Cananga Oil Research Articles

Cananga oil inhibits Salmonella infection by mediating the homeostasis of purine metabolism and the TCA cycle

Ethnopharmacology relevanceCananga oil (CO) is derived from the flowers of the traditional medicinal plant, the ylang-ylang tree. As a traditional antidepressant, CO is commonly utilized in the treatment of various mental disorders including depression, anxiety, and autism. It is also recognized as an efficient antibacterial insecticide, and has been traditionally utilized to combat malaria and acute inflammatory responses resulting from bacterial infections both in vitro and in vivo. Aim of the studyThe objective of this study is to comprehensively investigate the anti-Salmonella activity and mechanism of CO both in vitro and in vivo, with the expectation of providing feasible strategies for exploring new antimicrobial strategies and developing novel drugs. MethodsThe in vitro antibacterial activity of CO was comprehensively analyzed by measuring MIC, MBC, growth curve, time-killing curve, surface motility, biofilm, and Live/dead bacterial staining. The analysis of the chemistry and active ingredients of CO was conducted using GC-MS. To examine the influence of CO on the membrane homeostasis of Salmonella, we conducted utilizing diverse techniques, including ANS, PI, NPN, ONPG, BCECF-AM, DiSC3(5), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. In addition, the antibacterial mechanism of CO was analyzed and validated through metabolomics analysis. Finally, a mouse infection model of Salmonella typhimurium was established to evaluate the toxic side effects and therapeutic effects of CO. ResultsThe antibacterial effect of CO is the result of the combined action of the main chemical components within its six (palmitic acid, α-linolenic acid, stearic acid, benzyl benzoate, benzyl acetate, and myristic acid). Furthermore, CO disrupts the balance of purine metabolism and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) in Salmonella, interfering with redox processes. This leads to energy metabolic disorders and oxidative stress damage within the bacteria, resulting in bacterial shock, enhanced membrane damage, and ultimately bacterial death. It is worth emphasizing that CO exerts an effective protective influence on Salmonella infection in vivo within a non-toxic concentration range. ConclusionThe outcomes indicate that CO displays remarkable anti-Salmonella activity both in vitro and in vivo. It triggers bacterial death by disrupting the balance of purine metabolism and the TCA cycle, interfering with the redox process, making it a promising anti-Salmonella medication.

Antioxidant and Sunscreen Activities of Cananga Oil and Its Formulation Test as A Facial Spray

Antioxidant and Sunscreen Activities of Cananga Oil and Its Formulation Test as A Facial Spray

Respon Pertumbuhan Stek Pucuk Kenanga (Cananga odorata) terhadap Pemberian Media Tanam dan Zat Pengatur Tumbuh

Essential oil which is contained on most trees is one of the promising Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) that need to be explored and developed further, for the oil is relatively safe and stores major benefits for local people. There are around 9 -12 types of essential oil that is being developed and one of them is cananga oil, which is available through distillation process of the flowers. The research aims to investigate the ability of cananga to be propagated trough shoot cuttings method, to discover the effects of growing media and plant growth regulators toward the shoot cuttings’ growth and to determine the suitable growth media and plant growth regulators for the cuttings’ development. The collected data were survival rate in percentage, root growth in percentage, height growth, numbers of developed leaf, numbers of developed primary and secondary roots, and also the length of primary roots. The addition of plant growth regulators gave a significant effect toward survival rate (in percentage), height growth and the numbers of developed leaf of the species whereas the addition of growing media and the interaction between the treatments did not give significant effect on the observed traits. All type of media options could be used for cananga shoot cuttings method and the best growth regulator identified in live percentage parameters, high growth and number of leaves on cananga shoot cutting is Rotoone-F. However, in case of rooting, the best growth regulator is found in addition of Rapid root.
 Keywords: Cuttings, Cananga, Media, Plant Gowth Regulator

