Growth Of Candida Albicans Research Articles

Activity Test of Kedondong Leaf Juice Extract (Spondias dulcis) as Anti-Candida albicans in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes is a disease characterized by high blood glucose levels which can stimulate the growth of the Candida albicans. Indonesia is the second highest country in the world with biodiversity which allows the creation of new compounds that can be used as medicine. One type of plant that has medicinal properties is kedondong leaves (Spondias dulcis) which can be used as herbal medicine, and can also act as an anti-fungal, because it has anti-fungal substances such as flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and tannins. This compound can prevent fungal growth. The aim of this research was to determine the inhibitory ability of kedondong (Spondias dulcis) leaf extract in inhibiting the growth of Candida albicans using the Kirby Bauer method. The type of research used in this research is laboratory experiments. The results of the inhibition test in this study were the concentration inhibition zone results of 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, the results were 0 mm, indicating that these 4 concentrations could not inhibit the growth of Candida albicans. Meanwhile, the positive control showed that there was a clear zone with an average of 28.8 mm, which indicated that antibiotics inhibited the growth of Candida albicans, while the negative control showed that no clear zone was formed. Therefore, the results of this study can be concluded that squeezed kedondong (Spondias dulcis) leaf extract cannot inhibit the growth of Candida albicans isolated from diabetes mellitus sufferers

Complex magnetic fields represent an eco-sustainable technology to counteract the resistant Candida albicans growth without affecting the human gingival fibroblasts

Novel technologies such as complex magnetic fields—CMFs represent an eco-sustainable proposal to counteract the infection associated to resistant microorganisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two CMF programs (STRESS, ANTIBACTERIAL) against clinical antifungal resistant C. albicans also evaluating their uneffectiveness on gingival fibroblasts (hGFs). The STRESS program was more efficacious on C. albicans biofilm with up to 64.37% ± 10.80 of biomass and up to 99.19% ± 0.06 CFU/ml reductions in respect to the control also inducing an alteration of lipidic structure of the membrane. The MTT assay showed no CMFs negative effects on the viability of hGFs with a major ROS production with the ANTIBACTERIAL program at 3 and 24 h. For the wound healing assay, STRESS program showed the best effect in terms of the rate migration at 24 h, showing statistical significance of p < 0.0001. The toluidine-blue staining observations showed the typical morphology of cells and the presence of elongated and spindle-shaped with cytoplasmic extensions and lamellipodia was observed by SEM. The ANTIBACTERIAL program statistically increased the production of collagen with respect to control and STRESS program (p < 0.0001). CMFs showed a relevant anti-virulence action against C. albicans, no cytotoxicity effects and a high hGFs migration rate. The results of this study suggest that CMFs could represent a novel eco-sustainable strategy to counteract the resistant yeast biofilm infections.

The glycerophosphocholine acyltransferase Gpc1 contributes to phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis, long-term viability, and embedded hyphal growth in Candida albicans

Candida albicans is a commensal fungus, opportunistic pathogen, and the most common cause of fungal infection in humans. The biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PC), a major eukaryotic glycerophospholipid, occurs through two primary pathways. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae and some plants, a third PC synthesis pathway, the PC deacylation/reacylation pathway (PC-DRP), has been characterized. PC-DRP begins with the acylation of the lipid turnover product, glycerophosphocholine (GPC), by the GPC acyltransferase, Gpc1, to form Lyso-PC. Lyso-PC is then acylated by lysolipid acyltransferase, Lpt1, to produce PC. Importantly, GPC, the substrate for Gpc1, is a ubiquitous metabolite available within the host. GPC is imported by C. albicans, and deletion of the major GPC transporter, Git3, leads to decreased virulence in a murine model. Here we report that GPC can be directly acylated in C. albicans by the protein product of orf19.988, a homolog of ScGpc1. Through lipidomic studies, we show loss of Gpc1 leads to a decrease in PC levels. This decrease occurs in the absence of exogenous GPC, indicating that the impact on PC levels may be greater in the human host where GPC is available. A gpc1Δ/Δ strain exhibits several sensitivities to antifungals that target lipid metabolism. Further, loss of Gpc1 results in both a hyphal growth defect in embedded conditions, and a decrease in long-term cell viability. These results demonstrate for the first time the importance of Gpc1 and this alternative PC biosynthesis route (PC-DRP) to the physiology of a pathogenic fungus.

