Campaign Activities Research Articles

The Exclusion of Third-Country Suppliers from EU Public Procurement Procedures:

As a matter of principle, suppliers and goods originating in the European Economic Area, in parties to the WTO’s Government Procurement Agreement, or to a bilateral agreement concluded with the EU, are protected against any forms of discrimination based on the grounds of nationality, similar to those coming from the EU. Suppliers originating in other countries, falling outside the scope of Article 25 of Directive 2014/24, cannot, however, be guaranteed the same form of protection. The access of the latter to procurement procedures in the EU may hence be blocked, but this essentially is a prerogative of each national government and of each contracting authority. On the other hand, confronted with an assault by Chinese companies which have managed to capture a dangerously big share of the EU public procurement market, the Commission started an active campaign on several fronts. More recently, the Commission decided to make a substantial effort in convincing Member States to come forward with concrete measures by which to restrict in an effective manner the access of third-country and, in particular, Chinese, suppliers to the EU procurement market. In response, the Romanian Government adopted in April 2021 a new set of laws providing for the automatic exclusion from the award procedures of all suppliers residing in one of the countries listed therein. Beyond its immediate economic effect, this measure could create some serious blockages in the market with unimaginable consequences, especially in times of crisis such as the recent Covid-19 pandemic. Keywords: China; third-country bidders; Romania

Harnessing Harmony: Music, Power, and Politics in the United States, 1788–1865 by Billy Coleman

Reviewed by: Harnessing Harmony: Music, Power, and Politics in the United States, 1788–1865 by Billy Coleman Todd Estes Harnessing Harmony: Music, Power, and Politics in the United States, 1788–1865. By Billy Coleman. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2020. Pp. xviii, 249. Paper, $27.95, ISBN 978-1-4696-5887-2; cloth, $95.00, ISBN 978-1-4696-5886-5.) Scholars have found political culture—campaigns, debates, parades, fashion, food, protests, symbols, and music—to be an enormously valuable tool for studying the myriad dimensions of the past that both reflected and shaped politics. Billy Coleman's Harnessing Harmony: Music, Power, and Politics in the United States, 1788–1865 uses music to demonstrate how "the practices of popular politics were often designed consciously from above in the interests of serving, rather than challenging, established elite power" (p. 5). This process began with the Constitution, and Federalists in the 1790s "may bear more responsibility for the rise of popular American political culture than commonly thought" (p. 9). In a fascinating chapter on the politicization of the "Star-Spangled Banner," Coleman shows that as Federalists began governing, they hoped to make the nascent republic "both better and distant from all that had come before it. . . . [U]nity was the precondition for achieving their postcolonial dreams" (p. 18). Similarly, in the famous 1840 presidential campaign, Whigs used campaign songs less to energize voters than to rein in and control the work of active campaign participants. In turn, Democrats in 1840 did not criticize the Whigs' use of music but denounced instead "the supposed hypocrisy of a party whose use of campaign songs betrayed . . . a preference for improving the people rather than submitting to their will" (p. 10). Coleman ably underscores the point that "[c]ombinations of music and politics often ended up supporting the thoroughly conservative objectives of Americans who valued order and unity at a time of expanding democracy and deepening sectional tensions" (p. 161). In short, "harnessing harmony could also mean preserving privilege" (p. 163). Harnessing Harmony's first chapter examines the Federalist musical tradition through the War of 1812, while the third chapter is a riveting, nuanced account of the 1840 presidential election. The second and fourth chapters focus [End Page 518] on musical organizations and on the aesthetic influence of music in the life of one man, S. Willard Saxon, as seen through his diary. But the even-numbered chapters neither land as effectively nor feel as significant as their odd-numbered counterparts. This uneven quality is exacerbated by the book's episodic treatment of events from 1788 to 1865, resulting in thin coverage and in a work whose efforts to address broad, expansively conceived topics are underdeveloped. Its brevity (only 163 pages of text) also frustrates the attempts to grapple fully with the important issues raised in the book's stimulating introduction, prologue, and conclusion. What was the role of music in political campaigns after 1815 and post-1840? What was the evolution of the Federalist/Democratic-Republican musical tradition in the rise of the second party system? If music played such a key role in 1840, what of the subsequent 1844 election, also a tense, significant, and divisive contest? Did music play a role for southern Whigs and Democrats as a part of their conservative defense of slavery? And what of those Federalist elites who turned away from politics to print, literature, and letters as exemplified in the scholarship of William C. Dowling and Marshall Foletta, whose studies of Federalist literary and educational culture could deepen the focus on Federalism? How did the Federalists' embrace of music as an agent of conservatism, harmony, and order track with the related project undertaken by Federalist writers and editors? Coleman also might have engaged more fully with recent scholarship by Liam Riordan, Rebeccah Bechtold, and Kirsten E. Wood to show how his work fits with theirs and to consider the state of the music history subfield to which his work is a significant addition. In short, Coleman has read widely and thought deeply about the provocative entanglements between music and political culture. But not all the potential results of his work and ruminations are fully realized in...