Perfumes and associated allergens: A brief review

A perfume (Latin, perfumare for smoke through) is essentially a cosmetic product to be used on the human body for its pleasing scent to mask body odor and have a feeling of freshness. A perfume is composed of fragrances which are aromatic compounds and essential oils, and solvents and fixatives. These fragrances are chemicals or are derived mostly from botanical sources. A perfume that usually consists of a few to hundreds of fragrance materials remains a major source of contact allergy from them. Everyone comes in contact with fragrance materials in daily life either directly from the application of a product to the skin, mostly cosmetics, or occasionally after contact with fragrance-containing household or other personal care products. Cosmetics and personal care products such as personal perfume(s), deodorant, aftershave lotion/gel, eau de cologne, and eau de toilette with the highest ever concentrations of fragrances remain the major source of contact sensitivity from fragrances. The adverse effects associated with the use of perfumes are both allergic and irritant contact dermatitis, pigmented contact dermatitis, phototoxicity and photoallergy, and contact urticaria. Systemic toxicity may also occur following inhalation and ingestion of fragrance(s) causing respiratory illness, headache, and attacks of migraine. However, allergic contact dermatitis and pigmented contact dermatitis remain by far the commonest cutaneous adverse effects. Colophony, Myroxylon pereirae, lanolin, formaldehyde, vanillin, musk mix, rose oil, cetostearyl alcohol, and more than 160 fragrances, both single and complex mixtures of chemicals (methyl ionones), or essential oils (Evernia furfuracea (treemoss) extract, E. prunastri (oakmoss) extract, Ferula galbaniflua gum, Narcissus poeticus flower extract, and Viola odorata leaf extract) have caused cosmetic contact sensitivity in most instances. Ylang-ylang oil, jasmine absolute, Cananga oil, benzyl salicylate, hydroxyl citronellal, sandalwood, and geraniol are common fragrances to cause pigmentary changes. This review highlights the composition of perfumes and constituent fragrances identified commonly as allergens. A brief insight is also provided for the diagnosis of allergic contact sensitivity from fragrances and present safety regulatory status.

Formulasi Krim Anti-Aging Pada Kulit Daerah Tropis Berbasis Ekstrak Daun Kelor, Minyak Kenanga Dan Minyak Lemon Sebagai Bioaktif

Loss of moisture in the skin and exposure to high UV rays can cause dry, thin, inelastic skin and wrinkles. Proper anti-aging cream can reduce and prevent skin damage. Moringa leaf extract and cananga oil have specific bioactive properties such as antioxidants and antibacterials. Meanwhile, lemon oil is high in vitamin C and can improve the collagen structure in the skin. To produce anti-aging cream, essential oils as active ingredients are added with various compositions and then formulated and on the skin of the dorsal hand. The results showed that the cream produced was homogeneous but still required the addition of an emulsifier. The cream also meets SNI in terms of pH. The creams in formulas 7 and 9 provide significant results in reducing the level of aging. In this study, it needs to take a longer time to determine the stability of the cream.

Formulation and activity test of extract seaweed lip balm (sargassum binderi) and oil kenanga ( cananga oil ) as lip moisturizer

Cosmetics are preparations or combination of ingredients that ready to be used on the outside of body such as epidermis, hair, nails, lips, teeth and oral cavity. It has a function to clean, increase the attractiveness, change the appearance and protect it to keep the condition in a good state, improve body odor but not intended to cure a disease. The extraction method used to obtain seaweed extract is the maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent. The test method for hydration test uses TEWL within the Derma lab combo tool. Meanwhile, the hedonic test used 20 panelists to determine the level of suitability in lip balm preparations. This Research is about formulation and activity test of seaweed extract (Sargassum binderi) and sunflower oil kenaga (Cananga oil) as lip moisturizer. The purpose of this study was to utilize natural ingredients and determine the evaluation of lipbalm from seaweed and cananga flower oil which has a function to increase the moisture level of lip. The formulation of lipbalm was made by three concentrations, formulation 1, formulation 2 and formulation 3. Evaluation was done to test the skin irritation, skin hydration and hedonic test. The method of skin hydration helps to enhancer and moisture the skin by TEWL (transepodermal water loss) tool of derma lab combo. The result of this research showed that all the formulas does not irritate the skin, moisturize and preferred by the panelists. In the third formula, it has a result to increase the humidity of skin within the high significant differences among the three formulas.

