Campylobacter Sp Research Articles

Bacterial DNA in synovial fluid cells of patients with juvenile onset spondyloarthropathies.

To identify bacterial DNA in synovial fluid cells of patients with active juvenile onset spondyloarthropathy (SpA). The main group of study constituted 22 patients with juvenile onset SpA. In addition, five patients with adult onset SpA and nine with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were studied. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with either genus- or species-specific primers was performed on synovial fluid cells to detect DNA sequences of Chlamydia trachomatis, Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella sp., Shigella sp., Campylobacter sp. and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The presence of antibacterial antibodies in sera and synovial fluid was also determined by enzyme-linked immunoassay. The synovial fluid of nine patients with juvenile onset SpA, three with adult onset SpA and one with RA contained bacterial DNA. Five juvenile onset SpA samples had DNA of one single bacterium; two juvenile onset SpA and three adult onset SpA had DNA of two bacteria and two juvenile onset SpA had DNA of three bacteria. Overall, Salmonella sp. DNA was detected in seven synovial fluid samples, Shigella sp., Campylobacter sp. and M. tuberculosis were found in four samples each, and C. trachomatis was found in two. The bacterial DNA findings correlated with neither diagnosis nor disease duration. One RA synovial fluid had DNA of Campylobacter sp. Neither serum nor synovial fluid antibacterial antibodies correlated with DNA findings or clinical diagnosis. In this study, single and several combinations of bacterial DNA were identified in the synovial fluid of patients with long-term undifferentiated and definite juvenile onset SpA and adult onset SpA. Of relevance is that bacterial DNA corresponds to bacteria producing endemic disease in our population.

Gastritis and intestinal metaplasia in Syrian hamsters infected with Helicobacter aurati and two other microaerobes.

Chronic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia associated with naturally occurring colonization by Helicobacter aurati and two other microaerobic species were observed in Syrian hamsters. Thirty-five hamsters, between 7 and 12 months of age, were evaluated from two research and three commercial facilities. Microaerobic bacteria were cultured from the hamster stomachs. These bacteria included H. aurati, a fusiform, urease-positive species; a second novel helical, urease-negative Helicobacter sp.; as well as a smaller, urease-negative Campylobacter sp. Southern blot analysis detected Helicobacter spp. DNA in the gastric tissues of all 35 hamsters; 15 hamsters also had Campylobacter sp. DNA in their gastric tissues. When examined by light microscopy, argyrophilic bacteria consistent with H. aurati or the second Helicobacter sp. were present in antral sections of 12 out of the 15 hamsters where bacteria were seen, while 9 out of the 15 hamsters had bacteria resembling the Campylobacter sp. The presence of Helicobacter spp. but not the presence of Campylobacter sp. was significantly correlated to gastritis severity (P < 0.0001 for Helicobacter spp., P = 0.6025 for Campylobacter sp.) and intestinal metaplasia, as measured by numbers of goblet cells (P = 0.0239 for Helicobacter spp., P = 0.5525 for Campylobacter sp.). Severely affected hamsters also had Giardia sp. within their metaplastic gastric pits. Hamsters with naturally occurring helicobacter-associated gastritis provide a model for studying the development of intestinal metaplasia and gastric giardiasis in H. pylori-infected humans.

Antibiotics in food production animals: cause of human health problems?

Whenever antibiotics are used (in people or animals), we know that one of the consequences of their use is that resistance in bacteria can and usually does eventually develop. People become colonised and in some cases ill with bacteria that come across to them via the food chain. These bacteria can be antibiotic resistant. Some of this antibiotic resistance can be to antibiotics that are ’last line’ agents in therapy of life threatening infections in people. The development and spread of these multi-resistant bacteria follows the use of last line (or similar) antibiotics in food production animals. Examples include ciprofloxacin resistant strains of Salmonella sp and Campylobacter sp, as well as the vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE). Hoivever, many of the driving factors for this antibiotic resistance could be substantially reduced or eliminated without compromising the therapy of sick animals. [AIC Aust Infect Control 2000; 5(2):21-23.]

