Canadian Models Research Articles

Criminal Justice Models: Canadian Experience in European and Islamic Comparative Perspective

This paper examines Canadian models of criminal justice in a European and Islamic comparative perspective. The traditional model of Canadian criminal justice is a state centred adversarial one intended to punish, deter and/or rehabilitate offenders who are accorded formal due process protections embedded in a liberal constitutional and procedural rights. This model has been transformed recently into an ambiguously tripartite adversarial model through an overlay of victims’ rights at all stages. However, Canadian law also recognizes alternative processes through various forms of problem solving courts and sometimes comprehensive restorative justice approaches, the latter rooted in relational notions of rights. Meanwhile, criminal models in Europe have been evolving as well. The British common law model of criminal justice has arguably been transformed by statute into a state-centred managerial approach which has shifted the balance from due process toward crime control in a somewhat continental manner, while tolerating restorative justice experimentation at its periphery. On continental Europe, traditional judge-centered investigatory/accusatorial models have been the subject of adversarial due process reforms in differing ways, while “penal mediation” has been introduced to enhance victim satisfaction beyond historically available civil party recovery procedures. In the Muslim world, there has been a revival of Shar’iah law to varying degrees in many states, centered upon Islamic jurisprudential sources based on the Qu’ran, and Sunnah or Hadith, and reasoning through qiyas (analogy) to achieve consensus (ijma) in relation to the three traditional forms of Islamic offences with their distinct procedural characteristics. The victim-centred nature of flexible aspects of Islamic criminal law has led some to characterize Shar’iah as being suffused with restorative justice principles, despite widespread views to the contrary. Examination of the differences and similarities among these various models of criminal justice from “pure” and “applied” perspectives, leads to reflection on the capacity for criminal justice systems to evolve and change, and to tolerate significant levels of internal diversity, while demonstrating a wide range of potential forms for the instantiation of plausibly common values.

A transnational history of radio listening groups II: Canada, Australia and the world

The article offers a comparative and transnational history of the organised radio listening group in Canada and Australia, from the 1930s to the 1960s. It compares this history to the earlier development of listening group practice in the UK and US, and examines the export from the 1950s of the Canadian and Australian models of listening group organisation to the developing world. As in the UK and US, listening groups in Canada and Australia were supposed to help combat broadcast propaganda, to encourage a more tolerant and worldly perspective in listeners and to foster skills in articulating and defending personal opinions on public affairs. In addition, however, the Canadian and Australian versions encouraged listener citizens to practice the skills of making collective decisions and undertaking practical projects of community improvement. The metropolitan radio histories of the UK and US have often dominated the field, but in this case the view from Canada and Australia generates a different chronology and different interpretive understanding of the history of the radio listening group.

Forecast Comparison Based on Random Walks

AbstractThis paper proposes a procedure based on random walks for testing and visualizing differences in forecast skill. The test is formally equivalent to the sign test and has numerous attractive statistical properties, including being independent of distributional assumptions about the forecast errors and being applicable to a wide class of measures of forecast quality. While the test is best suited for independent outcomes, it provides useful information even when serial correlation exists. The procedure is applied to deterministic ENSO forecasts from the North American Multimodel Ensemble and yields several revealing results, including 1) the Canadian models are the most skillful dynamical models, even when compared to the multimodel mean; 2) a regression model is significantly more skillful than all but one dynamical model (to which it is equally skillful); and 3) in some cases, there are significant differences in skill between ensemble members from the same model, potentially reflecting differences in initialization. The method requires only a few years of data to detect significant differences in the skill of models with known errors/biases, suggesting that the procedure may be useful for model development and monitoring of real-time forecasts.

