Canarium Album Research Articles

Antifungal Activity and Action Mechanism of Ginger Oleoresin Against Pestalotiopsis microspora Isolated From Chinese Olive Fruits

Pestalotiopsis microspora (P. microspora) is one of dominant pathogenic fungi causing rotten disease in harvested Chinese olive (Canarium album Lour.) fruits. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the antifungal activities of ginger oleoresin (GO) against P. microspora and to illuminate the underlying action mechanisms. The in vitro assays indicate that GO exhibited strong antifungal activity against mycelial growth of P. microspore, and with 50%-inhibition concentration (EC50) and 90%-inhibition concentration (EC90) at 2.04 μL GO and 8.87 μL GO per mL propylene glycol, respectively, while the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration were at 10 μL GO and 30 μL GO per mL propylene glycol, respectively. Spore germination of P. microspora was inhibited by GO in a dose-dependent manner, and with 100% inhibition rate at the concentration of 8 μL GO per mL propylene glycol. Compared to the control, the cellular membrane permeability of P. microspora increased due to severe leakage of intercellular electrolytes, soluble proteins, and total sugars with the treatments (EC50, EC90) by GO during incubation. In addition, analysis of fatty acid contents and compositions in cellular membrane by GC-MS indicated that GO could significantly promote the degradation or peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in P. microspore, resulting in the enhancement of membrane fluidity. Moreover, observations of microstructure further showed the damage to plasma membrane and morphology of P. microspora caused by GO, which resulted in distortion, sunken and shriveled spores and mycelia of the pathogen. Furthermore, in vivo assay confirmed that over 3 MIC GO treatments remarkably suppressed disease development in P. microspore inoculated-Chinese olive fruit. These results demonstrate that owing to its strong antifungal activity, GO can be used as a promising antifungal agent to inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungi in Chinese olives.

Effect of A Polyphenol-Rich Canarium album Extract on the Composition of the Gut Microbiota of Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet.

This study investigated the influence of Canarium album extract (CAext) on intestinal microbiota composition of mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Kun Ming (KM) mice were fed either a normal chow diet or a HFD for six weeks. At the seventh week, HFD-fed mice were gavaged daily with saline, or a different dose of CAext for four weeks, respectively. Then, the composition of the gut microbiota was analyzed by high-throughput sequencing technology. Analysis of fecal microbial populations, grouped by phyla, showed significant increases of Firmicutes and Verrucomicrobia, but a decrease of Bacteroidetes in all CAext-fed mice. Particularly, CAext gavage in a low dose or a medium dose caused a significant increase in the proportion of Akkermansia. These findings suggested that CAext can alter the gut microbiota composition of HFD-fed mice, and had a potential prebiotic effects on Akkermansia.

Study on Mechanisms Underlying the Preventive Effects of Canarium album L. ethanol Extract on Modulation of Hyperglycemia and Hypercholesterolemia in Diabetic Rats

Canarium album L. has attracted attention for its high polyphenol content and various potential pharmacological activities, exhibiting potential to reduce the risk of metabolic disorders. We hypothesized that Canarium album L. may regulate glucose and lipid metabolic pathways. To examine the application potential of Canarium album L. on metabolism, we designed the present study to investigate the effect of Canarium album L. ethanol extract (CO-EtOH) on high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Our data showed CO-EtOH significantly reduced elevated fasting blood glucose, TC, TNF-α, and bile acid. Administration of CO-EtOH increased hepatic mRNA levels of GLUT2 and GK but decreased those of PEPCK and G6Pase. Furthermore, CO-EtOH remarkably reduced hepatic levels of cholesterol; lowered the expression of genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis, transportation, and degradation, including SREBP-2, HMG-CoAR, SR-B1, CYP7A1, BSEP, MRP3, MRP4, and NTCP; and decreased the expression of LDLR, ABCG8, FXR, and SHP that govern cholesterol transportation and bile acid synthesis. The protein expressions of LDLR, ABCA1, FXR, and SHP were also significantly increased upon CO-EtOH treatment. Finally, CO-EtOH could increase glucose uptake in rat skeletal muscle cells in both normal and palmitic acid-challenged conditions. These findings suggest that Canarium album L. may have great potential for treating hyperglycemia and hypercholesterolemia.

Chemical constituents from Canarium album Raeusch and their anti-influenza A virus activities.

