lappaceum fruit peel was performed from aqueous, ethanol and methanol extracts. The phytochemicals present in the Nephelium lappaceum fruit peel were alkaloids, steroids, tannins, soponins, terpenoids, phenols and flavonoids. Silver nanoparticles produced by green synthesis using fruit peel extracts as reducing agents have photocatalytic properties. The nanoparticles synthesized fruit peel was studied and characterized through UV-Visible spectroscopy and FT-IR. Seven pathogens, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. typhi, Klebsiella sp, Bacillus sp, S. aureus and Proteus sp and two fungal pathogens, Candida sp and Fusarium sp, were tested for antibacterial activity of Nephelium lappaceum fruit peel aqueous, ethanol and methanol extracts. Total antioxidant capacity, DPPH, reducing power and ABTS were used to test the free radical scavenging activities of Nephelium lappaceum fruit peel extract. Membrane stabilisation and heat induced hemolysis, were used to test the anti-inflammatory effects of various extracts of Nephelium lappaceum fruit peel. In comparison to aqueous and ethanol extracts, methanol extracts had the highest anti-inflammatory efficacy.

THE DENTIST'S ROLE IN THE MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAM OF AN ONCOLOGICAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT: CASE REPORT OF ORAL CANDIDIASIS

Oral candidiasis is a common fungal infection in cancer patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Poor oral hygiene and immunosuppression can lead to this condition. A 77-year-old male patient was admitted to the ICU after craniotomy to resect a high grade glioma and was submitted to dental physical examination, revealing the presence of white scraped off plaques on the buccal mucosa, floor, and dorsum of the tongue and upper alveolar ridge. After scraping, he presented an erythematous bed. The clinical diagnosis was oral candidiasis, which was confirmed by cytopathological examination, showing hyphae of Candida sp. The treatment was nystatin 100,000 IU/ml 6ml every 8 hours. However, the patient had oscillations in the level of consciousness, changing to fluconazole 150 mg once a day. With the diagnosis of the dental team and the adequacy of the implemented treatment, clinical improvement of the infection was obtained in five days. Oral candidiasis is a common fungal infection in cancer patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Poor oral hygiene and immunosuppression can lead to this condition. A 77-year-old male patient was admitted to the ICU after craniotomy to resect a high grade glioma and was submitted to dental physical examination, revealing the presence of white scraped off plaques on the buccal mucosa, floor, and dorsum of the tongue and upper alveolar ridge. After scraping, he presented an erythematous bed. The clinical diagnosis was oral candidiasis, which was confirmed by cytopathological examination, showing hyphae of Candida sp. The treatment was nystatin 100,000 IU/ml 6ml every 8 hours. However, the patient had oscillations in the level of consciousness, changing to fluconazole 150 mg once a day. With the diagnosis of the dental team and the adequacy of the implemented treatment, clinical improvement of the infection was obtained in five days.

