Candida Sp Research Articles

Highly conducting Laser-Induced Graphene-Ag nanoparticle composite as an effective supercapacitor electrode with anti-fungal properties.

This study presents a simple and an environmentally friendly approach to make Laser-Induced Graphene (LIG) based supercapacitor electrodes anchored with abundant Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs). LIG, was synthesized using a CO2 laser writing technique on polyimide substrate. The LIG-Ag composite was prepared using two techniques, drop-coating, and screen-printing. Ag nanoparticles prepared using the plant extract of Swietenia Macrophylla was utilized to drop-coat AgNP on LIG substrate. Screen-printing was done by using a commercial Ag-ink and a suitable mesh. The supercapacitor made from screen-printed electrodes and supercapacitor made form drop-coated electrodes showed a high specific capacitance of 118 mF/cm2, 38 mF/cm2, and a high energy density of 2.42 mWh/cm2, 0.05 mWh/cm2 respectively. The screen-printed composite of LIG and AgNP was further studied for its anti-fungal properties and proved to be effective against Candida sp.

Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Studies of Gemifloxacin Mesylate with Nickel(II) and Copper(II)

Gemifloxacin mesylate, a fourth-generation fluoroquinolone-type antibiotic, is widely used for community treatment of acquired pneumonia and severe bacterial infections. The Cu(II) and Ni(II) complexes of gemifloxacin mesylate were synthesized by refluxing an aqueous solution of the ligand with the required amount of metal(II) salts in a round bottom flask with 2:1 (L:M) ratio in an oil bath at 90 ºC with a continuous stirring for 4 h. The mixture was kept overnight to obtain a coloured solid complex. The synthesized metal(II) complexes were characterized by physico-chemical parameters and spectral analyses, including UV-Vis, FT-IR and 1H NMR. The structures of the complexes were further confirmed by elemental (CHNS) and TG-DTA analyses. The spectral findings revealed that metal-ligand interaction has successfully occurred where the ligand acted as a bidentate chelate in the synthesized metal(II) complexes. The IR studies showed that upon complexation the characteristic carboxylic stretching frequency at 1714 cm-1 disappeared and the pyridone stretching frequency shifted to a lower frequency region. The 1H NMR data of the complexes confirm the effective interaction between the metal and the ligand via 3-carboxyl group and 4-oxo groups. The thermal and elemental analyses data were also in agreement with the proposed interaction. The ligand as well as its metal(II) complexes showed significant activity against all the studied 11 bacterial strains and one of the fungal strains, Candida sp.

Yamadazyma thunbergiae sp. nov., a novel yeast species associated with Bengal clock vines and soil in Okinawa, Japan.

Two strains, designated JCM 36746T and JCM 36749, were isolated from Bengal clock vine (Thunbergia grandiflora) and soil, respectively, in Okinawa, Japan. Analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and D1/D2 domains of the large subunit rRNA gene sequences revealed identical sequences in both strains, indicating that they belong to the same species. Sequence analysis and physiological characterization identified these strains as representing a novel yeast species in the genus Yamadazyma. The sequence similarities of the concatenated ITS regions and D1/D2 domains indicated that JCM 36746T and JCM 36749 formed a well-supported distinct from closely related species belonging to the Yamadazyma clade, including Candida dendronema, C. diddensiae, C. germanica, C. kanchanaburiensis, C. naeodendra, C. vaughaniae, Y. akitaensis, Y. koratensis, Y. nakazawae, Y. philogaea, Y. phyllophila, Y. siamensis, Y. ubonensis, and three undescribed species, comprising Candida aff. naeodendra/diddensiae Y151, Candida sp. GE19S08, and Yamadazyma sp. strain NYNU 22830. The sequences of the D1/D2 domains and ITS regions differed in nucleotide substitutions by 1.51% and 2.57% or greater, respectively, from those of the previously described and undescribed related species. In addition, the physiological characteristics of the novel species were distinct from those of the closely related described species. On the basis of these findings, we propose the name Yamadazyma thunbergiae sp. nov. to classify this species within the genus Yamadazyma. The holotype used is JCM 36746T (ex-type strains CBS 18614 and NBRC 116657). The MycoBank accession number is MB 853823.