Antibacterial and biolarvicidal activity of extracts of ethanol of Goniothalamus macrophyllus leaves and roots

Tendani (Goniothalamus macrophyllus) is empirically often used by Dayak people as a mosquito repellent by burning the stem bark and roots which have the ability as anti-bacterial. The objective of this research is to evaluate the antibacterial and biolarvicidal properties of ethanol extracts of Goniothalamus macrophyllus’s leaves and roots. The research method used qualitative method with colour phytochemical test, antibacterial test, and larvicidal test. Based on the study of active compounds contained in G. macrophyllus, the results of colour phytochemical tests of ethanol extracts of leaves and roots all contain compounds of the alkaloid, flavonoid, triterpenoid/steroid, saponin, tannin and phenol groups. The results of the antibacterial tests on the leaves and roots have a strong ability to inhibit the growth of Candida albicans, Propionibacterium acne and Streptococcus mutans. The highest larval mortality rate in the biolarvicide test was obtained in the root part of tendani with a concentration of 15% at 88%. The conclusion of the study is that the leaves and roots of the tendani plant have potential as antibacterial and biolarvicidal.

THE ANTIFUNGAL EFFECTIVITY TEST OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF KIDNEY BEAN (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.) AGAINST CANDIDA ALBICANS USING IN VITRO METHOD

Introductions: Candida albicans can causes an infection called candidiasis. Kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are natural products that contain several active compounds such as saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and coumarins that can damage the membrane and cell wall of Candida albicans. Methods: The design of this study used true experimental post control design only with the tube dilution method. Extract concentrations used were 3200 mg/ml, 3600 mg/ml, 4000 mg/ml, 4400 mg/ml, 4800 mg/ml, 5200 mg/ml, 5600 mg/ml, and 6000 mg/ml. This study used a negative control (extract 0%) and a positive control (Nystatin 1%), each of which was added with Candida albicans. Results: The results showed that the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was obtained at 5200 mg/ml and the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) was obtained at 6000 mg/ml. One Way ANOVA statistical test results showed a significant difference (significance value 0,000; p&lt; 0.05). Pearson correlation test showed the direction of the negative correlation (r = -0.945; p &lt;0.01). Discussion: The ability of ethanolic extract of kidney bean to inhibit growth and kill the Candida albicans is due to the active compounds contained in it, namely flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and coumarin. Flavonoids can cause protein denaturation. Saponins have the ability to kill Candida albicans by forming pores in the double lipidic layer that results on the loss of cell integrity. Tannins have the ability to inhibit fungal growth by inhibiting the synthesis of chitin and damaging cell membranes. Coumarins can cause fungal death by interfering with cell wall synthesis. Conclusions: The conclusion of this research is the ethanol extract of kidney bean can inhibit at the concentration of 5200 mg/ml and kill the growth of Candida albicans at the concentration of 6000 mg/ml.

Development and Characterization of Econazole Topical Gel.

The purpose of this work was to develop a novel topical formulation of econazole nitrate based on gel that can be easily scaled up in one pot for the potential treatment of fungal and yeast infections. Econazole nitrate, a topical antifungal, is used to treat tinea versicolor, tinea pedis, and tinea cruris. Compared to applying cream or ointment, topical gels offer numerous advantages, one of which is that the drug is released more quickly to the intended site of action. A viscous mixture of propylene glycol, Capmul® MCM C8, methyl and propyl paraben, and econazole nitrate were mixed together before being formulated into the optimized Carbopol® gel bases. The gel's color, appearance, and homogeneity were assessed visually. For every formulation, the drug content, pH, viscosity, spreadability, and gel strength were characterized. The cup plate diffusion method was used to evaluate the anti-fungal activity of the prepared formulations. To assess the behavior of the developed system, studies on in vitro release and mechanism were conducted. The manufactured formulations were transparent, pale yellow, and exhibited excellent homogeneity. The pH of each formulation was roughly 6.0, making them suitable for topical use. The concentration of Carbopol® 940 resulted in a significant increase in viscosity and gel strength but a significant decrease in spreadability. It was demonstrated that the prepared formulations inhibited the growth of Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus. In contrast, the standard blank gel showed no signs of antifungal action. By increasing the concentration of Carbopol® 940, the in vitro release profile of econazole nitrate significantly decreased. Following the Korsmeyer-Peppas model fitting, all formulations exhibited n values greater than 0.5 and less than 1, indicating that diffusion and gel swelling control econazole nitrate release.