CURRENT TRENDS IN BLOOD STREAM INFECTIONS-PATHOGENS AND THEIR ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN

Objectives: To identify the bacteria responsible for blood stream infections and evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of isolated bacteria in a tertiary care hospital.
 Methods: It was a Prospective Cross-sectional study conducted in the Pathology Laboratory, Sharif Medical City Hospital, Lahore from January 2019 to December 2020. The blood samples received in Microbiology laboratory, Sharif Medical City hospital, were evaluated. The blood cultures were processed for identification of pathogens and their susceptibility. Two subcultures, on day 1 and day 5 were inoculated on Blood agar and MacConkey agar. Bacterial identification was established by gram staining, bench tests, and biochemical tests. API 20E was used for Enterobacteriaceae and API 20NE for non fermenting gram negative bacilli (NFGNB). The antimicrobial sensitivity testing of the causative bacteria was conducted, using commercially available discs, by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion assay and reported in accordance with Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) 2019.
 Results: Out of 754 blood cultures, 123 exhibited positive growth yielding 76(61.78%) gram negative rods, 43(34.95%) gram positive cocci while 4 (3.2%) Candida sp. Among gram positive cocci, the commonest bacterial pathogen is Staphylococcus aureus (51.1% ), followed by Enterococcus sp and CONS each constituting 18.6%, and Streptococcus sp consisting of 11.6%.These bacteria exhibited varying resistance to all drugs being 100% susceptible to Vancomycin and Linezolid. Among Gram negative pathogens, Pseudmonas aeruginosa constitutes 38.2%, followed by E. coli (25%), Acinetobacter 14.5%, Salmonella typhi (10.5%), and others. An alarmingly poor susceptibility was observed by Gram negative bacteria (GNB) against all the drugs. Only 21.4%, 35.7%, and upto 39.7% isolates were sensitive to Ampicillin and Co-amoxiclav and third generation cephalosporins respectively. Results for carbapenem sensitivity being around 56.6%-61.8% for imepenem and meropenem respectively.
 Conclusion: The study reports inadequate effectiveness of commonly used drugs which are part of empiric regimes of our clinicians. Even the broad spectrum drugs like aminoglycosides and carbapenems which were considered last therapeutic resort previously haven’t proved to possess satisfactory antimicrobial activity against majority of bacteria.
 Key words: Blood stream infections, Kirby Bauer disc diffusion assay, Enterobacteriaceae

Microbiological Assessment of Rainwater and Air Quality of Some Areas in Port Harcourt

The microbiological quality of Rainwater and air of the market, hospital, and residential area was evaluated. Roof-harvested and direct rainwater samples were collected from the three aforementioned locations. The air quality was investigated using the plate sedimentation method. Culture-based techniques were used for the enumeration and isolation of microorganisms in water samples, while the identities were confirmed using morphological, microscopic, and biochemical tests. The range of the total heterotrophic bacterial counts (THBC) of rainwater was 1.2±7.1x106 to 6.1±1.1 x106 cfu/ml, total coliform count (TCC) ranged between 8.0±0.00 x103 to 30.5 ±2.1 x103 cfu/ml, faecal coliform counts (FCC) ranged between 1.0±0.00×103 to 6.0±0.00×103 cfu/ml, fungal counts ranged from 2.0±0.00x103 to 11.0±0.00x103 cfu/ml. The THB, TCC, and FCC of the air samples, ranged between 0.04±0.02 to 0.13±0.04 cfu/min-m2, 0.01±0.00to 0.03±0.00 cfu/min-m2, and 0.01±0.00 to 0.02±0.00 cfu/min-m2, respectively. There was a significant difference (P≤ 0.05) in the total heterotrophic bacterial load of the roof-harvested rainwater and the direct rainwater of the residential area, roof-harvested and direct rainwater of the hospital. Statistically, there was a significant difference (P≤ 0.05) in the total coliform counts of the water with the coliform counts of the roof-harvested rainwater of the market being significantly higher than the coliform counts recorded in other locations. Seven bacterial genera belonging to Micrococcus sp, Staphylococcus, Escherichia coli, Proteus sp, Pseudomonas sp, Enterobacter sp, and Bacillus sp were isolated. The fungal isolates were Candida sp, Mucor sp, Rhizopus sp, Penicillium sp, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus flavus. The results showed that rainwater is not fit for consumption due to its components and can cause harm to individuals if consumed without treatment. proper treatment is recommended before consumption. The results also showed that the microbiological quality of the air samples was influenced by their environment.