A Profit Analysis of Indonesia’s Cananga Essential Oil Production Using System Dynamics

Cananga essential oil is a type of oil extracted by distillation from freshly-picked cananga flowers. Cananga oil is of a high economic value for its use as fragrances and flavors. In Indonesia, cananga essential oil is majorly produced by small and medium distillers. The most prominent barrier to cananga essential oil production in Indonesia is the fluctuation in its price. This price fluctuation is responsible for the decrease in profits earned by distillers. The aim of this research was to develop a system dynamics model to maximize profits in the cananga essential oil production in Indonesia. A system dynamics approach was employed to figure out the effect of some variables on cananga essential oil production in relation to profits and the interaction of such variables with each other. The scenarios examined in this system dynamics model include to increase the number of distillers, to decrease the fuel expenses, and a combination of both. This research assumed that a change in parameter will be able to increase profits from the cananga essential oil production in Indonesia over the next five years. The results show that increasing the number of distillers and decreasing the fuel expenses have been able to increase cananga essential oil production average by 20% and profits by 62%.

Działanie olejku ylangowego (Cananga oil) wobec grzybów drożdżopodobnych

Introduction. Several herbs produce substances with medicinal properties. They show antioxidant, antiinflammatory and antimicrobial activity. Cananga odorata Hook (Annonaceae family) is found in the Philippines, Madagascar island, Sumatra, in Jemen and Australia. It is fast growing, evergreen tree, that reaches up to 20 m. Essential oil produced of flowers is used in medicine. The chemical composition of the Cananga oil is as follows: geraniol, linalool, methyl salicylate, α-terpineol, eugenol, α- and β-caryophyllene, farnesen, δ-cadinene, γ-kadinene, geranyl acetate, methyl p-cresyl ether, p-cresol, neridol, α-pinene, carbohydrates, saponins, tanins, flavonoids, amino acids and coumarins. It possess different therapeutic properties. Aim. The aim of the study was evaluation of antifungal activity of Cananga oil. Material and methods. The strains of fungi were isolated from oral cavity. They were from the following genera: Candida albicans (10 strains), C. glabrata (4), C. guilliermondii (2), C. kefyr (2), C. krusei (4), C. lusitaniae (2), C. parapsilosis (3), C. tropicalis (5) and C. utilis (2). Furthermore 9 reference strains C. albicans ATCC 10231, C. glabrata ATCC 66032, C. guilliermondii ATCC 6260, C. kefyr ATCC 4130, C. krusei ATCC 14249, C. lusitaniae ATCC 34499, C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019, C. tropicalis ATCC 750 and C. utilis ATCC 9958 were tested. The sensitivity (MIC) of the yeast to Cananga oil (Semifarm) was determined by method of plate dilution technique in Sabouraud’s agar. First the essential oil was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, Serva) and then in sterile distilled water. The oil concentrations were: 15.0, 10.0, 7.5, 5.0, 2.5 and 1.2 mg/ml. The inoculum containing 105 microorganisms per drop (CFU) was applied with Steers replicator on agar with or without oil (strains growth control). Incubation of the agar plates was carried out under aerobic conditions at 37°C for 12-48 hrs. The MIC was defined as the lowest concentration of the Cananga oil inhibited the growth of the tested strains of yeast-like fungi. Results. The results show, that the growth of 97% of the tested strains of yeast-like fungi was inhibited in the concentration range 1.0-10.0 mg/ml. The strains of C. albicans and C. glabrata were susceptible in range 2.5-5.0 mg/ml. The oil shoved activity against C. guilliermondii and C. utilis strains at a concentration of 5.0 mg/ml. Only 1 strain of C. parapsilosis and 1 strain of C. tropicalis were susceptible at 1.2 mg/ml. However, the oil shoved the lowest activity against C. krusei strains. The MIC values of Cananga oil ranged from 10.0 to 15.0 mg/ml. Conclusions. Most of the estimated strains from Candida genus were susceptible to low concentration of Cananga oil. The oil in low concentrations inhibited the grows of C. albicans strains. The C. krusei strains were the least sensitive to Cananga oil.