Rapamycin and caspofungin show synergistic antifungal effects in caspofungin-susceptible and caspofungin-resistant Candida strains in vitro.

Caspofungin is an echinocandin antifungal agent that inhibits synthesis of glucan required for the fungal cell wall. Resistance is mediated by mutation of Fks1 glucan synthase, among which S645P is the most common resistance-associated polymorphism. Rapamycin is a macrolide that inhibits the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) protein kinase activity. This study investigated the interaction between rapamycin and caspofungin in inhibiting the growth of WT Candida albicans and Fks1 S645P mutant clinical isolate, and WT Candida lusitaniae and genetically engineered isogenic strain with Fks1 S645P mutation at equivalent position. Interactions between caspofungin and rapamycin were evaluated using the microdilution chequerboard method in liquid medium. The results were analysed using the Loewe additivity model (FIC index, FICI) and the Bliss independence model (response surface, RS, analysis). Synergy between rapamycin and caspofungin was shown for C. albicans and C. lusitaniae strains by RS analysis of the chequerboard tests. Synergy was observed in strains susceptible and resistant to caspofungin. Weak subinhibitory concentrations of rapamycin were sufficient to restore caspofungin susceptibility. We report here, for the first time, synergy between caspofungin and rapamycin in Candida species. Synergy was shown for strains susceptible and resistant to caspofungin. This study highlights the possible implication of the TOR pathway in sensing antifungal-mediated cell wall stress and in modulating the cellular response to echinocandins in Candida yeasts.

Sub-lethal concentrations of chlorhexidine inhibit Candida albicans growth by disrupting ROS and metal ion homeostasis

ABSTRACT Candida albicans is a normal resident of the human oral cavity. It is also the most common fungal pathogen, causing various oral diseases, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Chlorhexidine digluconate (CHG) is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent widely used in dental practice and has been recommended to treat oral candidiasis. However, its action mechanism against the fungal pathogen C. albicans remains poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of CHG at sub-lethal concentrations against C. albicans. CHG inhibited the growth of C. albicans in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Cells treated with CHG exhibited altered membrane permeability, reduced metabolic activity, and enhanced metal ion and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Copper-sensing transcription factor Mac1, iron-sensing transcription factors Sfu1 and Sef2, and copper transporter Ctr1 regulated intracellular metal ion and ROS homeostasis in response to CHG. Deletion of MAC1, SFU1, or SEF2 increased intracellular ROS production and cell susceptibility to CHG. This study revealed a novel mechanism by which CHG induced apoptosis of C. albicans cells through the disruption of metal ion and ROS homeostasis, which may help to identify new targets for fungal infections.

Perbandingan ekstraksi akar kucing (Acalypha indica l.) dengan ekstrak etanol 96% dan ekstrak akuades terhadap pertumbuhan EPEC dan Candida albicans

The root of the cat (Acalypha indica L.) was used as the object of research and extraction was carried out to determine the antimicrobial activity of 96% ethanol extract and distilled water against EPEC (Enterophatogenic Escherichia coli) bacteria and the fungus Candida albicans. The method used for plant sampling is purposive sampling method. Extraction of active compounds using maceration method. The antimicrobial potency test used the agar-diffusion method using two types of microbial pathogens, namely the bacteria EPEC and the fungus Candida albicans. Each paper disk was given 50 µL of bacterial isolate, incubated at 37 0C for 24 hours and continued for 48 hours. The observed parameter is the clear zone formed around the paper disk. The results showed that cat root (A. indica L.) contains compounds that can inhibit the growth of EPEC bacteria and the fungus C. albicans. A good solvent to extract the active compounds contained in the cat root plant (A. indica L.) is distilled water. Treatment with aquadest extract with a concentration of 100% had the widest inhibition zone among other treatments, namely 6.8 mm against the growth of EPEC bacteria and ethanol extract with a concentration of 100% which was 3.8 mm against the growth of the fungus Candida albicans.