Exploring Aging Masculinities From Different Disciplines and Perspectives

Traditionally, gerontology research has been relatively genderless. When the intersection of age and gender was explored, this was done primarily by focusing on the experiences of older women. Much less is known about the experiences of older men. The present symposium brings together work from the humanities and the social sciences in order to explore societal images and personal experiences of aging men. The paper by Maierhofer and Ratzenböck provides a theoretical outlook on this intersection from the humanities perspective, followed by empirical applications from the social sciences. Next, Armengol uses contemporary American literature to challenge the traditional stereotype of decline in sexuality and masculinity. The paper by Ni Leime & O’Neill examines stereotypes of aging masculinities, but this time from the perspective of older men as the audience who react to their portrayal in visual culture. Finally, Ayalon and Gweyrtz-Meydan present ethical dilemmas faced by physicians who treat older men’s sexuality in light of active marketing campaigns of the pharmaceutical industry, which advocate for a model of successful aging and ongoing sexual intercourse. The discussant, Kimmel, will conceptualize the four papers by stressing the different types of information that can be obtained via different methods of inquiry. The complementary information provided by the different papers and the integration of methods and findings from the humanities with the social sciences will be discussed.

Knowledge About Dengue Fever Prevention Among People Visiting Benazir Bhutto Hospital

Background: The higher incidence of dengue fever in Pakistan demands additional efforts in order to limit the disease. Despite active public health campaigns, low public awareness is one of the factors facilitating dengue virus transmission. For effective preventive measures, the assessment of the knowledge gap and then taking appropriate steps to fill the gap is required.The objective of this study is to assess knowledge about dengue fever prevention among people visiting Benazir Bhutto Hospital, Rawalpindi.Methods: The descriptive cross-sectional study of 6 months duration was conducted with 280 participants selected via nonprobability convenience sampling. After informed consent, an interview was conducted based on a questionnaire that assessed socio-demographic parameters and knowledge about dengue virus transmission and prevention. Data were analyzed through SPSS v. 22. The study was approved by the Ethical Review Board (ERB) of Rawalpindi Medical University and Allied hospitals.Results: Out of 280 respondents, 54.6% were males and 45.4% females and the mean age was 35.0 ± 13.1 years. The respondents having high knowledge scores were 66(23.6%) while those having moderate and low scores were 159 (56.8%) and 55 (19.6%) respectively. Educated respondents (p=0.03) and urban residents (p=0.05) had higher knowledge scores.Conclusion: The majority of the participants know about dengue fever. However, only one out of every four respondents has good knowledge scores for dengue fever prevention.