Essential Oil Extraction of Cananga odorata Flowers using Hydrodistillation and Steam-Water Distillation Processes

This paper discussed about the effect of distillation processes in the extraction of cananga essential oil from Cananga odorata.In this research, cananga oils were extracted by steam-water distillation and hydrodistillation processes. The equipment used in this current research is a distillation home scale set-up plant which further will be applied on cananga local farmer in Sukorambi region, Jember district. Therefore, preliminary optimization process for this distillation equipment was required. The distillation batch (retort) contained 2 kg of cananga flowers and 20 L of water. Based on research result, the distillation equipment could run hydrodistillation process for 3 hours, while in steam-water distillation set-up could only run for 2 hours. The volume of water in distillation batch was a limiting factor in both processes. In general, the yield of essential oil was increase along the longer of distillation time that have been applied. However, the result showed that essential oil from hydrodistillation for 1 hour had the best quality compared to other distillation conditions, in terms of its volatile compound contents. Oxygenated hydrocarbons content in cananga oil from 1 hour hydrodistillation process (56.5%) was highest compared to 2 and 3 hour hydrodistillation (35.48% and 22.36%, respectively), and even to essential oil from steam-water distillation process (43.25%). Generally, extra grade cananga oil was markedly by the high content of esters, and linalool, but low in β-caryophyllene content. These characteristics could be found in cananga oil obatined from hydrodistillation process for 1 hour which contained major volatile compounds, i.e. geranyl acetate (16.58%), benzyl benzoate (13.38%), β-caryophyllene (16.35%), germacrene D (15.3%), and farnesol (9.54%). However, linalool was only found in cananga oil from steam-water distillation. Therefore the current distillation condition, hydrodistillation for 1 hour, would be applied in distillation of cananga oil at Jember local community.

Isolasi dan Identifikasi Snyawa Geraniol dari Minyak Atsiri Tanaman Sereh Wangi Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle

Latar Belakang : Indonesia merupakan negara penghasil utama beberapa minyak atsiri seperti minyak sereh, minyak cengkeh, minyak kenanga, minyak akar wangi, minyak cendana, dan minyak nilam. Genus Cymbopogon (Poaceae) memiliki komponen minyak esensial yang paling penting yaitu citral, geraniol, sitronelol, sitronelal. Geraniol adalah salah satu senyawa kimia yang paling penting dalam industri aroma, wewangian, menunjukkan sifat insektisida dan penolak serangga alami yang menunjukkan toksisitas rendah serta kelas baru agen kemoprevensi untuk kanker, antimikroba, antioksidan, antiinflamasi, beberapa efek vaskular, penambah penetrasi penghantaran obat transdermal.
 Objektif : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan senyawa geraniol yang diperoleh dari Cymbopogon nardus (L.)Rendle dan identifikasinya.
 Metodologi : Minyak atsiri sereh wangi diperoleh dari tanaman Cymbopogon nardus (L) Rendle dengan menggunakan metode destilasi uap-air, lalu dilakukan proses fraksinasi dan dilanjutkan proses isolasi dan pemurnian dengan kromatografi kolom dan diperoleh senyawa murni dari fraksi 5.
 Hasil: Berdasarkan interpretasi data IR, Resonansi magnet Inti (RMI proton dan karbon) dan spektra massa (GC-MS) untuk isolate dari fraksi 5 ditetapkan sebagai senyawa geraniol.
 Kesimpulan: Geraniol dari minyak atsiri tanaman sereh wangi Cymbopogon nardus (L) Rendle dapat diperoleh dengan metode destilasi uap-air, fraksinasi dan isolasi.

Diversifikasi Minyak Kenanga Melalui Penyulingan Uap Terfraksinasi.

An attempt to diversify Java Cananga Oil (Canangium odoratum Bail) into several grades like Ylang-ylang oil (Canangium odoratum genuina) to gain a better price in the world market had been conducted. In this experiment the distillation of cananga oil was divided into six fractions, each fraction four hours, namely the first four hours fraction, the second four hours and so on up to six fractions of four hours distillation. Each fraction was collected and analyzed for its ester value and its refractive indices. From the experiment it was found that the first fraction has the highest ester value namely 61. 68, the 2nd fraction to the 6 st fraction were 45.81; 38.02; 26.92 and 26.01 respectively. From the result it was found that the first fraction has the highest ester value (61. 68), which is within the range of ylang-ylang oil grade 3. Base on the results above Java Cananga Oil might be grouped into four grades, namely the Super cananga oil has minimum 60 ester value, grade 1 has 45 to 60, grade 2 has 35 to 45 and grade 3 has 20 to 35.