Phytochemical and Antifungal Activity of Kigelia Africana and Artocarpus Communis

Food spoilage and food losses became an important issue for human beings as regard the food safety and food security, since people started producing and storing food products. This study aims at investigating the antifungal activity of the leaves of Kigelia Africana and Artocarpus communis. Twenty grams of each plant was weighed and then soaked in 100 ml of distilled water, hot water and also organic solvent and they were shaken at intervals and left for 24 hours. The extracts were sieved using cheese cloth then centrifuged, and afterward filtered using Whatman no 1 filter paper. These extract solutions (100%) were diluted with water to give 75% concentration of the extracts while distilled water served as control. After extraction, phytochemical screening was carried out on the extracts. Isolation of test organism from spoilt yoghurt and bread was carried out using pour plate and serial dilution method. Fungi isolates were identified based on cultural characteristics, morphological examination and also using fungi atlas. Test organisms ; Rhizopus sp, Candida sp and Fusarium sp were subjected to antibacterial effect of varying concentration of these extracts using agar well diffusion method. The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA. The screening of the methanol and aqueous extract of K. Africana and A. communis indicated the presence of glycosides, flavonoids, phenol, saponins, quinone, steroid and terpenoids. There was antifungal activity of both methanol and aqueous extract of K. Africana and A. communis. The aqueous extract exhibited antifungal activity against the test organism at varying concentrations with zone of inhibition values ranging from 26.00±2.00 to 12.00±3.00 for K. africana while the range of inhibition zone for A. communis range from 27.00±3.00 to 13.50±1.50. The leaf extract of K. Africana and A. communis have broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. The extract of K. Africana and A. communis showed antifungal activity and hence might be useful in the industry in replacing synthetic preservative. Keywords: Kigelia africana, Artocarpus communis, extracts, phytochemical, fungi

Fermented Gynochthodes officinalis (F.C.How) Razafim. & B.Bremer alleviates diabetic erectile dysfunction by attenuating oxidative stress and regulating PI3K/Akt/eNOS pathway.

As a traditional Chinese medicine, Gynochthodes officinalis (F.C.How) Razafim. & B.Bremer (G. officinalis) has been historically as tonics to treat impotence. Fermentation is an ancient processing method for traditional Chinese medicine. Whether fermentation affects the therapeutic effects of G. officinalis on diabetic erectile dysfunction has so far remained unknown. In this research, we aim to determine the effect of fermented or unfermented G. officinalis root extract on diabetes mellitus-induced erectile dysfunction (DMED) and the potential mechanisms. Candida sp. B5, Lactobacillus sp. Y5 and Lactobacillus sp. R2 are applied for the fermentation of G. officinalis. The optimum fermentation conditions of G. officinalis are investigated. Sprague-Dawley rats were used to establish a diabetic erectile dysfunction model, treated with different concentrations of fermented or unfermented G. officinalis, to compare the effect of fermented or unfermented G. officinalis on DMED and explore underlying mechanisms by assessment of intracavernous pressure, ELISA, Western blot, Masson's trichrome staining, and immunofluorescence. The corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells (CCSMCs) and Schwann cells were isolated and used to investigate the effect of fermented or unfermented G. officinalis on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced apoptosis. The results reveal the optimum fermentation conditions of G. officinalis using Lactobacillus sp. Y5 were determined to be 35°C, the ratio of solid to liquid 1:10, and six days of fermentation. The fermentation increases the abundance of major active ingredients within G. officinalis. After fermented or unfermented G. officinalis treatment for eight weeks by oral gavage at a dose of 100mgkg-1 or 300mgkg-1, the results show that the fermentation enhances the effect of G. officinalis on diabetic erectile dysfunction detected by intracavernous pressure. The protein expressions of the PI3K/Akt/eNOS pathway were upregulated in diabetic rats after fermented or unfermented G. officinalis treatment, while the level of oxidative stress was significantly reduced. Meanwhile, Masson's trichrome staining also displayed an improvement in the ratio of smooth muscle to collagen. In vitro experiments confirmed that fermented or unfermented G. officinalis protected CCSMCs and Schwann cells from apoptosis. In contrast, fermented G. officinalis showed a fortified protective effect over unfermented G. officinalis. Our findings suggest that fermentation can increase the composition of main active ingredients in G. officinalis and enhance its role in diabetic erectile dysfunction. It augurs the potential therapeutic application of fermented G. officinalis well for treating diabetic erectile dysfunction.