Spiritual Organization: A Path to Organizational Sustainable Excellence

In searching for quality and competitiveness, a steadily increasing number of governments and businesses have adopted excellence and national quality awards frameworks. Most of these were based on the American, European, Canadian or Japanese models. Organizational excellence is at crossroads today. Performance management systems and business excellence models and frameworks have given little to no consideration for social, environmental, human and ethical dimensions of organizational performance. Moreover, organizations have been confronting many unsurmountable challenges, changes and pressures that make it very necessary to look for an organizational excellence alternative, namely spiritual organization. This paper provides a framework for building spirituality-based organization that can harvest sustained excellence.

Climate and host plant availability impact the future distribution of the bean leaf beetle (Cerotoma trifurcata)

The bean leaf beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata, has become a major pest of soybean throughout its North American range. With a changing climate, there is the potential for this pest to further expand its distribution and become an increasingly severe pest in certain regions. To examine this possibility, we developed bioclimatic envelope models for both the bean leaf beetle, and its most important agronomic host plant, soybean (Glycine max). These two models were combined to examine the potential future pest status of the beetle using climate change projections from multiple general circulation models (GCMs) and climate change scenarios. Despite the broad tolerances of soybean, incorporation of host plant availability substantially decreased the suitable and favourable areas for the bean leaf beetle as compared to an evaluation based solely on the climate envelope of the beetle, demonstrating the importance of incorporating biotic interactions in these predictions. The use of multiple GCM-scenario combinations also revealed differences in predictions depending on the choice of GCM, with scenario choice having less of an impact. While the Norwegian model predicted little northward expansion of the beetle from its current northern range limit of southern Ontario and overall decreases in suitable and favourable areas over time, the Canadian and Russian models predict that much of Ontario and Quebec will become suitable for the beetle in the future, as well as Manitoba under the Russian model. The Russian model also predicts expansion of the suitable and favourable areas for the beetle over time. Two predictions that do not depend on our choice of GCM include a decrease in suitability of the Mississippi Delta region and continued favourability of the southeastern United States.

Independent migration commissions in Europe: The case of Austria

Austrian migration policy changed from a demand driven guest worker model between the 1960s and 1980s to chain migration, family reunion and refugee migration in the 1990s. Membership to the EU in 1995 was accompanied by economic migra-tion from other EU-member states due to faster-than-average economic growth in Austria. Population ageing and insufficient investment in further education and train-ing led to labour scarcities and migration policy reforms in 2011 and gave employer demand a key role in selecting immigrants under a point-system adapted from the Canadian and Australian models. While many elements of the Austrian system are highly developed, there is insufficient coordination among federal agencies. Austria may look to the coordinator of integration policies as a model for improving the co-ordination of policies to guide skilled labour migration.

Change of Paradigms? A Comparison of Canadian and Spanish Labour Migration Models

In the international immigration debate, the predominance of the temporary migration of low-skilled migrants in Europe has often been contrasted with generous entry avenues for high-skilled migrants in North America and Australia. Recently, however, “classic” admission countries overseas have weakened their admission channels for high-skilled workers, whereas this category of migrants has acquired a new prominence in Europe. The goal of this article is to analyse the impact of these policy changes on the Canadian and Spanish migration regimes, which represent two paradigmatic examples of different labour migration models on the spectrum of international migration policies.

Rethinking Pharmacare in Canada

All developed countries with universal healthcare systems provide universal coverage for prescription drugs – except Canada. Instead, Canadian provinces allocate limited public subsidies for prescriptions drugs, leaving the majority of costs to be financed out-of-pocket and through private insurance. We review three of the main approaches to provincial pharmacare policy – exemplified by British Columbia, Ontario, and Quebec – and compare them with policies in other countries. We find that Canadian models for prescription drug financing have major shortcomings.All provincial systems involve considerable patient charges and multiple payers that are not responsible for financing patients’ medical and hospital care. The costs borne by patients are known to reduce the use of medicines that might otherwise improve patient health and reduce costs elsewhere in the healthcare system. And the involvement of multiple payers adds administrative costs, diminishes purchasing power and creates funding silos that limit the potential for healthcare managers and providers to consider the full benefits and opportunity costs of prescription drugs as an input into the broader healthcare system.The performance of countries with comparable healthcare systems shows that integrating pharmaceuticals into the healthcare system by covering medically necessary prescription drugs at little or no cost to patients would result in improved performance on all key pharmacare policy goals. Countries with such coverage achieve better access to medicines, and greater financial protection for the ill, at significantly lower total cost than any Canadian province achieves. In this Commentary, we suggest that provinces expand public pharmacare programs to all segments of the population with a specific focus on promoting access to medicines of proven value-for-money in our healthcare system. Though the immediate effect of this would be an increase in government spending, this would, over time, be more than offset by savings to patients, employers and individuals who purchase stand-alone private drug coverage.