Features of the isolation of yeast from the root microbiome of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Aim. Development of approaches for isolating yeast symbionts from the rhizosphere of various varieties of winter wheat for their further taxonomic identification, as well as studying the influence of yeast species on the growth and development of wheat plants. Methods. Isolation and identification of yeast from the root microbiome of selected wheat varieties was carried out using microbiological and microscopic research methods. Results. As a result of the investigation, conditions were selected, isolation and primary identification of yeast from the root microbiome of winter wheat varieties in different growing periods was carried out. The following yeast species were identified: Saccharomyces serevisiae, Hanseniaspora uvarum, Papiliotrema terrestris, Pichia fementans, Candida subhashii, Torulaspora delbruecki and Candida sp. Conclusions. The difference in the species composition of yeast-symbionts in different periods of development of winter wheat varieties Lisova Pisnya, Pereyaslivka, Bohdana, Smuglyanka, Podolyanka, Kolonia, Reform and Rebel was noted. The obtained data emphasize the importance of studying the rhizosphere microbiome, in particular the functional role of yeast, for understanding the mechanisms of interaction between the plant and the soil, as well as for the development of effective agronomic strategies in the cultivation of wheat and other crops.

Equine uterine sanitizer: in vitro inhibition of endometritis-causing microorganisms and its stability to dilute antibiotics

Endometritis is the leading cause of mare subfertility. Most mares respond to standard therapy, but alternative therapies have been developed for mares failing to respond. This study aimed to investigate a commercially available, yet unassessed, product labeled as a uterine sanitizer to determine the in vitro antimicrobial activity against microorganisms associated with endometritis and its in vitro stability to dilute antibiotics. In experiment 1, the microdilution broth technique and antimicrobial effects were assessed against Escherichia sp, Staphylococcus sp., Klebsiella sp., Pseudomonas sp., and Candida sp. Percentage inhibition was calculated by comparing the optical density. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 100% was determined using the resazurin dye technique. MIC 50% and 90% were determined using a dose-response non-linear regression. In experiment 2, the uterine sanitizer was used to dilute commonly used antibiotics achieving a final volume of 90 mL at 5°C, 21°C, and 37°C. The pH was measured at 0, 1, 3, 6, and 24 h after dilution. The uterine sanitizer had inhibitory properties against all microorganisms; Escherichia sp. being the most susceptible, and Pseudomonas sp. the most resistant. The uterine sanitizer had an acidic pH=4; however, when combined with the antibiotics, the pH of the antibiotic remained unchanged with the different temperatures and did not precipitate. In conclusion, the uterine sanitizer showed antimicrobial effects against endometritis-causing microorganisms. The dilution of antibiotics in the uterine sanitizer was stable and this association could potentiate the antimicrobial effects. Uterine sanitizer's safety and clinical efficacy in vivo remain to be tested.

Time-to-Positivity for Candida in Bloodstream Infections: Prognostic Implications for Mortality.

Background Candida-associated catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) present a significant challenge in clinical settings, particularly among patients with central venous catheters (CVCs). Time-to-positivity (TTP) of blood cultures, an indicator of fungal load, may provide insights into infection prognosis and severity. This study evaluates the role of TTP in Candida-associated bloodstream infections and its impact on patient outcomes. Materials and methods This cross-sectional observational study, conducted from July 2023 to June 2024 at Saveetha Medical College, involved collecting blood cultures from intensive care unit (ICU) patients with suspected candidemia. Blood cultures were processed using the BacT/ALERT 3D system (bioMérieux, Marcy l'Étoile, France), with TTP recorded for each Candida-positive culture. Species identification was performed using MALDI-TOF MS (Bruker Daltonics, Germany). Species-specific 30-day mortality was analyzed to assess the impact of TTP on survival. Results Of 7447 blood cultures from ICU patients, 2349 were positive, with a 2.42% prevalence of Candida sp. Among 57 candidemia patients, the median TTP for deceased patients was 24 hours, compared to 25 hours for survivors (p=0.001). C. auris exhibited the highest mortality rate (56.25%) with a median TTP of 16.5 hours, whereas C. albicans had no associated mortality and a median TTP of 28.5 hours. Shorter TTP was consistently associated with higher mortality across Candida species. Conclusion This study highlights the prognostic value of TTP in Candida-associated bloodstream infections, with shorter TTP correlating with higher mortality. The findings underscore the need for rapid diagnosis and aggressive treatment, particularly for high-risk species like C. auris and C. glabrata. Further research is needed to refine the clinical application of TTP and develop targeted treatment strategies.