Two new dyhydrophaseic acid glucoside isomers, (1'S, 3'R, 5'S, 8'R, 2Z, 4E)-dihydrophaseic acid-3'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2) and (1'R, 3'S, 5'R, 8'R, 2Z, 4E)-dihydrophaseic acid-3'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4), together with 10 known compounds [myo-inositol (1), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3), 3-O-galloyl quinic acid (5), ellagic acid (6), gallic acid (7), ethyl gallate (8), scopoletin (9), ellagic acid-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (10), ellagic acid-4-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (11), and isocorilagin (12)] were isolated from the chloroform extract of Canarium album Raeusch fruits by repeated chromatography on macroporous adsorption resin, silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, Toyopearl HW-40F, and reverse-phase C18 columns, etc. Their structures and absolute configurations were determined by comprehensive analysis of 1D- and 2D-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), high-resolution electron spray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS), ESI-MS, optical rotation, circular dichroism spectra, and comparison of NMR data with data of known compounds. Bioassay of their anti-influenza virus A activities showed that compounds 9 and 12 displayed a significant inhibitory effect with IC50 values of 22.9 ± 3.7 and 5.42 ± 0.97μg/ml, respectively.

Genetic analysis of Canarium album in different areas of China by improved RAPD and ISSR

To lay the foundation of the classification of Canarium album (C. album), and C. album from Terminalia Chebula (T. chebula) in different areas of China, improved RAPD and ISSR analysis were performed to analyze polymorphism and genetic relationship. Ten samples were collected from different locations in China. A total of 221 fragments were detected by improved RAPD, out of which polymorphic fragments accounted for 82.3% with average amplification bands of 10.05 per primer. ISSR markers revealed a total of 147 alleles, where polymorphic fragments accounted for 83.5%, with average amplification bands of 7.35 per primer. The sizes of fragments ranged from 200 to 2500bp and from 150 to 2000bp in RAPD and ISSR markers, respectively. The similarity coefficient ranged from 0.46 to 0.86 with RAPD markers and 0.36 to 0.89 with ISSR markers. The results indicated that improved RAPD and ISSR methods are useful for genetic diversity study of C. album. Thus, this study provides us the theoretical basis for the breeding and classification of C. album in South and Southwest China.

Chinese Olive (Canarium album L.) Fruit Extract Attenuates Metabolic Dysfunction in Diabetic Rats.

Hyperglycemia and dysregulation of lipid metabolism play a crucial role in metabolic dysfunction. The aims of present study were to evaluate the ameliorative effect of the ethyl acetate fraction of Chinese olive fruit extract (CO-EtOAc) on high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. CO-EtOAc, rich in gallic acid and ellagic acid, could markedly decreased the body weight and epididymal adipose mass. In addition, CO-EtOAc increased serum HDL-C levels, hepatic GSH levels, and antioxidant enzyme activities; lowered blood glucose, serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), bile acid, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα); and reduced TC and TG in liver. We further demonstrated that CO-EtOAc mildly suppressed hepatic levels of phosphorylated IRS-1, TNF-α, and IL-6, but enhanced Akt phosphorylation. The possible mechanisms of cholesterol metabolism were assessed by determining the expression of genes involved in cholesterol transportation, biosynthesis, and degradation. It was found that CO-EtOAc not only inhibited mRNA levels of SREBP-2, HMG-CoAR, SR-B1, and CYP7A1 but also increased the expression of genes, such as ABCA1 and LDLR that governed cholesterol efflux and cholesterol uptake. Moreover, the protein expressions of ABCA1 and LDLR were also significantly increased in the liver of rats supplemented with CO-EtOAc. We suggest that Chinese olive fruit may ameliorate metabolic dysfunction in diabetic rats under HFD challenge.

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Petroleum Ether Extract of Canarium album

Chemical compositions and the relative yield of petroleum ether extract of Canarium album have been investigated by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Thirty components, representing 95.05% of petroleum ether extract, were identified. Among these, ethyl linoleate (27.94%), linoleic acid (22.14%), n-hexadecanoic acid (18.74%), and ethyl palmitate (8.63%) are the main constituents, and 12 components are first time reported for C. album. The antioxidant capacity of petroleum ether extract was determined by DPPH· and ABTS+· assay. The results revealed that petroleum ether extract of C. album exhibited good antioxidant activity in both systems. It is the first report on the antioxidant activity of petroleum ether extract of C. album.

