Camino Del Research Articles

Sex estimation using long bones in the largest burial site of the Copper Age: Linear discriminant analysis and random forest

Sex estimation of the individuals in a sample is fundamental for any bioarchaeological study to define a particular demographic assemblage or to classify isolated remains. Long bones are an excellent alternative for sex estimation when the most dimorphic anatomical parts are not preserved or are highly altered. Here we propose a set of discriminant functions and classification models to estimate the sex of prehistoric individuals using linear discriminant analysis and machine learning approaches. Different osteometric variables were taken from the humeri, ulnae, radii, femurs and tibias of a sample of 109 articulated skeletons buried in the collective tomb of Camino del Molino (Region of Murcia, SE-Spain), dated to the 3rd millennium BC. Sex was estimated based on standard anthropological methods and ancient DNA analysis of a control sample. Fifty-two discriminant functions with prediction thresholds higher than 0.8 on the ROC curve were obtained using independent (22) and combined variables (30). The best LDA models for sex prediction were those based on proximal epiphyseal widths or their combination with other variables, reaching values close to 0.98 on the ROC curve. The random forest-based model obtained an accuracy of 0.94 and confirmed the importance of epiphyseal widths in sex classification. This analysis is more comprehensive than univariate LDA, as it allows for ranking the importance of bones in sex discrimination and considers correlations between long bones rather than treating them as independent observations. In contrast, applying LDA to each bone makes it easier to predict the sex of other coeval collections that do not have such a complete sample. This work aims to overcome the scarcity of methods that can be applied to sex estimation of the large volume of isolated remains from Camino del Molino and for other Mediterranean skeletal series from the Late Prehistory with high biological affinity and that share similar environmental conditions.

Emphasising the community: demographic composition of an exceptional tomb—the Chalcolithic burial site of Camino del Molino, Caravaca de la Cruz, Murcia

Reconstructing the biological profile of a skeletal sample is essential for defining a particular demographic group or classifying isolated remains. These results allow us to complete the population pyramid of a settlement, analyse mortality trends and relate individuals of a particular sex or age-at-death category to possible funerary rituals, lifestyles and/or states of health and disease. In this work, we carry out a paleodemographic analysis of a singular tomb: the chalcolithic burial site of Camino del Molino, Murcia, SE Spain. The tomb hosted 1348 individuals (30.7% non-adults and 69.3% adults) over two contiguous funerary phases, spanning a large part of the third millennium BC, which makes it a reference site for knowledge of the Recent Prehistoric populations. For this purpose, we estimated different paleodemographic parameters (life tables, mortality rates and sex ratios) and compared them to model life tables of preindustrial populations and data from other contemporary peninsular series to evaluate possible demographic anomalies. The results suggest that Camino del Molino was home to individuals of all ages and sex. However, there is a clear under-representation of newborns and nursing/breastfeeding infants and an over-representation of 5–15-year-old individuals. These findings could indicate potential issues related to diet/weaning, disease and early inclusion in the economic activities of the group.

New insight into prehistoric craft specialisation. Tooth-tool use in the Chalcolithic burial site of Camino del Molino, Murcia, SE Spain

The study of non-alimentary tooth wear is an excellent tool to identify the development of specific activities and thus, to delve deeper into the social organisation and complexity of past populations. This paper analyses extra-masticatory wear in the dentition of a sample of 102 articulated skeletons from Camino del Molino, a unique collective tomb that housed 1,348 individuals throughout two contiguous phases spanning much of the 3rd millennium BC. After preliminary macroscopic observation of the dental sample, 8 individuals with cultural dental wear were identified and 5 of them were analysed with SEM. In all cases, the maxillary anterior dentition displays evidence that can be defined as occlusal and interproximal grooves consisting of fine, parallel striations, as well as labial notches and chipping of the enamel. The results suggest that 8 individuals, mostly women, used their dentition in craft tasks, such as in the processing of fibres for textile production, hence representing the earliest evidence of craft specialisation in the Iberian Peninsula and potential proof of a possible sex-based division of labour in a Chalcolithic community.

Count. By Valerie Martínez.