Effect of saliva pH on Candida albicans activity in the oral cavity

Background: Low saliva pH is supposed to increase Candida sp activity because low saliva pH can cause immunocompromising. Objective: To determine the effect of saliva pH on the activity of Candida albicans. Methods: Secondary data from literature studies were analyzed descriptively by presenting the results of research on the effect of saliva pH on the activity of Candida albicans. Results: The results of the study reveal that decreasing salivary pH can increase the activity of Candida albicans in the oral cavity, which is characterized by the growth of hyphae and colonization of the microbiota itself as well as manifestations that can be seen clinically, such as oral candidiasis. Conclusion: Salivary pH levels can influence the activity of Candida albicans in the oral cavity.

Clonal propagated 'Ek Pothi Lehsun' as a potential antifungal agent against Candida sp.

'Ek Pothi Lehsun', also known as snow mountain garlic, is a type of garlic grown in the high mountainous region of Jammu and Kashmir state of India. The present study aimed to develop a protocol for propagating snow mountain garlic in-vitro using corm seed as an explant. The study also assessed the antifungal potential of in vitro-grown bulbils against different Candida species. Four different concentrations of NAA and 2,4-D were tested for their effectiveness in promoting root formation, and eighteen different combinations of BAP (µM), KN (µM) and TDZ (µM) were investigated for effective proliferation of shoots with varied lengths. Shoot with maximum length (5.03±1.40) was obtained in MS medium containing 1.0 µM TDZ after 24 days of inoculation, whereas MS basal media was found effective for rooting plantlets. Rooted micro shoots were acclimatized successfully in hardening treys with a percent survival of nearly 80%. Seven different concentrations of Sucrose, i.e. 5%, 7%, 10%, 15%, 17%, 20%, and 25% were investigated for effective bulbil formation. Bulbil with a maximum diameter of 0.86 cm was obtained in 20% sucrose-containing MS media in 5 days. Further, the antifungal potential of aqueous extract (TC-SMG) of in vitro grown bulbils was investigated against three Candida sp. A zone of inhibition of 22.30±0.33 mm, 17.3±0.33 mm and 19.3±0.33 mm was observed against C. albicans, C. tropicalis and C. glabrata respectively, by using 200 mg/mL extract after 24 hrs depicting the remarkable potential of TC-SMG as an antifungal agent. In vitro culture of snow mountain garlic has demonstrated promising antifungal properties against Candida species.

Exploring the biofilm inhibitory potential of Candida sp. UFSJ7A glycolipid on siliconized latex catheters.

Biosurfactants, sustainable alternatives to petrochemical surfactants, are gaining attention for their potential in medical applications. This study focuses on producing, purifying, and characterizing a glycolipid biosurfactant from Candida sp. UFSJ7A, particularly for its application in biofilm prevention on siliconized latex catheter surfaces. The glycolipid was extracted and characterized, revealing a critical micellar concentration (CMC) of 0.98mg/mL, indicating its efficiency at low concentrations. Its composition, confirmed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thin layer chromatography (TLC), identified it as an anionic biosurfactant with a significant ionic charge of -14.8mV. This anionic nature contributes to its biofilm prevention capabilities. The glycolipid showed a high emulsification index (E24) for toluene, gasoline, and soy oil and maintained stability under various pH and temperature conditions. Notably, its anti-adhesion activity against biofilms formed by Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans was substantial. When siliconized latex catheter surfaces were preconditioned with 2mg/mL of the glycolipid, biofilm formation was reduced by up to 97% for E. coli and C. albicans and 57% for E. faecalis. These results are particularly significant when compared to the efficacy of conventional surfactants like SDS, especially for E. coli and C. albicans. This study highlights glycolipids' potential as a biotechnological tool in reducing biofilm-associated infections on medical devices, demonstrating their promising applicability in healthcare settings.