日本の高校生の英語コミュニケーション行動を予測する心理的過程

This study presents a new model of psychological processes to predict English communication behaviors of Japanese high school students. Various models have been proposed in Japan, based mainly on Canadian models, to predict second-language communication behaviors. This study shows problems with the previous models in Japan and introduces a new model from the perspective of "Expectancy-Value Theory". Questionnaire Survey 1 compared the previous model and the modified models which suggested that a new psychological variable, "Value in English Communication", was necessary to construct the new model. In Survey 2, the new model was further modified by incorporating into it various English learning values which the Japanese have. This study makes a significant contribution to studies and practices of teaching English as a foreign language in Japan.

Professional navigation: A comparative study of two Canadian models

For many cancer control programs, cancer navigation has emerged as a specific strategy to improve access to supportive care and the patients' experience of cancer care. This study contributes to a better understanding of professional navigation by comparing two Canadian models: Quebec's Pivot Nurse in Oncology (PNO) and Nova Scotia's Cancer Patient Navigator (CPN). Qualitative interviews were conducted with professional navigators, patients and family members, front-line staff, physicians and health administrators (interviews: n = 49; focus groups: n = 10). The two models were analyzed using the professional navigation framework (Fillion et al., 2012). Although the models are different, results show that professional navigators in both programs perform similar functions and face similar challenges. This study highlights the complexity and the value of cancer navigation and recommends relevant actions to optimize its management within the health care system.

Elder Mediation: Promising Approaches and Potential Pitfalls

Elder mediation is a new and growing practice area, which offers great benefit as a dispute resolution method. However, the relevant legal and social issues are very complicated and, unless elder mediators are properly trained they will not be able to ensure the safety and protection of the legal rights of older adult participants. This article provides an overview of best practices and training developed in the elder mediation field to date, and gives examples of Canadian models that demonstrate promising and innovative ways for dealing with elder abuse and capacity issues. The author provides recommendations for further future research and development in the elder mediation field.

Do Long‐Run Theory Restrictions Help in Forecasting?

ABSTRACTDo long‐run equilibrium relations suggested by economic theory help to improve the forecasting performance of a cointegrated vector error correction model (VECM)? In this paper we try to answer this question in the context of a two‐country model developed for the Canadian and US economies. We compare the forecasting performance of the exactly identified cointegrated VECMs to the performance of the over‐identified VECMs with the long‐run theory restrictions imposed. We allow for model uncertainty and conduct this comparison for every possible combination of the cointegration ranks of the Canadian and US models. We show that the over‐identified structural cointegrated models generally outperform the exactly identified models in forecasting Canadian macroeconomic variables. We also show that the pooled forecasts generated from the over‐identified models beat most of the individual exactly identified and over‐identified models as well as the VARs in levels and in differences. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