Antifungal Potential of Black Mangrove Leave Extracts on Isolates of Smoked Bonga Fish Sampled from Oju-Ore and Iyana Markets in Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria

The contamination of dried fishes by fungi poses serious threat to food safety and public health. This study was carried out on fungal contaminants found in smoked Bonga fish and to determine if there are any antifungal properties in the ethanol extract of Black Mangrove leaves. To achieve this, the study made use of six bonga fish samples purchased from two different markets, with six samples from three different retailers in each market, making a total of thirty-six samples. The antifungal properties of Black Mangrove (Avicennia germinans) were determined; the leaves were dried in the open air, followed by blending and extraction using absolute ethanol. Mycological examination of samples revealed the prevalence of seven types of fungi namely, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Rhizopus sp, Alternaria, Candida sp, Mucor sp. Concentration of 1% and 0.1% was applied, using the agar well diffusion method. The 1% ethanol extract showed very small zone of inhibition on the fungal isolates. Rhizopus, A. niger, A flavus, A. Fumigatus, Alternaria sp, Candida sp, Mucor sp showed zones of inhibition 2mm, 1mm, 0mm, 1mm, 0mm, 1mm, 2mm, respectively. The 0.1% ethanol extract showed no zone of inhibition. This showed that the extract had little or no antifungal effects on the isolates.

Prevalence of Methicillin Resistance Staphylococcus aureus in Community Cases of Pyoderma

Aim: To determine the susceptibility pattern of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates of pyoderma cases. Study design: Cross-sectional. Place and duration: Research was conducted in the department of Microbiology in collaboration with the Department of Dermatology, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, during the period of 1.8.2022 to 25.11.2022. Methodology: Total232 pus samples were collected from the clinically suspected patients of pyoderma. Pus swab was cultured on blood and MacConkey’s agar plates. Isolates were identified by routine assay and antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by disc diffusion method. Results: Out of 232 specimens, 196 (84.5%) were culture positive; 170(86.7%) were Gram-positive, 25(12.7%) were Gram-negative and 1(0.6%) was Candida sp. S.aureus was the prevalent offender (119; 51.2%), followed by S.pyogenes (51; 22%) and S.epidermidis (3; 1.3%). S.aureus showed 73(61.3%) MRSA. The highest rate of resistance among all S. aureus was recorded for, penicillin, cefoxitin and ciprofloxacin, 89; 74.7% 73; 61.3% and 72; 60.5% respectively. Conclusion: S.aureus is the prevalent in pyoderma and a significant number was MRSA. Therefore it is mandatory for dermatologist to start the treatment after culture and sensitivity testing is mandatory for failure of treatment and recurrences. Keywords: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pyoderma, S. aureus,Streptococcus pyogenes.

RASCANDIS 1.0 Form: Therapeutic Approach of Systemic Anti-Candidiasis for Non-Transplant Patients

It has been a concern that using antifungals may induce some fungi to develop antifungal resistance in the future. Therefore, systemic anti-candidiasis agents should become a focus in controlling antifungal drugs since it is quite commonly used. There are currently three approaches to using systemic anti-candidiasis agents based on their indication, i.e. definitive, empiric and pre-emptive indication. These can be applied by observing supportive findings such as the presence of Candida sp infection or colonization, the severity of the infection and the patient's risk factors. The severity of invasive candidiasis is usually severe, and various risk factors need to be considered, such as Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN), catheterization including deep vein catheter, central venous catheter (CVC), etc. Antifungal stewardship program, including management of systemic anti-candidiasis, is essential nowadays. Therefore, it is necessary to have a program that can serve as a guideline for clinicians to implement a treatment approach for systemic anti-candidiasis. RASPRO Alur Anti Candida Sistemik (RASCANDIS) 1.0 form or the Indonesian Regulation on the Prospective Antimicrobial System on Systemic Anti-Candidiasis Flowchart 1.0 form is an actual implementation to provide guidelines for clinicians to administer systemic anti-candidiasis agents for non-transplant patients. The form is not a diagnostic tool, but it is more likely to serve as a review and summary of knowledge obtained from various scientific journals, which is expected that it can be proposed as an effort to administer therapeutic management of systemic anti-candidiasis appropriately.