Valerie Martínez’s most recent book of poems, published by the Camino del Sol Latinx Literary Series, begins with what is described as “a critical drought”: a soapy, wet carwash staffed by teenage girls “in cutoffs and bikinis” and advertised as “CARWASH U NO U WANT ONE” (1). Martínez’s response to this scene of drought, both critical and literal, is a flood of stories, those that recount both deluge and survival. Running alongside each other, these narratives weave in and out of the book-length poem: a spectral girl approaching and retreating from the ocean; a realist retelling of the speaker’s 53-day hike along the Santa Fe, “a dying river”; and Indigenous accounts of how humans may be able learn, through disaster, to live in balance. Together, they register wave after wave of what we’ve lost, and what we stand to lose. But while the poem is an elegy for the endangered and the extinct—golden frogs and staghorn coral, mondo grass at the end of its ability to adapt—Count also resists a familiar ecopoetic despair in its varied responses to environmental injustice and threat. From outraged silence—“I stifle the urge to mumble and cough” (10)—to helpless inaction—“All he could do: watch” (24) to an almost-acceptance—“we’ve had/our short time—brilliant and careless” (37), the speaker witnesses the world multiply with “wonder, grief,/urgency”(22). And while false comfort is rejected—such comfort is “[a] ruse, palliation”(25)—on the other side of this flood of loss are the stories of survival and regeneration: the ice plant closing its stomata to preserve water; a crab remaking its gills in response to changing conditions; the repetition of scant but real human survival in the Indigenous stories that resist and rewrite settler and capital-driven narratives. At the close of the book, the poem offers up a particularly powerful way to redress the losses incurred by peoples consistently “at odds with the earth” (41) in the story of Hadanisht’é, a deity who puts humans to work reassembling “a disintegrating world,” then teaches them to live with more grace on a planet both fractured and beautiful (43).

Oral Tradition Of Senior Adults On The Road Of The Inca- Qhapacanñan: a contribution to the sustainable tourism of the Carchi-Ecuador

The present research is a contribution to the quality of life of the communities of the province of Carchi-Ecuador, immersed in the Qhapaq Ñan, or Camino del Inka. This historical route is a national priority for tourist-cultural and scientific development, being declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. The objectives that guided the research were: (a) Characterize the geo-historical, social, environmental, political and economic context of the communities immersed in the Qhapaq Ñan of the province of Carchi; (b) Know the ancestral knowledge of older adults located in the Qhapaq Ñan. The qualitative research, descriptive and field type was aimed at 57 adults aged between 75 and 85 years old with good health, retentiveness, narrative predisposition and native of the cantons: Tulcán, Huaca, Montufar and Mira. An in-depth interview was applied through participant observation. The information obtained was recorded in audio and poured into matrix-thematic files of the INPC Cultural Heritage Institute for its interpretation. The results obtained were: the section of the Qhapa Ñan is in the collective memory of the elderly, who know him as the "old way", in Huaca it has disappeared, and in other cantons it is in the process of disappearing; stories, legends, andean medicine, traditional games, couplets, typical gastronomy, crafts, religious festivals, and traditional ones present in the collective memory of older adults were collected. The road contains the history of the Andean towns of Carchi, and constitutes an important intangible heritage to cultural-local tourism.

Following the Inner Camino: An Autoethnographic Study

This article considers the experience of walking the 850-km Camino del Norte to Santiago de Compostela in Spain as a metaphor for an inner camino: an inner way of developing resilience. Suggestions are proposed about what this might mean for initial teacher education and student teachers themselves. Using an autoethnographic methodology, self-observations, alongside the author’s perceptions of the different approaches to individual coping observed in other travellers, are reviewed in stories and then examined through forms and habits of mind. After further personal reflective analysis, themes are revealed from the original observations. The discussion suggests possible innovations for teacher education, which emerged from the themes that may resonate for the reader. This autoethnographic journey provided an opportunity to rethink co-constructed learning, the use of guide posts for new innovations, and the importance of paring back to key essentials in teaching practice and in our personal and professional lives.