PENEGAKAN HUKUMAN DISIPLIN BERAT BAGI PEGAWAI NEGERI SIPIL (PNS) DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM KEPEGAWAIAN

Civil Servants (PNS) are prohibited from providing support to candidates for President and Vice President by engaging in campaign activities because this is a violation and can be severely disciplined. The purpose of writing this scientific paper is to determine the effectiveness of severe disciplinary penalties according to employment law, and to know the process of severe disciplinary penalties for Civil Servants (PNS).
 The author uses normative legal research methods with data collection techniques with literature study of legal materials through internet media. The data obtained in this legal research were analyzed using qualitative methods which were presented descriptively which would later obtain meanings and conclusions to answer the problem.
 The conclusions from the writing of this scientific work are: (1) The absence of effectiveness of severe disciplinary penalties according to the employment law which now applies to Civil Servants (PNS) because in reality, lawlessness continues to occur among Civil Servants (PNS) even though it has been given severe disciplinary punishment so that there must be firmer law enforcement that should be regulated in the employment law; (2) The process of severe disciplinary punishment for Civil Servants (PNS), among others: (a). Civil servants who commit disciplinary violations are examined by the Examining Team consisting of elements of supervision, staffing and direct superiors; (b). LHP is reported in a hierarchical way to officials who have the authority to punish; (c). Preparation and Issuance of Decree for the Dismissal of PNS Discipline by Officials who have the authority to punish; (d). After the issuance of the Decree, then the PNS Discipline SK is handed over to the concerned / Family / through electronic media (Postmark).

Ethnographic photobomb: The materiality of decolonial image manipulation

Indigenous photobomb memes emerged on social networks as a media practice alongside contemporary activist campaigns, where artists insert pop culture content into digitized ethnographic photographs already in use as mainstream meme fodder. This article takes a materialist approach to such memes to explore how the technical processes of digital image editing function ideologically. Meme series by Kiowa-Choctaw artist Steven Paul Judd and others illustrate how compositing methods like cloning and healing tools may disrupt ethnographic photographs’ claims to history, interrogating the aesthetic systems that underwrite settler-colonial media. As these algorithmic processes remediate the digitized image and re-situate it relative to other photoshopping practices, they bear a trace of settler digitality that allows such memes to intervene in current cultural debates and aesthetic trends. Circulation via social media generates a web of twice-remediated memes, which always refer back to their prior analog and digital iterations.

Auditor Responses to Shareholder Activism

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we investigate how auditors respond to shareholder activism against their clients. Our study is important because activism may be viewed by auditors as a source of increased engagement risk, thereby impacting audit outcomes. The potential relationship between shareholder activism and audit outcomes leads us to predict that activism targets will pay higher audit fees and also will be more likely to receive adverse internal control opinions (ICOs) and first‐time going concern opinions (GCOs). Our results, which support all three predictions, suggest that the public scrutiny associated with activism campaigns heightens auditors' concerns about reputational damage and litigation risk. Consistent with this notion, we find that activism targets are more likely to experience accounting‐related lawsuits. We also find that the increased likelihood of adverse ICOs documented in our baseline tests reflects higher‐quality reporting rather than increased auditor conservatism. Overall, our findings suggest that activism campaigns spur auditor diligence while also increasing the possibility of negative outcomes that may not be fully anticipated by activist investors.

Evaluating government's communication strategy of the 16 Days of Activism campaign for No Violence Against Women and Children in South Africa

This article aims to evaluate government's communication strategy and citizens' awareness of the 16 Days of Activism for No Violence against Women and Children campaign in Soshanguve, South Africa. The study applied the diffusion of innovation theory because of its ability to assess how communities receive communication about the campaign from various media. Survey method was used to collect data, which was analysed using descriptive statistics. It was found out that mass media and other communication channels were main sources of campaign messages, which help the community to know how to address gender-based violence issues. Notably, this study found that females were more likely to know about the campaign than males. This article recommends that this campaign should be visible throughout the year and there should be more campaigns targeting men, and school curriculum, which educate pupils about the social and economic consequences of GBV.

Political Promises in the Lens of Islamic Theology and Jurisprudence: A Case Study of Surabaya Mayor Election 2020

This research studied the status of political promises declared by Mayor candidates of Surabaya election 2020 during their campaigns started from September 26, 2020. It was field-library research with qualitative analysis. Data were collected by observing online media that particularly reports the election's campaign activities. They were then analyzed by using Islamic theology and jurisprudence approaches combined with structural-functionalism, symbolic interactionism, and social contract theories. It found four main remarks: first, Quranic verses and Prophetic traditions as theological underpinnings have definitely guided moral standards of Islamic politics, especially how to make such political promises. Secondly, the political realism of promises is a language of transactional politics and communication practice. Thirdly, political promises could only be legitimated by fulfilling strike pre-requirements and within very urgent conditions. Finally, the legal status of political promises must be contextual and conditional.