Uji Aktivitas Antijamur Ekstrak Kulit Buah Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) terhadap Candida albicans

Candidiasis is an opportunistic fungal infection caused by Candida albicans. The prevalence of candidiasis in Indonesia is around 20-25%, it can attack the skin, nails, hair, throat, and mouth. One of the fungal infections that occur in the oral cavity is oral candidiasis. Oral candidiasis is caused by overgrowth of Candida albicans species in the oral cavity which is dominated by Candida albicans as much as 85-95%. One of the treatments using herbal medicinal plants is cocoa peel containing active compounds including phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids which are thought to be antifungal. The aim was to determine the inhibition of cocoa peel extract on the growth of Candida albicans. This study used the disc diffusion method with 4 samples in each study group. The research group consisted of 5 treatment groups (10%, 20%, 40%, 80%, and 100% cocoa peel extract), positive control group (nystatin), and negative control group (sterile aquades). Data were analyzed using One Way Anova test and LSD (Least Significant Difference) test. Concentrations of extracts of cocoa pods 100% and 80% have the ability to inhibit the growth of Candida albicans.

Perbandingan Efektivitas Antara Ekstrak Kulit dan Buah Delima Merah (Punica granatum Linn) Terhadap Penyembuhan Kandidiasis Oral Tikus Wistar

Oral candidiasis is a fungal infection that occurs in the oral mucosa caused by the growth of Candida albicans. One of the antifungal drugs that are widely used by the public is nystatin. Nystatin is an effective drug because of its low toxicity level, but can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, stomach pain, and resistance. In order to minimize these side effects, natural ingredients from red pomegranate can be used which have antifungal active ingredients in it. To compare the effectiveness of the whole extract with the skin of the red pomegranate (Punica granatum Linn) on the healing of oral candidiasis in Wistar rats. This research is a laboratory experimental study with a post-test only control group design. The samples used were 24 male wistar rats which were divided into 4 groups, namely (P1) the red pomegranate extract group with a concentration of 75%, (P2) the red pomegranate peel extract group with a concentration of 75%, (K+) the nystatin group, and (K -) the group that was not given anything. Microbiological examination and clinical examination (supporting examination). The data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric analysis test, the data before the extract and control showed no significant difference between each group (p&gt;0.05) and the data after the extract and control administration showed there was a significant difference between each group. (p&lt;0.05). Based on the Mann-Whitney test showed that red pomegranate extract and red pomegranate peel extract had a significant difference (p&lt;0.05). Red pomegranate extract (Punica granatum Linn) at 75% concentration was more effective than red pomegranate skin extract (Punica granatum Linn) at 75% concentration on oral candidiasis treatment in wistar rats.

Chemical composition of essential oil from Lindera subumbelliflora Kosterm and its effect on the susceptibility and biofilm activities of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans

The chemical composition of the essential oil of Lindera subumbelliflora (Lauraceae) was investigated for the first time. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and fully characterised by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antifungal activity of L. subumbelliflora essential oil was tested against Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans using the broth microdilution assay, whereas the microbial biofilms were determined using a semi-quantitative static biofilm. A total of 28 components (99.6%) were successfully identified, which were characterised by β-eudesmol (14.6%), cis-α-bergamotene (11.0%), α-copaene (8.5%), dodecen-1-ol (8.5%), and (E)-nerolidol (8.3%). The essential oil exhibited activity against Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans with MIC values of 250 and 500 µg/mL, respectively. The essential oil increased the biofilm of Candida albicans by 38.25%, however, decreased the biofilm of Streptococcus mutans by 47.89% when treated with 500 µg/mL. Thus, the essential oil has a promising application in dentistry via inhibition of the growth of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans. However, the antibiofilm activity of the essential oil is only applicable for cariogenic Streptococcus mutans.

Antifungal Activity of Solanum Anguivi Lam (Solanaceae) on Candida Albicans

In Ivory Coast, as elsewhere in Africa, Solanum anguivi Lam (or Solanum distichum) is generally used in traditional medicine to treat bacterial and fungal infections. Given the importance of this plant, the 70%, 80% and 100% extracts of fresh and dried fruits were evaluated on the in vitro growth of Candida albicans. Antifungal tests were carried out by plating 1000 cells of each isolate on Sabouraud agar medium, using the double dilution method in inclined tubes. Both extracts were active on the different strains tested, according to a dose-response relationship based on the principle of the method used. Extracts from fresh fruit showed good activity on C. albicans.

Glycerophosphocholine provision rescues Candida albicans growth and signaling phenotypes associated with phosphate limitation.