유역기반 모형을 이용한 기후변화에 따른 낙동강 유역의 하천유량 영향 분석

미래기후에 대한 수환경 평가는 기후자료를 입력 값으로 요구하는 강우-유출모형을 이용하거나 유량 이외에 유사, 영양물질과 같은 수질인자를 동시에 모의할 수 있는 유역모형을 이용하여 평가하는 것이 일반적이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 유역 모형으로 SWAT를 선정하고 낙동강 유역을 대상 유역으로 하여 기후변화로 인한 하천 유량의 영향을 분석하였다. 전지구기후모형(GCM: Global Climate Model)중 비교적 한반도의 기후 특성을 잘 재현하고 있는 호주(CSIRO: Mk3.0, 즉 CSMK) 모형과 캐나다(CCCma: CGCM3-T47, 즉 CT47) 모형의 A2, B1, A1B 시나리오를 SWAT 모형의 입력 자료로 활용하였다. 각 시나리오의 미래의 기온과 강우의 증가율을 분석하고 현재와 미래기후변화 시나리오에 따른 유량과 유량변동성을 연, 계절, 중기간으로 나누어 비교, 분석하였으며, 대부분의 지점에서 기온 및 유량이 증가하였으며 기후변화는 하천 및 호소의 수온상승과 유량변화에 큰 영향을 줄 것으로 예상되기 때문에 향후 본 연구의 결과를 토대로 기후변화에 따른 낙동강 유역의 유출량 증대로 인한 수공 구조물의 치수능력 증대 방안을 세워야 할 것이다. To evaluate influence of the future climate change on water environment, it is necessary to use a rainfall-runoff model, or a basin model allowing us to simultaneously simulate water quality factors such as sediment and nutrient material. Thus, SWAT is selected as a watershed-based model and Nakdong river basin is chosen as a target basin for this study. To apply climate change scenarios as input data to SWAT, Australian model (CSIRO: Mk3.0, CSMK) and Canadian models (CCCma: CGCM3-T47, CT47) of GCMs are used. Each GCMs which have A2, B1, and A1B scenarios effectively represent the climate characteristics of the Korean peninsula. For detecting climate change in Nakdong river basin, precipitation and temperature, increasing rate of these were analyzed in each scenarios. By simulation results, flow and increasing rate of these were analyzed at particular points which are important in the object basin. Flow and variation of flow in the scenarios for present and future climate changes were compared and analyzed by years, seasons, divided into mid terms. In most of the points temperature and flow rate are increased, because climate change is expected to have a significant effect on rising water temperature and flow rate of river and lake, further on the basis of this study result should set enhancing up water control project of hydraulic structures caused by increasing outer discharge of the Nakdong River Basin due to climate change.

Problem-solving courts in Canada: A review and a call for empirically-based evaluation methods

While problem-solving courts may soon become permanent fixtures within the criminal justice system in Canada, little is actually known of their effectiveness in dealing with crime. The current paper will review the fundamental basis for these court models, with special attention on their arrival in Canada. The focus will be on three particular forms of problem-solving courts — mental health court, drug treatment court and community court — due in large part to the availability of literature. Existing evaluations, both process and outcome, of both the Canadian and American models will be discussed and their inadequacies addressed. It is hoped that this article will serve to dispel myths surrounding the ethical application of random assignment when evaluating these court systems. Through the application of experimental methodology, evaluations may finally be able to address the issue of whether these court systems are effective alternatives to the traditional criminal justice stream.

Abstract SS02-04: How much can we afford to pay for new drugs, and how do we make those decisions?

Abstract Cancer and overall medical care costs are rising at an unsustainable rate. At the same time there are a plethora of new cancer drugs with some activity, all coming to market with a cost of $3000-10,000/month, independent of their absolute benefit. And the cost of drugs does not fall when there are competitors. How should patients, payers, physicians and society choose, in the real world of limited resources? We will explore several alternatives including US and Canadian models and the UK NICE (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence) model. Citation Format: Thomas J. Smith. How much can we afford to pay for new drugs, and how do we make those decisions? [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr SS02-04