A new eriophyid mite species (Acari, Eriophyidae) in the genus Tegonotus Nalepa infesting Chinese white olive, Canarium album, in Fujian Province, southeastern China

A new mite species belonging to the genus Tegonotus Nalepa (Eriophyidae, Phyllocoptinae, Tegonotini), Tegonotus canaris n. sp. Xu, Chen, Xue, from Fuzhou, Fujian Province, southeastern China, is described and illustrated. This new species causes discoloured buds, curled leaf edges and necrosis on its host plant, Canarium album (Lour.) DC. (Chinese white olive) (Burseraceae). The character of divided empodium observed in this new species is presented for the first time in the genus Tegonotus.

Chemical Constituents of Chinese White Olive

Chinese white olive (Canarium album L.) is indigenous to the southeast area of China. Its fruits have been used as both food and folk medicine in China. Diversified economy values make this plant extensively cultivated to east-south China and other countries such as Vietnam, Malaysia, and Japan. The aim of the present article is to review nutritional ingredients and phytochemical constituents of Chinese white olive, recommend some fractions and monomers for the food industry and pharmacy, and have a look at the future prospects of this plant and its products. It is expected that Chinese white olive will help more people to stay healthy and gain financial strength.

Comparative Evaluation of Computational and Experimental Analysis of Polyphenol Oxidase from Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is a cash crop of huge economic significance in the world and the key raw material for chocolate manufacturing. Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) are copper containing oxidoreductases that catalyze the hydroxylation and oxidation of phenolic compounds in the presence of molecular oxygen. The PPO presence and activity during fermentation and drying of cocoa beans is responsible for the development of flavor precursors. In this study, bioinformatics analysisof PPO from cocoa was done using standard bioinformatics tools such as Blastp, Hmmer, ClustalO, OMABrowser, EMBOSS and Swissmodel. The result showed that cocoa PPO homologs include Citrus sinensis, Populus euphratica, Gossypium raimondii, Litchi chinensis, Dimocarpuslongan, Canarium album, while the orthologsobtainedinclude Sorghum bicolor, Zea may, Manihot esculenta and Vitis vinifera among others.PPO of Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) was found to be a distant homolog of cocoa PPO, and that this evolutionary relationship implicated Witches’ Broom Disease (WBD). The computed physicochemical properties were in alignment with the experimental results. Keywords: Polyphenol Oxidase, Cocoa, Theobroma cacao L., Computational Analysis, Experimental Analysis.

Protection of Chinese olive fruit extract and its fractions against advanced glycation endproduct-induced oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory factors in cultured vascular endothelial and human monocytic cells

Accumulation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of diabetic complications. In this study, we evaluated the protective activities of water/ethanol (1:1, v/v) extract (WEE) and its fractions from Chinese olive (Canarium album L.) fruit on AGEs-induced endothelial dysfunction. The WEE and its fractions could scavenge free radicals, inhibit AGEs formation and reduce the overgeneration of AGEs-induced ROS in endothelial cells. They also increased AGEs-mediated loss of glutathione level and SOD activity. AGEs stimulated monocyte adhesion, ICAM-1 expression and IκBα phosphorylation, which were inhibited by WEE and its fractions. Furthermore, they reduced AGEs-induced inflammatory cytokines including TNFα, interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 level in monocytes. Nine compounds such as gallic acid, methyl gallate, ethyl gallate, scopoletin, ferulic acid, ellagic acid, and rutin were identified. These findings indicated that Chinese olive fruit attenuated AGEs-mediated endothelial dysfunction by ameliorating inflammation and oxidant stress responses via inhibiting NF-κB pathway.

Optimal forest rotation for carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation by farm income levels

This study aimed to estimate the optimal forest rotation age for tropical plantations of a native tree species, Canarium album (Lour.) under the management of high, medium, and low income groups of farm households of Vietnam. The results suggest that: (i) the optimal rotation age for the low income group is longer than that for the high income group; (ii) low income farmers are more sensitive in terms of the land expectation value to changes in discount rate; (iii) low income farmers gain less if the carbon price increases; and (iv) the carbon payment scheme at the start of a rotation is more financially attractive to forest farmers, but the carbon payment scheme at the end of a rotation is more advantageous in terms of forest biodiversity. These findings lead to potential policy implications for forest management for the provision of multiple ecosystem services in the context of a developing country, demonstrating a tradeoff between forest income and biodiversity conservation. While an increase in carbon prices would benefit forest farmers, we also suggest that these farmers could be compensated for their income losses or rewarded to maintain or increase forest biodiversity. However, relatively greater attention could be paid to compensating low income farmers as they potentially lose more with an increase in discount rate and gain less with an increase in carbon price.