Candida albicans is the most commonly isolated species from patients suffering from invasive fungal disease. C. albicans is most commonly a commensal organism colonizing a variety of niches in the human host. The fungus must compete for resources with the host flora to acquire essential nutrients such as phosphate. Phosphate acquisition and homeostasis have been shown to play a key role in C. albicans virulence, with several genes involved in these processes being required for normal virulence and several being upregulated during infection. In addition to inorganic phosphate (Pi), C. albicans can utilize the lipid-derived metabolite glycerophosphocholine (GPC) as a phosphate source. As GPC is available within the human host, we examined the role of GPC in phosphate homeostasis in C. albicans. We find that GPC can substitute for Pi by many though not all criteria and is likely a relevant physiological phosphate source for C. albicans.

Anticandidosis activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Harungana madagascariensis, Zanthoxylum leprieurii and Xylopia aethiopica

Some ailments have been cured either by the use of plant parts or by mixing different plant parts (recipes). It is with this in mind that this study originated, focusing on the valorization of plants from the African pharmacopoeia. Thus, the activity of single extracts and aqueous and hydroalcoholic mixtures of the bark and leaves of Harungana madagascariensis, the bark of Zanthoxylum leprieurii and the fruit of Xylopia aethiopica was evaluated on the in vitro growth of Candida strains (Candida albicans 18650 and Candida albicans 18792 and Candida glabrata). Antifungal tests were carried out by plating 1,000 cells of each fungal germ on Sabouraud agar medium using the double dilution slant tube method. Deth70% extract inhibited the growth of Candida albicans 18650 and Candida albicans 18792 at an FMC value of 25 mg/mL, and Candida glabrata at an FMC value of 50 mg/mL. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of chemical compounds such as polyphenols, flavonoids, saponosides, gallic and catechic tannins and the absence of sterols.

Antimicrobial Effects of Edible Mixed Herbal Extracts on Oral Microorganisms: An In Vitro Study.

Background and Objectives: The oral cavity is inhabited by pathogenic bacteria, whose growth can be inhibited by synthetic oral drugs, including antibiotics and other chemical compounds. Natural antimicrobial substances that elicit fewer negative side effects may serve as alternatives to synthetic agents for long-term use. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of edible mixed herbal extracts on the growth of oral pathogenic bacteria. Materials and Methods: The yield of each herbal extract was as follows: 5% Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq (STB), 10.94% Mentha piperascens (MP), 5.47% Acanthopanax sessiliflorus Seem (AS), and 10.66% Glycyrrhiza uralensis (GU). The herbal extracts used included 0.5 mg/mL STB, 1.5 mg/mL MP, 1.5 mg/mL AS, and 2.0 mg/mL GU. Antimicrobial tests, morphological analyses (using scanning electron microscopy), microbial surface hydrophobicity measurements, and oral malodor reduction tests were performed using each extract. Statistical analyses were performed with IBM® SPSS® (version 24), using paired t-tests. Results: The mixed herbal extracts significantly inhibited the growth of Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, and Porphyromonas gingivalis compared to the control (p < 0.001). Scanning electron microscopy results further revealed altered cellular morphology in the groups treated with the mixed herbal extracts. Additionally, the hydrophobicity assay results showed that the mixed herbal extracts reduced the oral adhesion capacities of bacteria (p < 0.001). Administration of the mixed herbal extracts also reduced the levels of volatile sulfur compounds, the main contributors to oral malodor (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Edible mixed herbal extracts can effectively eliminate oral pathogens and may be useful for improving oral health. The herbal extracts used were effective against all species of oral pathogens studied in this report.

An In Vitro Evaluation of Anti-fungal Activity of Different Nano forms of Fluconazole Against Candida albicans

Objective: The study aims to compare the antifungal effectiveness of nine different nano-particle- containing fluconazole variants with the standard form of fluconazole against Candida albicans in a laboratory setting. Design: The study is an experimental laboratory-based study. Setting: The research was conducted in the department of Medical Laboratory Sciences at Gulf Medical University, Ajman. Subjects: The study used standard strains of pathogenic Candida albicans ATCC66027 for experimentation. Intervention: Candida albicans was exposed to varying concentrations of nine different nano- particle-containing fluconazole forms. The mixture of the organism and drug was incubated for 2 minutes, followed by transferring 50 µL to Sabouraud Dextrose agar plates. These plates were then incubated at 37 °C for 48 hours. Main Outcome Measure: The primary outcome measure was the counting of colonies using a colony counter, with the number of CFUs/mL plotted against the concentration of different nano forms of fluconazole to estimate differences in effectiveness. Results: The findings suggest that the nano form of fluconazole effectively inhibits the growth of Candida albicans, especially at higher concentrations, compared to the normal form of fluconazole. The study highlights that the small size of the nano agents allows for better penetration of fluconazole, enhancing its effectiveness against Candida albicans. Conclusion: The study concludes that nano-particle-containing fluconazole variants demonstrate significant variations in reducing the colony count of Candida albicans when compared to the standard form of fluconazole.