Kumkum-induced allergic contact dermatitis: Are we missing the actual culprit?

Kumkum, made with turmeric and slaked lime along with colour enhancing dyes is known to cause allergic contact dermatitis. The possible contact allergens in kumkum include turmeric, Sudan-1, 4-aminoazobenzene, brilliant lake red R and cananga oil. We report patch test results among patients with suspected contact hypersensitivity to kumkum. To identify the allergen causing kumkum induced allergic contact dermatitis by patch testing and to advise patients about organic kumkum which doesnot contain colour enhancing dyes. Eighteen patients with suspected contact hypersensitivity to kumkum were patch tested with undiluted kumkum, undiluted turmeric, Sudan-1 (95%), 4-aminoazobenzene and allergens of the Indian Standard Series. Of the 18 patients, 14 patients had patch test positivity to kumkum and 4 had a negative reaction to kumkum. Patch test with other suspected contact allergens showed positive reaction to turmeric in 4 patients, Sudan-1 in 3 patients and 4-aminoazobenzene in 2 patients. Among the allergens of the Indian Standard Series, positivity to nickel and fragrance mix was seen in 5 and 2 patients respectively. Positive reaction to PPD, chlorocresol and parthenium was seen in 1 patient each. Small sample size. Allergic contact dermatitis to kumkum occurs both due to the dyes (added for enhancing the colour) and turmeric. All patients with suspected allergic contact dermatitis should be patch tested with kumkum, turmeric and dyes, based on which alternative non-allergic material could be advised. Kumkum dermatitis can also occur due to various other allergens, for which too patch testing should be done.

Distillation Assisted by Microwave for Extracting Essential Oil from Java Cananga Flowers

Cananga oil is one type of essential oil that called etheric oil or light oil. To increase the production of canangaoil, it is need to improve distillation methods and operating conditions, so that extraction process can producecananga oil more efficient. The aims of this research are to study several factors that influence the distillationmethods assisted by microwave, i.e.: flowers conditions, extraction time, mass of material, and microwave power.The experiment was conducted in a round bottom flask distiller that was placed inside a microwave oven andequipped with a Liebig condenser. The operating variables are: flowers conditions (fresh, wilted, chopped). Thecontent of distiller (100, 150, 200 gr). The results of this research shows that the yield of fresh flowers (0.6251 -1.1965%) were higher than wilted flowers (0.5391 - 1.0755%). The mass ratio of material by volume ofdistillation flask influences on yield obtained. The denser of material, the less of oil yield be obtained. The oilyield increase with time extraction, microwave power and temperature. The distillation assisted by microwave ismore efficient than conventional distillation, because we can increase the oil yield with shorter extraction time.The quality of cananga oil obtained by distillation assisted by microwave is conforming to quality standard ofIndonesian (SNI) and Essential Oil Association (EOA).

Botanical dermatitis

Cosmetic products increasingly contain numerous preparations derived from the roots, stems, flowers, etc. of plants. These botanical ingredients are frequently used for “cosmaceutical” purposes. Although widely perceived by the public as “safer” than synthetic ingredients, Corazza, et al. (J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2009; 23: 1298) concluded that botanical preparations were a potential source of adverse skin events, and that lack of adequate patch testing in cases of suspected contact allergic dermatitis, incomplete or misleading product labelling, and the risk of chemical adulteration may represent further concerns for botanicals. Simpson, et al. (Dermatitis 2004; 15: 67) proposed the following screening allergens for suspected botanical dermatitis: tea tree oil, lichen acid mix, geranium oil, spearmint oil, dandelion, neroli oil, and lavender, sandalwood oil, cananga oil, rose oil, ylang-ylang oil, and compositae mix. However, my experience, and that of others, has been that these allergens miss a significant number of cutaneous botanical reactions. When the suspicion of plant-derived dermatitis exists, one can patch test “leave on” cosmetic products as is; but, for “rinse offs”, testing is typically performed at aqueous dilutions of 1:2, 1:10 and 1:20; and, for “rinse offs” allergic responses need to be carefully differentiated from irritant. One can also patch test with as wide an array of commercially available fragrance and plant allergens as possible; however, if patch tests are negative, botanical contact dermatitis cannot de facto be ruled out. When in doubt, use testing (ROAT) with “leave-ons” as is and “wash-offs” in an aqueous dilution (1:10) can be performed. As a last resort, the elimination of fragrances and plant-derived ingredients from personal care products and supplements may be considered.