Anti-tyrosinase kinetics and antibacterial process of caffeic acid N-nonyl ester in Chinese Olive (Canarium album) postharvest

Enzymatic browning and bacterial putrefaction are mainly responsible for quality losses of Chinese Olive (Canarium album) postharvest and lead to very short shelf life on average. Screening anti-browning and anti-bacterial agents is important for preservation of Chinese Olive. Caffeic acid N-nonyl ester (C-9) and caffeic acid N- Heptyl ester (C-7) was synthesized as inhibitors of tyrosinase, which is a key enzyme in browning process. The compound of C-9 could inhibit the activity of tyrosinase strongly and its IC50 value was determined to be 37.5μM, while the compound of C-7 had no inhibitory ability. Kinetic analyses showed that compound of C-9 has been a reversible inhibitory mechanism below 50μM and been irreversible mechanisms above 50μM. For the reversible inhibitory mechanism, the values of inhibitory constants (KI and KIS) were determined to be 24.6 and 37.4μM, respectively. The results of Chinese Olive fruit postharvest showed that the compound of C-9 could effectively anti-browning and anti-bacterial putrefaction. In addition, this compound had strong antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella. Therefore, C-9 could be a potential anti-browning and anti-bacterial reagent.

Development and significance of SCAR marker QG12-5 for Canarium album (Lour.) Raeusch by molecular cloning from improved RAPD amplification

Sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) is a valuable molecular marker for the genetic identification of any species. This marker is mainly derived from molecular cloning of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). We have previously reported the use of an improved RAPD technique for the genetic characterization of different samples of Canarium album (Lour.) Raeusch (C. album). In this study, DNA fragments were amplified using improved RAPD amplified from different samples of C. album. The amplified DNA fragment was excised, purified from an agarose gel and cloned into a pGM-T vector; subsequently, a positive clone, called QG12-5 was identified by PCR amplification and enzymatic digestion and sequenced by Sanger di-deoxy sequencing method. This clone was revealed consisting of 510 nucleotides of C. album. The SCAR marker QG12-5 was developed using specifically designed PCR primers and optimized PCR conditions. This SCAR marker expressed seven continuous "TATG" [(TATG)n] tandem repeats, which was found to characterize C. album. Subsequently, this novel SCAR marker was deposited in GenBank with accession No. KT359568. Therefore, we successfully developed a C. album-specific SCAR marker for the identification and authentication of different C. album species in this study.

Optimal Forest Rotation Age for Carbon Sequestration and Biodiversity Conservation by Farm Income Levels

This study aimed to estimate the optimal forest rotation age for tropical plantations of a native tree species, Canarium album (Lour.) under the management of high, medium, and low income groups of farm households of Vietnam. The results suggest that: (i) the optimal rotation age for the low income group is longer than that for the high income group; (ii) low income farmers are more sensitive in terms of the land expectation value to changes in discount rate; (iii) low income farmers gain less if the carbon price increases; and (iv) the carbon payment scheme at the start of a rotation is more financially attractive to forest farmers, but the carbon payment scheme at the end of a rotation is more advantageous in terms of forest biodiversity. These findings lead to potential policy implications for forest management for the provision of multiple ecosystem services in the context of a developing country, demonstrating a trade off between forest income and biodiversity conservation. While an increase in carbon prices would benefit forest farmers, we also suggest that these farmers could be compensated for their income losses or rewarded to maintain or increase forest biodiversity. However, relatively greater attention could be paid to compensating low income farmers as they potentially lose more with an increase in discount rate and gain less with an increase in carbon price.

Antioxidant and antiglycation properties of different solvent extracts from Chinese olive ( Canarium album L.) fruit

To evaluate the antioxidant activity, antiglycation property, and bioactive components content of different solvent extracts from Chinese olive (Canarium album L.) fruit. The dry powder of Chinese olive fruit was extracted with different solvents, i.e., water, water/ethanol (1/1, v/v), ethanol, methanol, acetone and ethyl acetate. The total phenolic, total flavonoids and total triterpenoids contents of various extracts were determined by spectrophotometric methods. Phenolic compounds were identified by high performance liquid chromatography. The assayed antioxidant activity was determined invitro models such as antioxidant capacity by radical scavenging activity using 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl- hydrazyl (DPPH) and nitrite oxide methods, chelating activity on metal ions, lipid and protein peroxidation methods. Invitro glucose-bovine serum albumin assay was used to evaluate the antiglycation of various extracts. The water/ethanol extracts of Chinese olive fruit exerted significant scavenging effects on free radicals and strong inhibitory effects on advanced glycation end products formation. The Chinese olive fruit extracts were rich in phenolic compounds and triterpenoids. Gallic acid, ferulic acid and rutin were identified from the water/ethanol extracts. Correlation analysis indicated that there was a linear relationship between the antioxidant potency, free radical scavenging ability and phenolic compounds content of the Chinese olive fruit extracts. Chinese olive fruit could be a natural candidate for studies of dietary complement to diabetes treatment since it combines antioxidant and antiglycation activities.