Cultivation of yeasts on liquid digestate to remove organic pollutants and nutrients and for potential application as co-culture with microalgae

In this study, the growth of yeast and yeast-like fungi in the liquid digestate from vegetable wastes was investigated in order to remove nutrients and organic pollutants, and for their application as co-culture members with green microalgae. The studied yeast strains were characterized for their assimilative and enzymatic profiles as well as temperature requirements. In the first experimental stage, the growth dynamics of each strain were determined, allowing to select the best yeasts for further studies. In the subsequent stage, the ability of selectants to remove organic pollutants was assessed. Different cultivation media containing respectively 1:3, 1:1, 3:1 vol ratio of liquid digestate and the basal minimal medium were used. Among all tested yeast strains, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa DSM 70825 showed the most promising results, demonstrating the highest potential for removing organic substrates and nutrients. Depending on the medium, this strain achieved 50–80% sCOD, 45–60% tVFAs, 21–45% TN, 33–52% PO43− reduction rates. Similar results were obtained for the strain Candida sp. OR687571. The high nutrient and organics removal efficiency by these yeasts could likely be linked to their ability to assimilate xylose (being the main source of carbon in the liquid digestate). In culture media containing liquid digestate, both yeast strains achieved good viability and proliferation potential. In the liquid digestate medium, R. mucilaginosa and Candida sp. showed vitality at the level of 51.5% and 45.0%, respectively. These strains seem to be a good starting material for developing effective digestate treatment strategies involving monocultures and/or consortia with other yeasts or green microalgae.

Relation between candidiasis and linear gingival erythema in HIV-positive patients

To assess the prevalence of candidiasis associated with Linear Gingival Erythema (LGE) in patients with HIV. Material and methods: Patients with HIV who sought care were identified and those with linear gingival erythema were included in the study. Initially, a questionnaire divided into two parts was applied, the first session consisting of personal and sociodemographic data and the second session containing questions related to health habits. Then, erythema samples were collected with a collector brush and cultivated in petri dishes containing CHROMagar for 3 days under aerobic conditions at room temperature. Plaque evaluation and colony counts were performed. Results: From a total of 46 patients, thirteen were included in the study. Among the samples, eleven were diagnosed with C. albicans and five were diagnosed with other species of Candida sp. Conclusion: A high prevalence of Candida sp. was observed on patients with lesions of linear gingival erythema and diagnosed with HIV.

Antifungal Potential of Secondary Metabolites Derived from Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr.: An Analysis of In Silico Enzymatic Inhibition and In Vitro Efficacy against Candida Species

Considering the escalating resistance to conventional antifungal medications, it is critical to identify novel compounds that can efficiently counteract this challenge. The purpose of this research was to elucidate the fungicidal properties of secondary metabolites derived from Arcangelisia flava, with a specific focus on their efficacy against Candida species. This study utilized a combination approach comprising laboratory simulations and experiments to discern and evaluate the biologically active constituents present in the dichloromethane extract of A. flava. The in vitro experiments demonstrated that compounds 1 (palmatine) and 2 (fibraurin) exhibited antifungal properties. The compounds exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 15.62 to 62.5 µg/mL against Candida sp. Moreover, compound 1 demonstrated a minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of 62.5 µg/mL against Candida glabrata and C. krusei. In contrast, compound 2 exhibited an MFC of 125 µg/mL against both Candida species. Based on a molecular docking study, it was shown that compounds 1 and 2 have a binding free energy of −6.6377 and −6.7075 kcal/mol, respectively, which indicates a strong affinity and specificity for fungal enzymatic targets. This study utilized pharmacophore modeling and Density Functional Theory (DFT) simulations to better understand the interaction dynamics and structural properties crucial for antifungal activity. The findings underscore the potential of secondary metabolites derived from A. flava to act as a foundation for creating novel and highly efficient antifungal treatments, specifically targeting fungal diseases resistant to existing treatment methods. Thus, the results regarding these compounds can provide references for the next stage in antifungal drug design. Further investigation is necessary to thoroughly evaluate these natural substances’ clinical feasibility and safety characteristics, which show great potential as antifungal agents.