Identification of Candida Sp in Diabetes Mellitus Urine at Prof. Regional General Hospital. Dr. H. Aloei Saboe Gorontalo City

This study aims to identify Candida sp in the urine of patients with diabetes mellitus at the Prof. Regional General Hospital. Dr. H Aloe Saboe, Gorntalo City.This type of research is qualitative using descriptive methods and data collection techniques, namely fungal culture examination, interviews and documentation. The sampling technique used in this study was purposive sampling, with a total of 10 people.Based on the results of the study, it was found that Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parasilopsis, Candida dubliniensis were found in culture media, Candida species were round, smooth, white-cream colored with shiny colonies, and the fungus Aspergilus fumigatus.

MEDIA ALTERNATIF EKSTRAK UBI JALAR SEBAGAI MEDIA TUMBUH JAMUR Aspergillus sp dan Candida sp PADA SERUMEN TELINGA PETANI DI KELURAHAN DORPEDU KOTA TERNATE

Fungal are plants that require habitat conditions and high humidity. So it is one of the causes of public health problems in Indonesia. Groups at high risk of fungal infection are farmers because one of them is in direct contact with warm and humid areas at work. Otomycosis is a fungal infection that often occurs in the outer ear. Predisposing factors that influence include high humidity, local trauma which is often caused by the habit of using cotton buds, iron hooks and hair strands, long-term use of steroids and a history of dermatomycosis. Otomycosis is one of the common symptoms that are often found in ENT clinics and its prevalence reaches 9% of all patients who show symptoms and signs of otitis externa with Candida Sp and Aspergillus as the fungal species obtained the most from the oscillates. This study aims to determine the presence of fungal growth in the ear serum of farmers in Dorpedu Village. The location of the sampling was conducted in the Dorpedu Village, Ternate City and the location of this research was carried out at the Integrated Laboratory of the Health Polytechnic of the Ministry of Health of Ternate, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology. The method used in this study is to examine the culture and followed by 10% KOH staining. This study used accidental sampling technique with a sample of 20 farmers' ear serumThe results obtained showed that from 20 samples of farmers' ear serum in Dorpedu Village examined, Candida albicans and Aspergillus sp.: Based on the results of the research conducted, it can be seen that from 20 samples of farmer ear serum in Dorpedu Village, it was found that in the sweet potato extract media there were 17 (85%) positive samples of C. albicans, 1 (5%)positive samples of Aspergillus sp. PDA 20 (100%) samples were positive for C. albicans, and 2 (10%) samples were negative on sweet potato extract media where no fungal colonies were found. Sweet potato extract media can be used as an alternative medium for fungal growth.Keywords: Fungal, ear cerumen swab, otomycosis

Biosynthesis of Copper Nanoparticles Using Chitosan Extracted from Prawn Shells, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity

Marine waste management has been one of the problems having the most significant impact on the environment. Food industrial wastes are an essential environmental contamination source. Research has been carried out to develop methods to convert these wastes into valuable products. Alternatively, this waste can be used to extract chitosan, which possess antimicrobial activity. Hence, an attempt has been made to extract chitosan from the marine waste-prawn shells, synthesize Copper Nanoparticles (CuNPs) using chitosan, and characterize the synthesized CuNPs using Ultra Violet -visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) analysis. The antimicrobial activity of the biosynthesized CuNPs against gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains: Staphylococcus sp and Pseudomonas sp, and fungal strains: Aspergillus sp and Candida sp were assessed in the present study using the agar well diffusion method. As per the current study’s findings, the zone of inhibition increased with an increase in the sample concentration. It was also observed that the CuNPs showed maximum antibacterial activity towards Pseudomonas sp, followed by Staphylococcus sp, and antifungal activity against Candida sp.