Like, Comment and Share: A Study on the Impact of the Facebook Campaign of the Kerala Police During the COVID 19 Lockdown

The outbreak of COVID 19 as a global pandemic has created challenges in every sector. From adapting to new habits and lifestyles, individuals, organisations, and the government have had to take measures to cope with the unprecedented situation. The strategies adopted by Kerala, a southern state in India, received international coverage and appreciation for their preventive measures against COVID 19. Along with the medical practitioners, the Kerala Government involved law enforcers in the COVID prevention mission. The Kerala Police Department was in the front line to sensitise and educate the community about lockdown measures and safety protocols and played a pivotal role to curb the spread of the disease. The state police department used widespread campaigns to reach out to netizens about the preventive measures adopted by the government. This paper discusses how the Kerala State Police Department used its social media platform, specifically their Facebook page, to assist the COVID prevention campaign of the government. The study used quantitative content analysis of the official Facebook page of the Kerala State Police Department to gain knowledge about their communication strategy. An audience survey was conducted to measure the impact of social media communication and the perception of the police department. Thus, the paper tries to find if an active social media campaign is a powerful tool in changing the perception of the audience during a crisis.

Relevansi penggunaan dangdut sebagai media efektif pengumpul massa kampanye pada pemilihan umum 2019

Abstract: The Presidential Election event in 2019 actually becomes a reflection of the establishment of the nation in democracy. General Election (Election) is the beginning of laying the foundation of the nation's democracy. Various campaign strategies are pursued by the success team, political parties and sympathizers of the Election contestants, including using dangdut music as an attraction for community gatherers (the masses).There is no accurate calculation about the mass of the campaign that gathered due to the appeal of dangdut with votes. But in fact the Golongan Karya (Golkar) is the party that first used dangdut in 1971 to be used as a campaign weapon. At that time Rhoma Irama, known as the King of Dangdut, attracted the attention of the masses. In 1977 Rhoma Irama succeeded in making the Partai Persatuan Pembangunan (PPP) defeat Golkar's dominance in Jakarta and Aceh.Result: music as a campaign media is very dominant as a means of entertainment and propaganda as well as attracting the masses in campaign. The use of dangdut as an effective media, mass campaign collectors show that it is still very relevant because people still like to watch dangdut directly despite political speeches. Even the two candidates for the Presidential Candidate (Capres) also used the dangdut and the most popular song to be used as the theme song as an identification song for the contestants.The results of interviews and data mining of key informants and informants from the 2019 presidential election success team, admitted that the use of dangdut music is still very relevant and strategic to gather the public to be moved consciously or unconsciously to attend a campaign activity. Dangdut music is also considered to be segmented or targeted specifically at certain layers of society, especially dangdut fans.Methodology: Descriptive qualitative quantitative paradigm research was carried out through surveys with direct observations in the field, the distribution of questionnaires was strengthened by interviews with mass of campaign participants as well as a number of informants such as political party figures, observers of political communication and people related to politics.Keywords: Relevance, Dangdut Music, Election Campaign

KAMPANYE KEBERSIHAN LINGKUNGAN MELALUI PROGRAM KERJA BAKTI MAHASISWA PROGRAM STUDI MANAJEMEN DI KELURAHAN POTULANDO, KECAMATAN ENDE TENGAH, KABUPATEN ENDE

Environmental cleanliness is a vital issue in social life, especially the people of Ende Regency. To help overcome the problem of waste in community settlements, an environmental cleanliness campaign was carried out through community service activities by the academics of the Management Study Program of the University of Flores. The purpose of this community service activity with community service is to campaign for the importance of environmental cleanliness to the people of Potulando Village, Ende Tengah District, Ende Regency, help overcome environmental cleanliness problems in the Potulando Village community, train students to have a caring attitude towards nature and the environment, and make Tri Higher Education Dharma. This activity is a Community Service Activity carried out by students of the 2016 and 2017 Flores University Management Study Program. The activity was carried out in the Potulando Village area, Ende Tengah Subdistrict, Ende Regency on November 12, 2019. This environmental cleanliness campaign activity was carried out using the voluntary cleaning work method. environment and collection and sorting of waste types. Environmental cleanliness campaign activities begin with environmental cleaning activities, namely by cleaning roads from wild plants that grow on the roads and sidewalks, then cleaning the gutters from accumulated garbage. Waste sorting is carried out by sorting waste based on its type, namely organic waste and inorganic waste.