Assessment of intestinal function in cats with chronic diarrhea after infection with feline immunodeficiency virus

Abstract Objective To identify consistent relevant mechanisms of small intestinal dysfunction in cats with experimentally induced feline immunodeficiency virus infection (FIV) that developed chronic diarrhea during the time they were being used in studies of pathogenicity and transmission of FIV. Animals 10 cats. Procedure The following investigative tests and techniques were performed on each of the cats: routine hematologic and serum biochemical analyses; urinalysis; fecal parasitologic and microbiologic examinations; breath hydrogen lactulose (BH2LT) and xylose (BH2XT) tests; intestinal permeability test; endoscopic examination of the intestinal mucosa; bacteriologic culture of endoscopically collected small intestinal juice; and histologic examination of endoscopically obtained intestinal biopsy specimens. Results Neutrophilia was evident in 3 cats, and lymphopenia was detected in 2 cats. Serum biochemical abnormalities were not observed. Urinalysis results were unremarkable. Fecal bacteriologic and parasitologic results were normal, except for isolation of Campylobacter sp from 1 cat. Abnormal BH2XT values suggestive of d-xylose malabsorption were identified in 2 cats, and BH2LT values indicated evidence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in 1 cat. Finally, permeability test results, quantitation of bacterial flora from the proximal part of the small intestine and histologic examination of biopsy specimens did not reveal any abnormalities. Conclusions Enteric pathogens did not account for the development of diarrhea in cats with experimentally induced FIV infection, and consistent relevant mechanisms of small intestinal dysfunction were not identified. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:569–574)

Microbiologically proven bacterial infections in AIDS.

We have reviewed the incidence, type and site of microbiologically proven bacterial infection occurring in 52 patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) who presented to Southmead Hospital, Bristol between...

THE USE OF BACTERIAL MEMBRANE FRACTIONS FOR THE DETECTION OF CAMPYLOBACTER SPECIES IN SHELLFISH

Selected enrichment broths supplemented with the enzyme Oxyrase a membrane‐bound enzyme derived from E. coli were evaluated for recoveries of Campylobacter under normal atmospheric conditions from shellfish. Results indicate that Oxyrase is useful for the recovery of Campylobacter from shellfish. Effect of Oxyrase on growth of Campylobacter were dependent upon physical parameters such as media volume and surface volume area. For example, in the comparision of growth of Campylobacter sp (low to high levels, 1 × 101 to 6/mL) in various media volumes in Stomacher 400 closure bags and 250 mL and 500 mL screw‐capped Erlenmeyer flasks, no campylobacters were recovered using the closure bags. However, all levels of Campylobacter were recovered in the Erlenmeyer flasks. Oxyrase was useful for the recovery of C. jejuni from Pacific oysters (Crossostrea gigas). In one study, Pacific shellstock oysters were allowed to take up 1 × 106 cells of C. jejuni per mL for a period of 5 to 7 h in an artificial seawater aquarium system. Oysters were removed and stored at 4C for 24 days. Uptake in oysters ranged from 0.4 to 114 cells/g. At intervals, oysters were removed and analyzed for C. jejuni by using the Oxyrase method and the FDA/Bacteriological Analytical Manual standard method. Comparison of these methods showed that the Oxyrase method was as reliable as the official FDA method. Oxyrase was also useful for recovering naturally occurring Campylobacter in market oyster shellstock. To measure reproducibility of the method, an in‐house preliminary collaborative study was conducted in the University of Central Venezuela (Caracas). Participants consisted of 6 groups of three microbiologist each from various countries in Central and South America. All groups were successful in recovering Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli using Oxyrase. Our results indicate that Oxyrase provides microaerobic conditions for growth of Campylobacter from shellfish.

A simple and inexpensive method to generate a microaerophilic atmosphere for the isolation of Campylobacter sp.