Senna Siamea Hexane Extract: Potent Antifungal Activity Against Candida albicans, Candida Krusei and Identification of Its Chemicals Content

Background: Senna siamea contains several chemical: flavonoid, steroids, terpenoids, alkaloid, and tanin which is as an antifungal againts of Candida sp because interfere function of the fungal cell membrane and inhibit syntesis of chitin. Candida albicans and Candida krusei could causing oral candidiasis, vulvovaginal infections, life threatening candidiasis, such as candidemia and internal organ infections. S. siamea is a medicinal plant which empirically used as antifungal. S. siamea leaves has been reported to exhibit activity against Candida sp but limited to ethanol extract. Thus, the evaluation of other extract- and identification of active compound(s) against C. albicans and C. krusei is needed to be explore. Methods: First, the microscopic morphology of S. siamea leaves were observed using Scanning Electron Microscope. The leaves were then extracted sequentially by hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol solvent using the ultrasonic assisted extraction method, followed by its in vitro antifungal activity evaluation. The most active extract was further evaluated for its chemical(s) content by LC MS. Results: Scanning Electron Microscope identified the presence of oxalate in the leaves of S. siamea. Evaluation of the antifungal activity showed that the hexane extract had highest antifungal compared to others. Conclusions: S. siamea hexane extract leaf is prospective to be developed as an antifungal. Further in vivo research are needed.

Prevalence of vaginal infection by candida subtypes in women with HIV compared to the control group and influence of immune status

Introduction: Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), caused by Candida sp, may present with increased frequency and symptoms in immunocompromised patients, and there is concern about the diagnosis and adequate treatment of these patients. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of VVC compared to the immune status and species present in the microbiota of patients with HIV. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2017 to January 2018, including 97 women with HIV compared to a control group (n=112). For data collection, interviews were conducted, vaginal pH was measured, CD4+ T cells and viral load (VL) were evaluated, and vaginal secretions were collected for microscopy and culture. Results: The prevalence of VVC was 41.2% in seropositive patients and 3.6% in the control group (p<0.001). Of the patients with CD4+<200 T, 54.3% had Candida sp, while in those with CD4+ T 200 cells/mm³, the prevalence was 33.9% (p=0.057). Regarding viral load, the prevalence of VVC was 24.1% in those with undetectable VL or <20, 50% in those with VL between 20 and 9999, and 46.9% in VL above 10000 copies/mL (p=0.08). The most prevalent species were Candida albicans, followed by C. parapsilosis, C. krusei, and C. glabrata. The mean vaginal pH was 4.6 in the control group and 5.2 in the case group. Conclusion: HIV-positive women have a higher prevalence of candida. Lower T CD4+ values and increased VL seem to be associated with a higher prevalence of infection.

MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION AND ANTIBACTERIAL ANALYSIS OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA FROM COCONUT WATER (COCOS NUCIFERA) AS A PROBIOTIC CANDIDATE

Coconut water has been traditionally used as a fever medicine by the Minangkabau people in Indonesia since ancient times, but the chemical or probiotic components have not been widely studied. Therefore, this study aims to isolate and molecularly identify the probiotics found in coconut water, as well as to analyze their antimicrobial and antioxidant abilities. The Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolation was conducted by applying MRSA + CaCO3 with a concentration of 0.5%, and the molecular identification used the PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) method. Meanwhile, morphological and physiological identifications were also carried out with biochemical tests. The agar diffusion method was used to analyantimicrobialsial by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone. The results showed that 97 isolates were lactic acid bacteria, while morphological, physiological, and biochemical tests showed Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus sp 1, Pediococcus sp 2, Pediococcus sp 3, and Pediococcus sp 4, as well as two species of fungi such as Candida sp and Rizhopus. The molecular identification showed that Enterococcus faecalis strain 2358 can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Therefore, coconut water can be traditionally used to treat fever medicine because it contains probiotics and antimicrobial properties