European Insider Trading Theory Revisited: The Limits of the Parity-of-Information Theory and the Application of the Property Rights in Information Theory to Activist Investment Strategies

AbstractParity-of-information is purported to be the single overarching policy rationale for the European Union (EU) regulation on insider trading. This is because securities trading on the basis of informational advantages is generally prohibited under EU rules, as is tipping (and issuers’ selective disclosure) of material, non-public information. Yet, EU regulations allow market actors, including investment professionals and analysts, that have discovered valuable information -and thereby, have an informational advantage vis-à-vis their trading counterparties- to trade on this information. Relatedly, issuers of financial instruments, takeover bidders and merging parties can share information with a selected group of investors prior to public announcement of the transaction (market sounding), whereas firms can delay public disclosure of inside information and prevent all other market participants from trading on this information. I argue that these exceptions from the parity-of-information theory are -from a doctrinal standpoint- best explained as property rights in information of market actors that have developed new proprietary information with respect to European listed securities. This article, therefore, aims at providing a property rights account of the exceptions to the parity-of-information theory and it illustrates the trade-offs between the parity-of-information and the property rights in information theories underlying European insider trading rules. By extension, I analyze the specific case of activist campaigns as inside information and argue that it would be consistent with the property rights approach to allow activist investors to share their investment and trading strategies with other market participants that further their activist agenda.

Partisipasi Politik Masyarakat Dalam Pelaksanaan Pilkada Serentak Di Kota Ternate Provinsi Maluku Utara Tahun 2018 (Studi Kasus Di Kecamatan Ternate Selatan)

Penelitian ini berfokus pada permasalahan masih adanya masyarakat yang terdaftar sebagai pemilih tetap namun belum menggunakan hak pilihnya, KPU dan pemerintah daerah masih kurang dalam melakukan sosialisasi kepada masyarakat, sebagian masyarakat lebih memilih untuk bekerja atau melakukan kegiatan lain daripada menggunakan hak suaranya pada proses partisipasi politik di Provinsi Maluku Utara. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui sejauh mana tingkat partisipasi politik masyarakat dalam Pemilihan Kepala Daerah Serentak Tahun 2018, faktor penghambat dan pendukung partisipasi politik masyarakat serta upaya yang telah dilakukan untuk meningkatkan partisipasi politik masyarakat dalam Pemilihan Kepala Daerah Serentak Tahun 2018. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa Partisipasi Politik Masyarakat dalam Pemilihan Kepala Daerah Serentak Tahun 2018 di Kecamatan Ternate Selatan masih kurang, dilihat dari banyaknya masyarakat yang tidak menggunakan hak pilihnya. Kondisi ini karena masih kurangnya pemahaman dan kesadaran masyarakat untuk ikut serta dalam Pilkada. Pada penyusunan daftar pemilih partisipasi masyarakat masih kurang karena susah ditemui pada saat pendataan, kemudian pada kegiatan kampanye partisipasi masyarakat juga masih kurang karena banyak yang memilih untuk bekerja dari pada datang mengikuti kampanye begitu juga partisipasi masyarakat dalam pemberian suara yang masih kurang dan tidak mencapai target KPU. Faktor penghambat partisipasi politik masyarakat dalam Pilkada yaitu status sosial dan status ekonomi. Adapun faktor pendukung partisipasi politik masyarakat dalam Pilkada yaitu afliasi politik orang tua dan pengalaman berorganisasi. Upaya yang telah dilakukan untuk meningkatkan partisipasi politik melalui kegiatan sosialisasi secara formal dan informal. Adapun saran yang disampaikan penulis, yaitu agar seluruh penyelenggara Pemilihan Kepala Daerah Serentak untuk melaksanakan sosialisasi, dengan meningkatkan komunikasi dan kordinasi antara KPU dengan Pemerintah Daerah agar sosialisasi dilakukan serta pendidikan politik yang berkelanjutan, proses rekruitmen panitia sesuai integritas dan keahlian.