New records and estimation of the potential distribution of the stump-tailed porcupine Coendou rufescens

The stump-tailed porcupine (Coendou rufescens) is a medium-sized species that inhabits subtropical, temperate and High-Andean forests of the northern Andes, at 800 to 3,650 m asl. This species is characterized by a short non-prehensile tail and a distinctive reddish color. Here, we report new localities for Coendou rufescens in Ecuador based on direct field sightings and the revision of mammal collections. In addition, we conducted a review of literature records of C. rufescens throughout its distribution range. A total of 52 georeferenced records were modeled for the potential distribution at the regional level (Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru) based on 19 bioclimatic variables. Finally, we overlaid the layers of vegetation remnants and state protected areas. We report 10 new localities for Coendou rufescens in Ecuador; these records are concentrated to southern Ecuador between 1,120 to 4,387 masl. Fifty two records found that the bioclimatic variables Temperature Seasonality (BIO4) and Minimum Temperature of the Coldest Month (BIO6) associated with the type of habitat made the greatest significant contribution to the distribution model of C. rufescens. The suitable habitat for the species spans across ~ 448,820 km2, with 50.4 % in Colombia. These findings indicate that the locality Camino del Inca in Sangay National Park, at 4,387 m asl, is considered the highest-elevation record for C. rufescens and the family Erethizontidae. Colombia and Peru include the highest proportion of potential habitat across its range (40.2 % and 32.7 %) based on remnant vegetation; however, Ecuador maintains the largest proportion of the porcupine distribution within protected areas (35.5%), with a larger extent of landscape connectivity, essential for the conservation of C. rufescens.

Ameriscopia: The Kaleidoscopic Poetic of Edwin Torres between Sound, Language, Image

In 2014 the Arizona University Press published Ameriscopia , the last collection of poems by Edwin Torres, in the series “Camino del Sol” (a series completely devoted to latino and latina writers). In this volume, the poet-performer, who’d like to define himself as a lingualisualist , witty undertakes a demanding challenge. Torres offers several samples of performance pieces in print, while he tries to outline a new representation of the composite reality of New York, using his latino belonging as a starting point of an analysis of the contradictions of the whole country. Visions, memories, conversations, together with allusions and glimpses of the main sites of New York help the author to create an imaginary path through the multifaceted, wedge issue of Americanness . Since the language system is pivotal to convey identity, Torres’ linguistic investigation aims to explore the innumerable interconnections between representation and sense, sign and signified, in order to find new solutions for English and Spanish to inter-change, blur and melt into one another. At the core of this study there is a delicate equilibrium between image and sound inside the linguistic context. According to Torres, words, first of all, are images that go hand in hand with sounds and rhythms, and whose emotional and communicative power endorses the ability to create new language patterns. These linguistic models develop inside the margins and the fractures created into language, between languages and by collective consciousness. Moreover, they lay the foundation for Torres’ kaleidoscopic view of reality; for a different representation of a reality on an ongoing transformation and re-definition.

Huacayñán (1952–1953) and the biopolitics of in(ex)clusion

The foundation of the modern Ecuadorian State in the 1940s and early 1950s coincides with a series of attempts to synchronize and incorporate certain “problematic” sectors of the population that were supposedly resistant to progress and whose forms of life were incompatible with modernity, a capitalist economy, and a cohesive nation. This biopolitical project for the modernization and governance of the population also had repercussions on—and analogous manifestations within—the discourse of national identity, the design of cultural policies, and the production of State-sponsored national art. This article analyzes Huacayñán / El camino del llanto / The Way of Tears (1952–1953), a collection of FIGURE 3 aintings by Oswaldo Guayasamín that was commissioned by the government of Ecuador in 1951. Huacayñán was conceived within the ideology of mestizaje as an instrument of aesthetic cultural modernization and as a visual artistic showcase of the harmonious integration of ‘Ecuadorians.’ Despite, or even because of its governmental overdetermination, however, this article shows how Huacayñán instead materialized the exclusionary logic of the syncretic and biopolitical policies of the State, displaying dystopic visions of violence and exclusion, and of a fractured nation inhabited by monsters and resistant to mestizo-ization.