Faeces of 138 chickens were inoculated on Blaser agar plates. One set of plates was incubated in jars with CampyPak envelopes. The others were incubated in "Zip-lock" plastic bags (7 x 8 in.) and a microaerophilic atmosphere was generated exhaling into the "Zip-lock" plastic bag, after holding the breath for 20 sec. Then, the bag was pressed to evacuate its atmosphere, inflated again, and pressed (4 times), and finally sealed. Campylobacter was isolated from 127 (96.2%) of samples incubated in jars with gas generator envelopes and from 129 (98%) of the specimens incubated into the bags. The proposed methodology offers good savings for cost-conscious laboratories.

Lipopolysaccharide of Campylobacter coli serotype O:30. Fractionation and structure of liberated core oligosaccharide.

Lipopolysaccharide from phenol-water extraction of cells of Campylobacter coli serotype O:30 was separated as a water-insoluble gel of low M(r) from a water-soluble antigenic polysaccharide of high M(r). Acetic acid hydrolysis of the ketosidic linkages to lipid A in the lipopolysaccharide furnished a core oligosaccharide. Structural investigations were performed using 1H and 13C NMR, fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry of permethylated derivatives, and methylation linkage analysis on the core oligosaccharide and the products of two successive Smith degradations. It is concluded that the highly branched 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid-terminated oligosaccharide chains carried at the nonreducing end disaccharide units of beta-D-Qui3NAc-(1-->2)-beta-D-Qui3NAc (where Qui3NAc represents 3-acylamino-3,6-dideoxy-D-glucose), in which N-acyl residues were either both (R)-3-hydroxybutanoyl or both 3-hydroxy-2,3-dimethyl-5-oxoprolyl. The demonstration of these unusual features provides further evidence for a wide variety of structures within the core oligosaccharide region of lipopolysaccharides from Campylobacter sp.

Lymphocytic/plasmacytic colitis in cats: 14 cases (1985-1990)

Summary: Lymphocytic/plasmacytic colitis was diagnosed in 14 cats during a 5-year period. Purebred cats were affected significantly (P &lt; 0.001) more often than were nonpurebred cats. Six cats were male and 8 were female. Mean age at onset of clinical signs was 5.1 years (range, 0.5 to 9 years). Hematochezia, observed in 13 cats, was the most commonly reported sign; diarrhea was reported in 11 cats. Mildly high serum alanine transaminase activity and hypokalemia were frequent biochemical abnormalities. Campylobacter sp was cultured from the feces of 1 cat. On endoscopic examination, petechia and hyperemia of the colonic mucosa were detected in 7 of 8 cats. Cats were initially treated with dietary management alone or with a combination of dietary and pharmacologic management. Clinical signs in 7 of 11 treated cats completely resolved, whereas signs in 3 cats were considered improved. One cat was euthanatized when an inadequate response to treatment was observed. Most cats were eventually maintained on dietary management alone.

Acute Infectious Bloody Diarrhea

Acute bloody diarrhea, with or without vomiting and fever, commonly is associated with pathogenic bacteria in pediatric patients. This dysenteric process commonly has been associated with Salmonella, Shigella, and Campylobacter sp. Aeromonas recently has been implicated as a causative agent of bloody diarrhea. In one study of patients with Aeromonas-positive diarrhea, 30% had blood in their stools, 37% had vomiting, and 31% had fever. Diarrhea due to Salmonella, Shigella, and Campylobacter is usually self-limiting, with most patients showing significant improvement a few days after the onset of illness. Often, the patient's symptoms have resolved by the time that stool cultures are positive.

High levels of anti- Campylobacter-flagellin IgA antibodies in breast milk

Several studies have shown the beneficial role of immunity against enteric Campylobacter sp. Circulating antibodies against flagellin and possibly maternal antibodies seem to protect against intestinal colonization by Campylobacter. Milk from women in Central Africa (n = 120) and in France (n = 31) were investigated for the presence of anti-flagellin antibodies. Results showed that most French and all African milk possessed anti-flagellin IgA but not IgG. The titres of anti-flagellin IgA were elevated in colostrum and decreased in later milk. Specific activities were constant during lactation, suggesting constant antigenic stimulation. The fact that IgA but not IgG are elicited against flagellin could be due to an infection limited to the mucosal surface.