Dinamika Proses Penyelenggaraan Pemilihan Walikota di Kota Makassar Tahun 2018

This research aims to assess and analyze the dynamics that occurred in the process of electoral mayor in Makassar City in 2018. The type of research used in this study is qualitative, which will provide a factual representation of the purpose of research. The results of this study show that: there are problems and dynamics that occur in several phases. As at the stage of verification of individual candidate support that there is a chairman of PPS who commits violations and unneutrality ASN. In the stage of setting the candidate is also quite dynamic where the dispute occurs between the elections of the mayor and organizers. At the campaign stage, the APPI-CICU pair is not intense reporting its campaign activities. Then, in the stage of voting and counting, there is a form of the disintegration of the organizers of the district PPK Tamalate that manipulates the data of sound results. As for the stage of determination of candidates elected, KPU Kota Makassar announced it will conduct the election of the mayor back in 2020 because the couple APPI-CICU was defeated by the acquisition of empty columns

Pilot Community Mental Health Awareness Campaign Improves Service Coverage in India.

Low community awareness of mental health problems negatively impacts treatment-seeking for such problems. Despite a shortage of mental health providers, there is scope to improve coverage of mental health services in India. In this study, we examined the impact of a multi-statecommunity-based awareness campaign on knowledge, attitude, treatment-seeking behavior and acceptability. Campaign activities included educational materials, public meetings, musical announcements, quizzes, and street plays, followed by a mental health screening camp. A rapid, real-world evaluation was conductedusing post-intervention surveys (n = 693), field notes and telephonic interviews in five states. The campaign, implemented as a public-private partnership between government service providers and community-based organizations, reached ~ 3000 people in 20 new locations across five states. As a result of the campaign, 1,176 persons sought treatment servicesfor mental disorders and 66% received a preliminary diagnosis. Collectively, campaign activities were the first time that ~ 75% of participants reported learning about mental health problems. Participants expressed knowledge that mental disorders are treatable, listed common symptoms and location of available mental health services and attitudes supporting people with mental health problems. The campaign enabled improved coverage for mental health services, potentially by enhancing knowledge, attitude and treatment-seeking behavior. Future research may develop a quasi-experimental evaluation of the current campaign methodology.

Do activist shareholders influence a manager’s decisions on a firm’s dividend policy: A mixed-method study

Activist shareholders play an increasingly relevant role in management decisions, especially in their activities aimed to influence corporate decisions towards enhanced performance and profitability. However, the level of success of such strategies is not yet fully understood, as reported in the existing literature. Most of the literature has focused on performance, although other firms’ policies catch activist shareholders’ attention. A key strategic decision is precisely the dividend policy. In this paper, we assess the likelihood of a dividend payment and the time invariance of the dividend policy while controlling for firm-specific and market-specific effects. Our data cover the nonfinancial US-based firms targeted by activist shareholders in a large time span from 2000 to 2017. Taking both a quantitative econometric approach and a qualitative one (fsQCA), our findings support the claim that activist campaigns are positively associated with the likelihood of firms’ decisions to pay dividends, even if it occurs at the cost of higher volatility on the dividend level and payout ratio. Our findings also suggest that activist shareholders prefer to collect dividends in the years following the campaigns, arguably as a risk management mechanism.

Using pop culture authentically

Fan activism continues to broaden in use as an organizing method, but care must be given to ensure campaigns are authentic and not pandering. Understanding of source material, mapping of fan communities and major players, and structuring of narrative can help to achieve a more effective, authentic fan activism campaign.

Design and Implementation of a Multilevel Intervention to Reduce Hepatitis C Transmission Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Amsterdam: Co-Creation and Usability Study.