Species distribution and antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of etiologic agents in patients with neonatal sepsis, National Children’s Hospital, Ha Noi, Vietnam, 2019–2021

Neonatal sepsis is one of the significant causes of morbidity and mortality in neonates, especially in developing countries. This study investigates the species distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of agents causing neonatal sepsis in a northern hospital in Vietnam. Materials and methods. All in-term neonates treated at the Neonatal Center, National Children’s Hospital, Vietnam between December 2019, and April 2021 who met the clinical criteria for sepsis and positive blood cultures were enrolled. Species identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed with Vitek 2 Compact (bioMerieux, France). Results. Eighty-five neonates were included with the majority of cases being early-onset sepsis (61.2%, 95% CI: 50.6–71.8%). Gram-negative, Gram-positive, and fungal isolates constituted 50.6%, 40%, and 9.4%, respectively. The most common agent was Staphylococcus aureus (28.2%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli (16.5% each). For those with bacteriological sepsis, Gram-negative pathogens were predominant in early-onset sepsis whereas Gram-positive pathogens were predominant in late-onset sepsis (75.0% (33/44) vs 69.7% (23/33), p 0.001). Antibiotic resistance was common among bacterial isolates, but antifungal resistance was not detected among isolates of Candida sp. Vancomycin and fluoroquinolone were very effective against Gram-positive organisms while piperacillin + tazobactam, aztreonam, and ertapenem were potent drugs against Gram-negative organisms. Conclusion. Routine investigation of microbial profiles and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns is essential to guiding strategies for the choices of empirical antimicrobials.

Analysis of ester-producing performance in high-yield ethyl hexanoate yeast and the effect on metabolites in bio- enhanced Daqu, the starter for Baijiu and other traditional fermented foods.

Ethyl hexanoate, one of the key flavor compounds in strong-flavor Baijiu. To improve the content of ethyl hexanoate in strong-flavor Baijiu, a functional strain with high yield of ethyl hexanoate was screened and its ester-producing performance was studied. Upon identification, the strain was classified as Candida sp. and designated as ZY002. Under optimal fermentation conditions, the content of ethyl hexanoate synthesized by ZY002 can be as high as 170.56mg L-1. A fermentation test was carried out using the ZY002 strain bioaugmented Daqu to verify the role of the strain applied to Baijiu brewing. It was found that strain ZY002 could not only improve the moisture and alcohol contents of fermented grains but also diminish the presence of reducing sugar and crude starch. Furthermore, it notably amplified the abundance of flavor compounds. In this study, Candida sp. ZY002 with a high yield of ethyl hexanoate provided high-quality strain resources for the actual industrial production of Baijiu.

Saponaria officinalis saponins as a factor increasing permeability of Candida yeasts' biomembrane.

Saponins are a large group of compounds, produced mostly by plants as a side product of their metabolic activity. These compounds have attracted much attention over the years mostly because of their surface activity and antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antifungal properties. On the other hand, most of the hitherto research has concerned the action of saponins against microbial cells as a whole. Therefore, knowing the possible interaction of saponins with biomembrane, we decided to check in-vitro the influence of saponin-rich extract of Saponaria officinalis on spheroplasts of two Candida sp. The obtained results show that 10 mg L- 1 of extract increased the permeability of spheroplasts up to 21.76% relative to that of the control sample. Moreover, the evaluation of surface potential has revealed a decrease by almost 10 mV relative to that of the untreated samples. Such results suggest its direct correlation to integration of saponins into the biomembrane structure. The obtained results have proved the antifungal potential of saponins and their ability of permeabilization of cells. This proves the high potential of saponins use as additives to antifungal pharmaceutics, which is expected to lead to improvement of their action or reduction of required dosage.