Contemporary Pathogens of the Gastrointestinal System

Recognition of several new gastrointestinal pathogens has prompted clinical microbiologists to re-examine the methods in use for detection of these organisms. Media requirements, special stains, and identification techniques are discussed for Helicobacter pylori , the Campylobacter sp, and Aeromonas sp. The increasing significance of the parasites Cryptosporidium and Blastocysts and the recently described enteric adenoviruses are also covered.

Campylobacter bacteremia: Clinical experience with three different blood culture systems at Mayo Clinic 1984–1990

The efficiency of three commercially available blood culture systems for isolating Campylobacter sp. was investigated. Thirteen of 189,688 blood cultures from patients seen at the Mayo Clinic from 1984 through 1990 were positive for Campylobacter sp. Eleven out of 13 blood cultures positive for Campylobacter sp. were part of a complete three bottle set of cultures (Isolator from Du Pont, Roche Septi-Chek from Hoffman-La Roche, and non-vented Tryptic Soy Broth from Difco), none of them providing a specific microaerophilic mileu. The aerobic Roche Septi-Chek seems to be more efficient for the detection of Campylobacter sp. in blood cultures than either the anaerobic Tryptic Soy Broth (Difco) or the Isolator (Du Pont) using the incubator condition of 5% CO2.

Organ Hypertrophy and Responses of Colon Microbial Populations of Growing Swine to High Dietary Protein

Thirty-two castrated male crossbred growing pigs (average initial wt 26.9 kg) were used to determine the effect of a high level of dietary protein (37%) compared with a normal level of protein (15%) on enterobacteria and Campylobacter sp. inhabitation in the large intestine and on visceral organ hypertrophy and the interrelationships between these two factors. Pigs were kept in pairs (eight pens of two pigs/diet) and fed their respective diets and libitum. Eight pigs (two pens of two pigs fed each diet) were killed at wk 4, 8, 12 and 16 without fasting. Fecal samples were obtained every 2 wk from animals scheduled for necropsy at 16 wk, and colon contents were obtained from all pigs at necropsy; samples were enumerated individually for enterobacteria and Campylobacter sp. Weights of heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, perirenal fat and empty stomach, small intestine and large intestine were recorded at necropsy. Stomach, cecum and proximal colon were sectioned for histopathologic examination. Daily body weight gain was depressed by high dietary protein, but liver and kidneys were heavier in the high protein group than in controls at each time interval. Mild lymphoid hyperplasia of Peyer's patches in the small intestine in some pigs in both groups was indicative of antigenic stimulation but not of pathologic significance. There was no effect of diet on counts of enterobacteria or Campylobacter sp. in feces or colon contents during the 16-wk experiment. We conclude that the hypertrophic response of the tissues of growing pigs to high dietary protein is not the result of the presence of Campylobacter sp. or enterobacteria in the colon contents.

DNA analysis of intracellular campylobacter-like organisms associated with the porcine proliferative enteropathies: novel organism proposed

Intracellular Campylobacter-like organisms are a consistent feature of the porcine proliferative enteropathies. The relationship between these organisms and known Campylobacter sp. previously associated with the disease was studied using restriction enzyme analysis and DNA-DNA blot hybridization techniques. BglII restriction enzyme fragment patterns of DNA of the Campylobacter-like organisms were fundamentally different from those of C. mucosalis, C. hyointestnalis, C. jejuni, and C. coli. Crude DNA preparations from Campylobacter-like organisms hybridized strongly with homologous preparations, weakly with porcine DNA and not at all with DNA from Campylobacter sp. Fragment specific DNA probes prepared from Campylobacter-like organisms only hybridized with homologous preparations. This work suggests that the intracellular Campylobacter-like organisms are not one of the known Campylobacter sp. It is possible that they are a novel, uncultured organism worthy of a new name, such as HC. intracellulare'.