BackgroundIn the Netherlands, transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) occurs primarily among men who have sex with men (MSM). Early HCV testing of at-risk MSM and immediate initiation of treatment will prevent onward transmission, but this may not be sufficient to eliminate HCV in a population with ongoing risk behaviors. Therefore, targeted socioculturally acceptable preventive measures, including behavioral interventions, are urgently needed. Currently, little contextually appropriate information about HCV or risk reduction interventions is available.ObjectiveThe objective of this project was to develop an intervention to reduce HCV transmission among MSM in Amsterdam through a co-creation process, with the input of men from the targeted community directly impacting intervention content, design, and implementation.MethodsWe developed a multilevel intervention targeting 6 levels: individual, community, professional, context, patient, and network. The intervention was developed in close cooperation between health professionals, gay community members, commercial stakeholders, and stakeholders from within the gay community. The co-creation process had 4 phases: a needs assessment, stakeholder engagement, co-creation, and implementation. The co-creation phase continued until consensus was reached between the researchers and community members on the intervention content and design. The final intervention, NoMoreC, was completed within 2 years, and implementation started in February 2018.ResultsNoMoreC includes web-based and face-to-face components as well as an anonymous HCV testing service. The NoMoreC website provides information about hepatitis C, HCV transmission routes, risk reduction strategies, testing and treatment options, and partner notification. The face-to-face component comprises a risk reduction toolbox, training for health professionals, and providing tailored advice to sex on premises venues. NoMoreC is promoted by an active voluntary campaign team.ConclusionsInvolving the community and stakeholders in the creation of NoMoreC has been the main strength of this project. It has resulted in an intervention with various components that resonates with the gay community at risk of HCV infection. The uptake and acceptability of the described intervention will be evaluated in the future. The description of the co-creation process and implementation of the project may serve as a rich and useful source for others who want to develop culturally and context appropriate HCV interventions.

Review of Evaluation Metrics Used in Digital and Traditional Tobacco Control Campaigns.

BackgroundMass media campaigns for public health are increasingly using digital media platforms, such as web-based advertising and social media; however, there is a lack of evidence on how to best use these digital platforms for public health campaigns. To generate this evidence, appropriate campaign evaluations are needed, but with the proliferation of digital media–related metrics, there is no clear consensus on which evaluation metrics should be used. Public health campaigns are diverse in nature, so to facilitate analysis, this review has selected tobacco control campaigns as the scope of the study.ObjectiveThis literature review aimed to examine how tobacco control campaigns that use traditional and digital media platforms have been evaluated.MethodsMedicine and science databases (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online [MEDLINE], EMBASE, PsycINFO, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature [CINAHL], and Scopus), and a marketing case study database (World Advertising Research Center) were searched for articles published between 2013 and 2018. Two authors established the eligibility criteria and reviewed articles for inclusion. Individual campaigns were identified from the articles, and information on campaigns and their evaluations were supplemented with searches on Google, Google Scholar, and social media platforms. Data about campaign evaluations were tabulated and mapped to a conceptual framework.ResultsIn total, 17 campaigns were included in this review, with evaluations reported on by 51 articles, 17 marketing reports, and 4 grey literature reports. Most campaigns were from English-speaking countries, with behavioral change as the primary objective. In the process evaluations, a wide range of metrics were used to assess the reach of digital campaign activities, making comparison between campaigns difficult. Every campaign in the review, except one, reported some type of engagement impact measure, with website visits being the most commonly reported metric (11 of the 17 campaigns). Other commonly reported evaluation measures identified in this review include engagement on social media, changes in attitudes, and number of people contacting smoking cessation services. Of note, only 7 of the 17 campaigns attempted to measure media platform attribution, for example, by asking participants where they recalled seeing the campaign or using unique website tracking codes for ads on different media platforms.ConclusionsOne of the key findings of this review is the numerous and diverse range of measures and metrics used in tobacco control campaign evaluations. To address this issue, we propose principles to guide the selection of digital media–related metrics for campaign evaluations, and also outline a conceptual framework to provide a coherent organization to the diverse range of metrics. Future research is needed to specifically investigate whether engagement metrics are associated with desired campaign outcomes, to determine whether reporting of engagement metrics is meaningful in campaign evaluations.