Infecções fúngicas cutâneas secundárias à varíola aviária no Nordeste do Brasil

ABSTRACT: This study describes the epidemiological and clinical-pathological aspects of outbreaks of avian pox diagnosed in poultry associated with fungal co-infections. A retrospective study was carried out, and cases of avian pox with suspected associated fungal infection were selected. The slides were subjected to routine and special histochemical staining in cases of suspected fungal infection, in addition to performing the immunohistochemical technique. Macroscopically, there were nodular lesions with crust formation, and histologically, the lesions were characterized by hyperplasia of the spinous layer associated with multiple eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions. In seven cases, morphologically compatible structures with fungi were verified through black impregnation with GMS and strongly stained in pink with PAS. The morphotintorial aspects were suggestive of fungi belonging to the genus Aspergillus sp. and Candida sp. The diagnosis of fungal co-infections was confirmed through immunohistochemistry, with positive immunostaining for fungi of the genus Aspergillus sp. (five cases) and Candida sp. (two cases). It is concluded that the occurrence of fungal co-infections secondary to the cutaneous lesions of avian pox represents a complicating factor of the disease, favoring the weakness of these animals and death. Therefore, the investigation of associated secondary agents is necessary.

Selection and identification of thermophilic yeast strains in leachate from the organic waste heap in Phu Luong district, Thai Nguyen province, Vietnam

The study was carried out to isolate and select useful thermophilic yeast strains in the process of organic domestic waste treatment in Phu Luong - Thai Nguyen. Research results from 23 samples of rust have isolated 10 strains of yeast on YPG medium at 40 oC. Among them, 6 strains of yeast were selected with the ability to grow and develop in a wide temperature range from 20-45 oC. The results of identification combined with morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of yeast strains showed that, out of 6 selected strains, there were 3 strains belonging to the genus Saccharomyces (Saccharomyces sp. TNY13.01, Saccharomyces sp. TNY22.01), Saccharomyces cerevisiae TNY13.09), 2 strains of the genus Candida (Candida sp. TNY23.01, Candida tropicalis TNY23.126) and 1 strain of the genus Papiliotrema (Papiliotrema laurentii TNY23.127). Among them, the identified strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae TNY13.09 has the ability to grow at 45, tolerates a wide pH range of 4.0– 8.5, has a positive catalase reaction, is capable of using a variety of carbon sources, and belongs to class I biosafety group. On that basis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae TNY13.09 has the potential to be further researched and applied as additional microbial inoculants to the organic waste heap.

Microbial quality of five selected commercially herbal formulations sold in Anambra State, Nigeria

The use of Herbal formulation has become a mainstay in developing countries in the last few decades with Nigeria embracing these practices due to the high cost and accessibility of modern medicine. This study aimed to assess five (5) commercially available herbal formulations sold in Anambra State for their microbial quality using the pour plate method. The isolates were identified based on their morphological, macroscopic, and biochemical characteristics. A total of five (5) herbal formulations were screened and various degrees of microorganisms were isolated ranging from Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Proteus sp. For bacteria. Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, Mucor sp, Rhizopus sp, Candida sp, and Trichophyton rubrum for fungi isolates. The total bacteria count ranged from 1.6 × 103 to 5.0 × 103 CFU/mL and the total fungal count ranging 1.6 × 103 to 2.2 × 104 CFU/mL respectively. However, it can be confirmed the microbial load is within the World Health Organization safety limit for good manufacturing practices of herbal formulation.