Biased eviction of variant histone H3 nucleosomes triggers biofilm growth in Candida albicans.

Candida albicans lives as a commensal in most healthy humans but can cause superficial skin infections to life-threatening systemic infections. C. albicans also forms biofilms on biotic and abiotic surfaces. Biofilm cells are difficult to treat and highly resistant to antifungals. A specific set of genes is differentially regulated in biofilm cells as compared to free-floating planktonic cells of C. albicans. In this study, we addressed how a variant histone H3VCTG, a previously identified negative regulator of biofilm formation, modulates gene expression changes. By providing compelling evidence, we show that biased eviction of H3VCTG nucleosomes at the promoters of biofilm-relevant genes facilitates the accessibility of both transcription activators and repressors to modulate gene expression. Our study is a comprehensive investigation of genome-wide nucleosome occupancy in both planktonic and biofilm states, which reveals transition to an open chromatin landscape during biofilm mode of growth in C. albicans, a medically relevant pathogen.

ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF RAMANIA LEAF EXTRACT (Bouea Macrophylla Griff) AGAINST Candida albicans

Background: Root canal infection is a polymicrobial infection that causes pulpitis or localized pulp inflammation. Root canal infection occurs due to the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in the root canal. One of the most common pathogenic microorganisms found in root canals is the fungus Candida albicans. Treatment that can be done to treat pulp tissue infection is endodontic treatment. Chlorhexidine gluconate 2% is one of the irrigation materials that can be used in root canal treatment. Ramania leaf extract contains compounds such as triterpenoids, phenols, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, alkaloids, and tannins that can function as antifungals. Purpose: Measuring and analyzing the antifungal activity of ramania leaf extract (Bouea Macrophylla Griff) on the growth of Candida albicans. Method: This study is a true experimental study with a post-test-only design with a control group design consisting of 7 treatment groups and repeated 4 times. The antifungal activity was assessed from the inhibition zone formed on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar media by the diffusion method. Results: Based on the Mann-Whitney test showed that there was only 1 pair of groups that did not have a significant difference, namely 100% concentration of ramania leaf extract with 2% chlorhexidine gluconate while the other groups had significant differences from each other. Conclusion: Ramania leaf extract concentrations of 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%, and 100% had antifungal activity in inhibiting the growth of the fungus Candida albicans. Keywords: Antifungal Activity, Candida albicans, Chlorhexidine gluconate 2%, Ramania Leaf Extract.

Potential of cavendish banana peels as a fungal growth media

Introduction: Banana peels are often discarded without further use. Whereas each banana peel contains nutrients that are quite high depending on the ripeness of the banana fruit. This has the potential to use banana peels as a medium for fungal growth. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of banana peel as a growth medium for the test fungi, namely Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, and Candida albicans. Method: The type of research is experimental with variations in the mass of banana peels. The potency of banana peel media was evaluated by the growth of the test fungus which was expressed quantitatively by growth diameter and number of colonies. While the qualitative evaluation was carried out by observing the morphology of the test fungus colonies on banana peel media. The gold standard media used in this study were Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) for Aspergillus, and Potato dextrose agar (PDA) for Candida. Incubation for Candida albicans growth was carried out at 48 hours, while Aspergillus growth was incubated for up to 10 days. The data obtained were analyzed using Mann-Whitney. Result: The results showed that the banana peel media could be overgrown with the test fungus. Candida albicans showed the best results in the 3% (w/v) variant, while Aspergillus fumigatus grew optimally at the 2% (w/v) variant. Aspergillus flavus was best at the 1% (w/v) variant. Conclusion: Based on the results obtained, banana peels media can be used for the growth media of the tested fungi, and it is recommended to use the 2% (w/v) variant so that it can be used to grow all the tested fungi in this research.