Aplikasi Berbagai Bahan Asal Hormon Alami terhadap Penyetekan Kenanga

Cananga flowers can be taken cananga oil and ornamental flowers. Cananga can be reproduced generatively. Vegetative propagation is still difficult, both with cuttings, grafts, grafting and tissue culture. Plant propagation by cuttings, a problem that is often faced is the difficulty of cuttings in forming roots, to overcome this problem can be used to grow stimulants that can stimulate rooting cuttings. Hormones are growth stimulants which naturally occur in plants both in leaves and fruit, one of which is in coconuts. The purpose of this study was (i) to determine the effect of various natural hormone ingredients on the growth of cananga cuttings, and (ii) to obtain the best natural hormone ingredients that influence the growth of cananga cuttings. This research was carried out on STIPER Amuntai land and greenhouses from July to August 2012. This experiment used a single randomized block design (RBD), grouping based on plant sires. The factors studied were various natural hormone ingredients (H), consisting of 4 levels, namely: h1 = old coconut water, h2 = young coconut water, h3 = red onion and h4 = cow urine. Each treatment consisted of 4 treatments and 6 groups, so that there were 24 experimental units. The experimental results show that the application of various natural hormones is not able to increase the growth of cananga cuttings. The best natural hormones are not obtained even though by observation of natural hormones that are able to maintain vigority cuttings better is young coconut water (h2).

Yield and Composition of Indonesian Cananga Oil Obtained by Steam Distillation and Organic Solvent Extraction

Abstract Cananga oil has high economical value because of its utilisation as fragrance and food flavour. In the present work, the oil was isolated by steam distillation and organic solvent extraction from dry mature flowers of Cananga odorata Hook. fil. et Thomson, forma macrophylla. Chloroform and hexane were used as solvents with different polarities. The yield of volatile oil and its grouped compounds (LOC, sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons and HOC) was investigated as a function of time. LOC consists of oxygenated monoterpenes and other light oxygenated compounds whereas HOC comprises oxygenated sesquiterpenes and other heavy oxygenated compounds. The oil yields of 5.1, 3.8 and 2.5 % dry matter were obtained with chloroform (8 h), hexane (8 h) and steam distillation (16 h), respectively. The isolation rate was described by a first-order kinetics equation. The rate was lowest with steam distillation, intermediate with hexane extraction and best with chloroform extraction. The oil composition was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The steam-distilled oil and chloroform oil had a similar composition, with a high content of oxygenated compounds (61.7% and 58.3%), while hexane oil was rich in sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons (66.5%).

Diversifikasi Minyak Kenanga Melalui Penyulingan Uap Terfraksinasi.

An attempt to diversify Java Cananga Oil (Canangium odoratum Bail) into several grades like Ylang-ylang oil (Canangium odoratum genuina) to gain a better price in the world market had been conducted. In this experiment the distillation of cananga oil was divided into six fractions, each fraction four hours, namely the first four hours fraction, the second four hours and so on up to six fractions of four hours distillation. Each fraction was collected and analyzed for its ester value and its refractive indices. From the experiment it was found that the first fraction has the highest ester value namely 61. 68, the 2nd fraction to the 6 st fraction were 45.81; 38.02; 26.92 and 26.01 respectively. From the result it was found that the first fraction has the highest ester value (61. 68), which is within the range of ylang-ylang oil grade 3. Base on the results above Java Cananga Oil might be grouped into four grades, namely the Super cananga oil has minimum 60 ester value, grade 1 has 45 to 60, grade 2 has 35 to 45 and grade 3 has 20 to 35.