Anti-fungal effects of novel N-(tert-butyl)-2-(pyridin-2-yl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-amine derivative and it's in-vitro, in-silico, and mode of action against Candida spp.

Imidazoles are a category of azole antifungals that encompass compounds such as ketoconazole, miconazole, esomeprazole, and clotrimazole. In contrast, the triazoles group, which includes fluconazole, voriconazole, and itraconazole, also plays a significant role. The rise of antibiotic resistance in fungal pathogens has evolved into a substantial global public health concern. In this study, two newly synthesized imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivative (Probe I and Probe II) molecules were investigated for its antimicrobial potency against of a panel of bacterial (Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria) and fungal pathogens. Among the different types of pathogens, we found that Probe II showed excellent antifungal activity against fungal pathogens, based on the preliminary screening the potent molecule further investigated against multidrug-resistance Candida sp. (n = 10) and compared with commercial molecules. In addition, in-silico molecular docking, its dynamics, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) were analyzed. In this study, the small molecule (Probe II) displayed potent activity only against the Candida spp. including several multidrug-resistant Candida spp. Probe II exhibited minimum inhibitory concentration ranges from 4 to 16µg/mL and minimum fungicidal concentration in the range 4‒32µg/mL as the lowest concentration enough to eliminate the Candida spp. The selected molecules inhibit the formation of yeast to mold as well as ergosterol formation by the computational simulation against Sterol 14-alpha demethylase (CYP51) and inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis by in-vitro model show that the Probe II completely inhibits the formation of ergosterol in yeast cells at 2× MIC. The ADMET analysis Probe II could be moderately toxic to the human being, though the in-vitro toxicity studies will help to understand the real-time toxic level. The novel compound Probe II, which was synthesized during the study, shows promise for development into a new generation of drug treatments aimed at addressing the emerging drug resistance in Candida sp.

Isolation and characterisation of potential probiotic yeast strains from local fermented foods: Gastrointestinal tolerance and antimicrobial activity assessment

Probiotic microorganisms, offering health benefits when consumed in sufficient quantities, are gaining recognition for their potential role in promoting wellness. This study focuses on isolating and characterising potential probiotic yeast strains sourced from fermented food products. This research evaluates the gastrointestinal tolerance and antimicrobial activity of isolated yeast strains, with the potential application in probiotic supplements and functional foods. Yeast strains were isolated from fermented food sources and identified using morphological analysis, PCR, gene sequencing, and genetic identification. Gastrointestinal tolerance was assessed through simulated gastric fluid (SGF) exposure, and antimicrobial activity was tested against foodborne pathogens. Six yeast strains (Diutina mesorugosa, Pichia kudriavzevii, Candida mesorugosa, Candida sp) were identified. They exhibited varying resistance to low pH in SGF, suggesting survivability in the stomach. Some strains selectively inhibited specific Gram-negative pathogens like Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella sp. These findings suggest the isolated yeast strains may serve as probiotics, promoting digestive health and food safety. They are potentially used in probiotic supplements and functional foods, promising improved overall well-being.