Un modèle mensuel du secteur financier au Canada

In this article we describe preliminary estimates of a model of the Canadian financial system. At the present time, the model explains the behaviour of the authorities, the chartered banks, the public, and the trust and mortgage loan companies. The variables explained include monetary aggregates, several interest rates, and the major assets of the chartered banks and of the trust and mortgage loan companies. The model differs from existing Canadian models in that we use monthly data rather than quarterly or annual data. We think the shorter observation period permits the econometric estimates to capture the dynamic adjustment processes more accurately. In particular, the mean lags implied by our equations tend to be considerably shorter than those in existing models. Another difference with conventional models is the larger influence given to asset and liability management of the chartered banks in the determination of short-term interest rates. The model is intended primarily for forecasting, and results are presented which indicate its usefulness in that regard.

Translating Canadian Models: International Partnerships and Public Policy Reform in Russia

This article uses the University of Calgary Gorbachev Foundation Public Policy Project (UCGF99) as a case study for exploring the challenges of international participation in promoting reform of the content and context of public policy in postcommunist Russia. Drawing on evidence from a series of interviews with Russian and Canadian participants, it focuses on how cultural and power issues played out in UCGF99’s work. Because public policy stands at the juncture between state and society, public policy reform is an ideal rubric for exploring how values accompany aid and the way that the culture of the receiving society shapes the implementation of that aid. The interviews reveal an inherent tension between the ideal of egalitarian co-operation and the reality that the work done by the partnership was dedicated, ultimately, to the “reform” of one side by the other. They also highlight the extent to which reform is a process of translation: as concepts and international models make the transition to another society, their own cultural specificity becomes apparent, as does the challenge of translating them in a manner meaningful to the society undergoing “transition.” This article focuses on two related questions of translation: how issues of language, culture and power played out in the “consultant” structure of UCGF99 partnerships, and the concrete challenges of transforming Russian political culture using Canadian models.

Confronting the Demise of a Mother Tongue: The Feasibility of Implementing Language Immersion Programs to Reinvigorate the Taiwanese Language

In Taiwan, where Mandarin is the official language, the survival of Taiwanese, the mother tongue of sixty percent of the island’s inhabitants, is threatened. In this article, the authors discuss data from previous and ongoing research on the role of language and the significance of language loss in the quest for a “Taiwanese identity.” Research shows that the dominance of Mandarin over Taiwanese plus the growing support for English in Taiwan are likely indications that current Mandarin/Taiwanese bilingualism is being replaced by Mandarin/English bilingualism. Canadian, Finnish, Basque and Catalonian models of language immersion programs will be proposed as an alternative to Taiwan’s current language policy. The authors argue that such models, when applied to a significant degree in Taiwan’s primary education system, will contribute to strengthening Taiwanese identity, to defending the right of youngsters to receive their education in their Taiwanese mother tongue, and to creating more effective English language training.