Molecular Structural Characteristics of Polysaccharide Fractions from Canarium album (Lour.) Raeusch and Their Antioxidant Activities.

The objective of this study was to investigate the multiple relations between the preliminary molecular structural characteristics and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from Canarium album (Lour.) Raeusch (CPS). Three polysaccharide fractions, CPS1, CPS2, and CPS3, were isolated from CPS by column chromatography. CPS1 and CPS3 were mainly composed of neutral polysaccharides linked by α- and β-glycosidic linkages while CPS2 was pectin polysaccharides mainly linked by β-glycosidic linkages. According to the SEC-MALLS-RI system, the molecular weight of CPS1 was greater compared to CPS2 and CPS3, and the molecular weight and radius of CPS did not display positive correlation. The chain conformation analysis indicated CPS1 and CPS2 were typical highly branched polysaccharides while CPS3 existed as a globular shape in aqueous. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of CPS2 was better than that of CPS3, while that of CPS1 was the weakest. The antioxidant activities of polysaccharide fractions were affected by their monosaccharide composition, glycosidic linkage, molecular weight, and chain conformation. This functional property was a result of a combination of multiple molecular structural factors. CPS2 was the major antioxidant component of CPS and it could be exploited as a valued antioxidant product. The molecular structural characteristics, antioxidant activities, and structure-function relationships of polysaccharide fractions from Canarium album were first investigated in this study. The results provided background and practical knowledge for the deep-processed products of C. album with high added value. CPS2 was the major antioxidant component of CPS, which could be exploited as a valued antioxidant ingredient in food and pharmaceutical industries.

Experimental evidence for an intraspecific Janzen-Connell effect mediated by soil biota.

The negative effect of soil pathogens on seedling survival varies considerably among conspecific individuals, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. For variation between heterospecifics, a common explanation is the Janzen-Connell effect: negative density dependence in survival due to specialized pathogens aggregating on common hosts. We test whether an intraspecific Janzen-Connell effect exists, i.e., whether the survival chances of one population's seedlings surrounded by a different conspecific population increase with genetic difference, spatial distance, and trait dissimilarity between them. In a shade-house experiment, we grew seedlings of five populations of each of two subtropical tree species (Castanopsis fissa and Canarium album) for which we measured genetic distance using intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis and eight common traits/characters, and we treated them with soil material or soil biota filtrate collected from different populations. We found that the relative survival rate increased with increasing dissimilarity measured by spatial distance, genetic distance, and trait differences between the seedling and the population around which the soil was collected. This effect disappeared after soil sterilization. Our results provide evidence that genetic variation, trait similarity, and spatial distance can explain intraspecific variation in plant-soil biotic interactions and suggest that limiting similarity also occurs at the intraspecific level.

An economic analysis of reforestation with a native tree species: the case of Vietnamese farmers

The area of degraded forests in Vietnam is substantial, currently about 3.1 million ha of which about 1.7 million ha (55 %) were granted to individual farms for reforestation. However, the result of farmers’ reforestation efforts is limited. We aimed to examine the financial return, technical efficiency, and factors determining reforestation with a native tree species (Canarium album) by farms. Our results showed that reforestation with C. album is less financially profitable than that with an exotic tree species (Acacia mangium) as the alternative land use option. The subsidy from the government is found insufficient to compensate for the income losses of farmers participating in reforestation with the native tree species. Reforestation with C. album could be more successful if participating farmers were equipped to be more technically efficient. Finally, our findings clearly showed that the security of forest land property rights and the provision of forest extension services are among the determinants of participation in, and the subsequent success of reforestation with C. album.

Improved RAPD Analysis of Canarium album (Lour.) Raeusch from Sichuan Province along Yangtze River in China

Improved RAPD Analysis of Canarium album (Lour.) Raeusch from Sichuan Province along Yangtze River in China