Assessing use and suitability of scanning electron microscopy in the analysis of micro remains in dental calculus

Dental calculus is increasingly recognized as a major reservoir of dietary information. Palaeodietary studies using plant and animal micro remains (e.g. phytoliths, pollen, sponge spicules, and starch grains) trapped in calculus have the potential to revise our knowledge of the dietary role of plants in past populations. The conventional methods used to isolate and identify these micro remains rely on removing them from their microenvironment in the calculus, thus the microenvironment that traps and preserves micro remains is not understood. By using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX) on modern chimpanzee calculus from the Taï Forest, Côte d'Ivoire, and human calculus from the Chalcolithic site of Camino del Molino, Spain, we present the first reported observations on characteristics of the matrix setting that are conducive to the survival of starch in dental calculus. We also assess the potential for SEM–EDX to detect starch and differentiate it from structurally and molecularly similar substrates. We demonstrate that SEM–EDX may offer a non-destructive technique for studying micro remains in certain contexts. Finally, we compare traditional optical analytical techniques (OM) with less invasive electron microscopy. The results indicate that SEM–EDX and OM are both effective for observing micro remains in calculus, but differ in their analytical resolution to identify different micro remains, and we therefore recommend a sequential use of both techniques.

The Pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela, Spain

The Pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela, Spain

“Locate Your Body in the World and Pay Attention”: An Interview with the Poet Rigoberto González

“Locate Your Body in the World and Pay Attention”:An Interview with the Poet Rigoberto González Rodrigo Joseph Rodríguez (bio) INTRODUCTION Born in Bakersfield, California, but raised in Michoacán, Mexico (from ages 2 to 10), Rigoberto González is a prolific Chicano poet and author whose works are taught across the country in university poetry and creative writing courses, as well as high schools; courses in teacher preparation programs; and workshops held in correctional facilities. He is the author of thirteen books of poetry and prose, and the editor of Camino del Sol: Fifteen Years of Latina and Latino Writing. His most recent volume of poetry is titled Unpeopled Eden (Four Way Books, 2013). González earned a bachelor’s from the University of California, Riverside and graduate degrees from the University of California, Davis and Arizona State University. He is the recipient of the Guggenheim and National Endowment for the Arts fellowships, a grant from the New York Foundation for the Arts, and winner of the American Book Award [2007], The Poetry Center Book Award [2008], The Shelley Memorial Award of The Poetry Society of America [2011], and the Barnes & Noble Writers for Writers Award [2013]. Moreover, González is the founder and one of the organizers of the writers’ collective (Chicano/Latino poets and writers) named “Con Tinta,” which is committed to affirming a positive and proactive presence in American literature. For ten years, he was a Latino book reviewer and columnist for The El Paso Times and currently writes for the Los Angeles Review of Books. He is also a contributing editor for Poets & Writers Magazine, and member of the executive board of directors of the National Book Critics Circle. Finally, he is Associate Professor of English at Rutgers-Newark, the State University of New Jersey. In the following interview, Rigoberto González shares his vision of Chicano poetry in the Americas and his contributions for the advancement of U.S. literature that includes a pluralism of voices and perspectives. He shares information about his current projects as an activist-writer with a wide range across literary genres that are interconnected to poetry, as well as his vision for Latina/o poetry in this century. His most recent volume of poetry, Unpeopled Eden, documents the lives of migrants, immigrants and border crossers in the form of memorials and prayers for our diverse literary heritage. This interview was conducted via e-mail messages and telephone conversations, from late Summer 2013 through early Fall 2013. Rodrigo Joseph Rodríguez (RJR): Your poems cast a clear, meticulous lens into the migration of humans and even the monarch butterflies. as described in the poems “Penny Men” and “The Flight South of the Monarch Butterfly,” respectively. Tell me about the poems you’ve written that interpret the hemispheric Americas as a whole, connecting us with many migrants, border crossers and people leaving, and even coming, home. Rigoberto González (RG): Migration is the universal story, and movement is the migrant’s soul: not a departure or even arrival, though those two points are also part of the journey. As a son and grandson of migrants, I feel completely at home allowing my imagination to inhabit that wondrous and dynamic state of existence. But this state of being also brings sadness and loss and grief. I wanted to revisit those themes that muscled my first book, So Often the Pitcher Goes to Water until It Breaks, but as an older, more seasoned and experienced writer. In my fourth book, Unpeopled Eden, I draw lines between the many ways our fathers leave us: they die, they abandon us, they move away to work, they go to war. If and when they return, they come back changed because their stories speak of new experiences. If they don’t return at all, their absence has already changed the place they left vacant. And in both cases, they change us, their children, their communities. I believe this is the lifeblood of the Americas—a continent in constant shift, just like the Earth’s plates. The rumbling beneath awes us, terrifies us, reminds us of our ephemeral nature. I suppose that’s why death is...