Agglomeration and the Geography of Localization Economies in Canada

Baldwin J. R., Beckstead D., Brown W. M. and Rigby D. L. Agglomeration and the geography of localization economies in Canada, Regional Studies. This paper maps the spatial variation in productivity levels across Canadian cities and models the underlying determinants of that variation. There are two main goals. The first is to confirm the existence, the nature and the size of agglomeration economies; and the second to identify the geographical extent of knowledge spillovers using information on the location of individual manufacturing plants. Analysis reveals that the productivity performance of plants is positively influenced by access to buyer–supplier networks, labour market pooling and knowledge spillovers. The effect of knowledge spillovers on productivity extends at most 10 km beyond individual plants. Baldwin J. R., Beckstead D., Brown W. M. et Rigby D. L. S'agglomérer et la géographie des économies de localisation au Canada, Regional Studies. Cet article cherche à tracer la variation géographique des niveaux de productivité à travers les grandes villes au Canada et à modéliser les déterminants sous-jacents de cette variation. Les deux buts principaux sont les suivants. Primo, confirmer la présence, les caractéristiques et l'importance des économies d'agglomération. Secundo, identifier la portée géographique des retombées de connaissance à partir des données sur la localisation des établissements industriels. L'analyse laisse voir que la productivité des établissements est influencée de manière positive par l'accès aux réseaux acheteur / fournisseur, par les bassins d'emploi et par les retombées de connaissance. L'impact des retombées de connaissance sur la productivité s'étend au plus dix kilomètres au-delà des établissements. S'agglomérer Economies de localisation Retombées de connaissance Baldwin J. R., Beckstead D., Brown W. M. und Rigby D. L. Agglomeration und die Geografie von Lokalisierungsökonomien in Kanada, Regional Studies. In diesem Beitrag kartieren wir die räumlichen Schwankungen des Produktivitätsniveaus in verschiedenen kanadischen Städten und modellieren die zugrundeliegenden Determinanten dieser Schwankung. Hiermit werden zwei Hauptziele verfolgt. Erstens möchten wir die Existenz, Beschaffenheit und Größe von Agglomerationswirtschaften untersuchen. Zweitens möchten wir die geografische Ausbreitung von Wissensübertragungen feststellen, wofür wir Informationen über den Standort einzelner Produktionsbetriebe nutzen. Aus der Analyse geht hervor, dass die produktive Leistung von Betrieben von einem Zugang zu Käufer-Lieferanten-Netzwerken, Arbeitsmarktpools und Wissensübertragungen positiv beeinflusst wird. Die Auswirkung der Wissensübertragungen auf die Produktivität erstreckt sich auf einen Umkreis von höchstens zehn Kilometern um die einzelnen Betriebe. Agglomeration Lokalisierungsökonomien Wissensübertragung Baldwin J. R., Beckstead D., Brown W. M. y Rigby D. L. Aglomeración y la geografía de las economías de localización en Canadá, Regional Studies. En este ensayo analizamos la variación espacial en los niveles de productividad en las ciudades canadienses y construimos un modelo de los determinantes subyacentes de esa variación. Tenemos dos objetivos principales. Primero, confirmar la existencia, la naturaleza y el tamaño de las economías de aglomeración. Segundo, identificar la extensión geográfica de los desbordamientos de conocimiento usando información sobre la ubicación de las plantas individuales de manufacturación. Los análisis indican que el acceso a las redes de comprador-proveedor, el conjunto del mercado laboral y los desbordamientos de conocimiento influyen positivamente en el rendimiento de productividad de las plantas. El efecto de los desbordamientos de conocimiento en la productividad abarca como máximo diez kilómetros alrededor de las plantas individuales. Aglomeración Economías de localización Desbordamientos de conocimiento

Education for library and information studies in Canada: a cross‐cultural comparison

PurposeThis paper aims to highlight the unique characteristics and homogeneity of the Canadian accredited programs in library and information studies compared with those programs in the USA.Design/methodology/approachEach year the Association for Library and Information Science (ALISE) collects statistics from accredited graduate programs. By disaggregating the American and Canadian information and limiting the data to the accredited degree program only, comparisons could be drawn between the two data sets. The generalizations and themes were then validated by comparison with the recent history of development of Canadian schools.FindingsThe history of development of Canadian graduate programs and the national context has resulted in programs that are more homogenous than diverse. The programs are housed in public research institutions, with competition for spaces. The students are full‐time, studying a curriculum with more required courses. Faculty have more time for research. Access is an issue. The profession is generally satisfied, but points to inadequacies in education for management and favors more internships.Research limitations/implicationsWhile commenting on developments and trends the report relies primarily on three secondary sources, thus creating a snapshot.Practical implicationsThe separation of Canadian and American models allows for greater attention to national approaches providing a beginning point for discussion, analysis and suggestions for further study.Originality/valueThis paper is based on a presentation to the ALA President's Forum on International Library Education in June, 2006. Both American and Canadian participants demonstrated limited knowledge of the subject and urged publication. No such explication has appeared previously.