Isolation of Indonesian cananga oil using multi-cycle pressure drop process

New process, instantaneous controlled pressure drop (DIC) was applied on Cananga odorata dry flowers with the aim to isolate essential oil. DIC is based on high temperature, short time heating followed by an abrupt pressure drop into a vacuum. A part of volatile compounds is carried away from flowers in the form of vapor ( DIC direct oil) that evolves adiabatically during the pressure drop ( proper isolation process) and the other part remains in the DIC-treated flowers ( DIC residual oil). In the present paper, the effect of DIC cycle number (1–9) and heating time (4.3–15.7 min) on the availability of oil compounds was investigated at three levels of steam pressure (0.28, 0.4 and 0.6 MPa). The availability was defined as the amount of a compound in direct or residual oil divided by the amount of this compound in the reference oil extracted from non-treated flowers by chloroform during 2 h. The total availability and yield of volatiles in the direct oil increased with pressure and cycle number. At a higher pressure, the effect of heating time was insignificant. The amount of oxygenated monoterpenes and other light oxygenated compounds (i.e. predominantly exogenous compounds) in the residual flowers was lower than in the direct oil and this amount decreased with cycle number. On the other hand, the availability of oxygenated sesquiterpenes and other heavy oxygenated compounds (i.e. predominantly endogenous compounds) in residual flowers exhibited a maximum for about five cycles and their quantity at this point was three times as much as in the direct oil. The total availability of each compound at 0.6 MPa was higher than one. The rapid DIC process (0.6 MPa, 8 cycles, 6 min) gave better results than steam distillation (16 h) concerning direct oil yield (2.8% dm versus 2.5% dm) and content of oxygenated compounds (72.5% versus 61.7%).

Isolation of Indonesian Cananga Oil by Instantaneous Controlled Pressure Drop

The isolation of cananga oil by a new process, Instantaneous Controlled Pressure Drop (DIC), was investigated. This process consists in heating the dry cananga (Cananga odorata Hook. fil. et Thomson, forma macrophylla) flowers for a short time period by steam, followed by an abrupt pressure drop into a vacuum (about 5 kPa). This pressure drop provokes auto-vaporization of the volatile compounds, puffing of flowers, breaking of cell walls and cooling. The effect of the process parameters, namely number of DIC cycles (1–9), saturated steam pressure (0.2–0.6 MPa), and heating time (0.5–20 min) on the oil yield and oil composition was examined. The results indicated a significant increase of oil yield with increasing processing pressure and number of DIC cycles, however the total heating time was not a significant parameter. The DIC oil was compared with the oil obtained using steam distillation (SD). DIC exhibited better results than SD concerning rapidity (4 min versus 24 h), oil yield (2.74% versus 2.60%) and also oil quality.

Effect of pressure-drop rate on the isolation of cananga oil using instantaneous controlled pressure-drop process

The isolation of Indonesian cananga oil was carried out by a new process, instantaneous controlled pressure drop (DIC). Dry cananga flowers ( Cananga odorata Hook. fil. et Thomson , forma macrophylla) were exposed for a short time to saturated steam and then the pressure was abruptly decreased to a vacuum level (about 5 kPa). This abrupt pressure drop provokes auto-vaporization of the superheated volatile compounds, expansion and breaking of the cell walls and instantaneous cooling. In this study, the effects of two parameters of DIC process namely pressure-drop rate and flowers moisture content on the yield of essential oil and its grouped compounds such as oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons, oxygenated sesquiterpenes and other light and heavy oxygenated compounds were studied. The oil composition was analyzed by GC coupled with MS. The availability of the volatile compounds in the residual flowers was analyzed using organic solvent extraction. The quantity of compounds obtained by DIC treatment increased with pressure-drop rate. At a rate of 1.43 MPa/s the total amount of compounds in the direct and residual oils was greater than in the reference oil obtained by chloroform extraction (2 h) from untreated flowers. The hydration of dry cananga flowers had no effect on the essential oil yield.