Preparation, characterization of green synthesis FeO nanoparticles and their photocatalytic activity towards Basic Fuschin dye

In the current study, a green and facile route for the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (FeO-NPs) was adopted. The FeO-NPs were fabricated via a single step green route using aqueous leaf extract of Aegle marmelos (A. marmelos) as capping/reducing and stabilizing agents.The active phytochemicals present in the A. marmelos extract was reduced and stabilized the metal ions to FeO-NPs. This product was analyzed by FTIR spectral studies. Magnetic FeO-NPs surface morphology and particles sizes were determined by HRTEM to reveals spherical shapes with average diameter 18.78 nm. The instrumentally confirmed FeO-NPs were determining the antimicrobial activity against the pathogenic strains of the bacteria Streptococcus Sp and the fungus Candida Sp. The results of the microbial investigation show that when the concentration of synthesized FeO-NPs increase with the increases the activity. The antioxidant properties of synthesized FeO-NPs were evaluated by the DPPH assay. The FeO-NPs displayed a dose-dependent cytotoxicity property against breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells, and the value of IC50 was found to be 304 μg/mL. The obtained FeO-NPs were used as photocatalyst in the degradation/reduction of environmentally polluted organic wastewater dyes. After 20 min of solar light irradiation shows 97 % of degradation efficiency was achieved with 1 mL of FeO-NPs. It is observed all the results, the green synthesized FeO-NPs could be effectively materials and used in several fields like industrial, agricultural, medical, food safety, and dye waste applications.

Preliminary evaluation of in-Vivo and in-Vitro antifungal activity of Piper longum, Origanum majorana, Embelia ribes and Butea monosperma with Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of phytochemical property of plant extracts against Candida species causing dermatological

: Globally, fungi infections cause more than 1.5 million fatalities annually, mostly in those with weakened immune systems with Candida albicans found to be the chief pathogen. Approximately one to two billion people are affected by dermatological fungal infections involving skin and skin appendages, perhaps very difficult to estimate its exact prevalence due to under-reporting, this augments the requirements for more attention towards new molecules to combat resistance.: Evaluation of antifungal activity of Piper longum, Origanum majorana, Embelia ribes, Butea monosperma both in-vivo and in-vitro analysis against Candida species. This experimental study conducted for evaluating both in-vitro as well as in-vivo anti-fungal activity of Piper longum, Butea monosperma, Embelia ribes and Origanum majorana, and evaluation of phytoconstituent through Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry analysis by GC-MS-QP-2010 plus system to identify the active bio-component. Fluconazole used as the standard control in-vivo and Itraconazole used as a standard drug for in-vitro infection and analysis. Ethical Committee approval was taken (IMS, BHU Dean/2018/CAEC/818). The antifungal activity of the extracts in-vitro was evaluated by Resazurin microtiter assay against Candida sp. Micro broth dilution methods. Rats were given an injection of 0.2 mL (intravenously/i.v) of a 10° UFC/mL inoculum made from a fresh 48-hour Candida albicans culture in sterile saline to cause infection. Induction of candidemia in rats was confirmed using qualitative Gram-stained smear. : The extracts of Butea monosperma (Alc.), Piper longum (Alc.), Origanum majorana (Aq.), and Piper longum (Aq.) showed effective antifungal activity against Candida sp. in-vitro research with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of less than 0.25 mg/mL. : This study is contributing towards the search for a natural drug candidate to combat resistance caused by the Candida genus, as it is one of the highest contributors to fungal dermatological/skin infections.

Challenges with medical tourism.

With the return of international travels to almost prepandemic levels, the number of patients who travel abroad to seek healthcare services is once again growing rapidly. Nevertheless, the expected benefits of medical tourism may be challenged by serious infectious complications. This review summarizes the evolving published evidence on infectious complications related with medical tourism of the last eighteen months. There has been an increase of reported infectious complications in patients who had received healthcare abroad. Such complications were frequently associated with serious and prolonged morbidity, repeated treatments and hospitalizations, high healthcare costs, and occasionally fatalities. A devastating outbreak of fungal meningitis occurred among US residents who underwent epidural anesthesia for cosmetic surgery in two clinics in Mexico. Overall, as of July 5, 2023 there were 31 cases with severe cerebrovascular complications and eight deaths. Infections caused by nontuberculum mycobacteria and Candida sp have been also reported the last years. Considering the expected expansion of medical tourism in the forthcoming years, public health authorities and scientific societies should raise awareness of such infections among physicians and other healthcare professionals and issue recommendations for their management. A system to report complications in patients receiving healthcare abroad is needed.