DNA analysis of intracellular campylobacter-like organisms associated with the porcine proliferative enteropathies: novel organism proposed

Intracellular Campylobacter-like organisms are a consistent feature of the porcine proliferative enteropathies. The relationship between these organisms and known Campylobacter sp. previously associated with the disease was studied using restriction enzyme analysis and DNA-DNA blot hybridization techniques. BglII restriction enzyme fragment patterns of DNA of the Campylobacter- like organisms were fundamentally different from those of C. mucosalis, C. hyointestinalis, C. jejuni, and C. coli Crude DNA preparations from Campylobacter-like organisms hydridized strongly with homologous preparations, weakly with porcine DNA and not at all with DNA from Campylobacter sp. Fragment specific DNA probes prepared from Campylobacter-like organisms only hybridized with homologous preparations. This work suggests that the intracellular Campylobacter-like organisms are not one of the known Campylobacter sp. It is possible that they are a novel, uncultured organism worthy of a new name, such as ‘ C. intracellulare’.

Electrolyte abnormalities associated with diarrhea in rhesus monkeys: 100 cases (1986-1987)

Summary Serum electrolyte values from 100 rhesus monkeys with diarrhea were reviewed. The most frequent finding was hyponatremia (88%), with hypochloremia next most frequently detected (80%). Metabolic acidosis was less common (59%) and usually associated with high anion gap values. Associations between electrolyte abnormalities and age, housing, or case outcome were not found. Bacteriologic culturing was performed on fecal specimens from 90 monkeys. Campylobacter coli or C jejuni alone was isolated from 42 (46.7%) specimens, C coli and Shigella flexneri were isolated from 25 (27.8%) specimens, and S flexneri alone was isolated from 6 (6.7%) specimens. A pathogen was not isolated from 17 (18.9%) specimens. Hyponatremia, hypochloremia, acidosis, and high anion gap values were most severe in monkeys infected with Campylobacter sp, either alone or with concurrent S flexneri infection. Serum sodium concentrations &lt; 132 mEq/L and serum Cl concentrations &lt; 93 mEq/L were consistently associated with Campylobacter sp infection.

Long-Term Study of Occurrence, Distribution and Reduction of Campylobacter sp. In the Sewage System and Wastewater Treatment Plant of a Big Town

Long-Term Study of Occurrence, Distribution and Reduction of Campylobacter sp. In the Sewage System and Wastewater Treatment Plant of a Big Town

Campylobacter pylori, the spiral bacterium associated with human gastritis, is not a true Campylobacter sp.

Comparison of partial 16S rRNA sequences from representative Campylobacter species indicates that the Campylobacter species form a previously undescribed basic eubacterial group, which is related to the other major groups only by very deep branching. This analysis was extended to include the spiral bacterium associated with human gastritis, Campylobacter pylori (formerly Campylobacter pyloridis). The distance between C. pylori and the other Campylobacter species is sufficient to exclude the pyloric organism from the Campylobacter genus. The results indicate that C. pylori is more closely related to Wolinella succinogenes than it is to the other Campylobacter species inspected. Another close relative of the campylobacters was found to be Thiovulum, a sulfide-dependent marine bacterium.

Histological identification of Campylobacter using Gimenez technique in gastric antral mucosa.

bacteria were present. In paraffin sectionsthe Gimeneztechnique wasfound to be superior.To detect Campylobacter in biopsy specimens ofthe gastrointestinal tract both bacteriology and his-tology should be used. The good results, however,obtained with the Gimenezmethodwill allowstudiesto be performed onretrospective series.In studies ofgastric antral mucosa we found thatthe Gimenez technique was quick, economical, andreliable in the detection of Campylobacter sp inparaffin sections.