Nuevo león hispanorromano procedente de Alhambra (Ciudad Real)

En el año 2000 fue hallado casualmente en las inmediaciones de la necrópolis íbero-romana del Camino del Matadero, en la vertiente Sur del cerro donde se ubica la actual localidad de Alhambra (Ciudad Real, Hispania citerior, Conventus Carthaginiensis) un fragmento de escultura de león funerario de época romana (siglos II-I a.C.) que sustenta entre sus garras una cabeza masculina cortada. En el presente trabajo se estudian sus aspectos iconográfico, tipológico y cronológico. El león, que pudo ser parte de un desconocido monumento sepulcral de tipología ítaloromana, es un nuevo hito para el análisis de los procesos de recepción y difusión de prácticas y tradiciones itálicas entre las poblaciones autóctonas de la Meseta en vías de romanización.

Painting Andean Liminalities at the Church of Andahuaylillas, Cuzco, Peru

The church of Andahuaylillas located near Cuzco, Peru, is frequently hailed for its lush interior decorations and seventeenth-century mural paintings. One mural image in particular has captured the sustained attention of scholars for decades: the entrance wall mural entitled Camino del cielo e infierno depicting a complex allegory of good and bad faith. This article explores the mural's connections to a Flemish print and a Spanish auto sacramental (a one-act play associated with Corpus Christi), demonstrating the hitherto unexamined relationships between mural painting, print culture, and religious theatre in the Andes. It also considers the inclusion of local indigenous and Inca references in the mural that were simultaneously subsumed within discourses of idolatry while at the same time granting visibility and legitimacy to indigenous Andeans. This article brings to light the plurality of meanings invested in Heaven and Hell as both destination and journey among Spanish ecclesiastics and their indigenous constituents.

Three Months among the Ghosts of Tinajas Altas

Three Months among the Ghosts of Tinajas Altas Gayle Harrison Hartmann (bio) When I was invited to participate in the Tinajas Altas Archaeological Survey, I spent some time considering the offer. It would mean three months working out of doors and sleeping in a tent, with a few days off from time to time so that I could drive four hours home to Tucson, do laundry, pay bills, and take care of other household chores. January to early April—not a bad time of year in the southern Southwest—although definitely below my comfort zone during some early mornings, with pre-dawn temperatures ranging from the high 30s to the low 40s. Food came from a camp kitchen (although we were to be the cooks), and a portable toilet was located downwind at the edge of camp. Water was available from a "water buffalo," a large metal tank supported by a small trailer. Heat in the evenings came from the time-honored source—a large campfire, using wood trucked from Tucson. Thus, the heat came with a clear conscience—no desert trees were being sacrificed. Not a bad prospect, I thought. And I was right. Along with five to six colleagues, I spent the late winter and early spring of 1998 camped near Tinajas Altas, working on an archaeological survey sponsored and funded by the U.S. Air Force with the cooperation of the U.S. Marine Corps. The goal was to document the remains of human activities, from prehistoric through modern times, on 5,456 acres of the driest and hottest desert in the Southwest. The area, near the southwest corner of Arizona (about four miles north of the international border with Mexico), receives between three and five inches of rain per year, most of which falls in the winter. [End Page 263] Some years, it doesn't rain at all. The summers are long and hot, with temperatures commonly exceeding 110 degrees F, making archaeological work difficult, but not impossible. Often, it seems that archaeological projects in southern Arizona end up being scheduled during the hottest months of the year. I felt very fortunate that this project was to be at a cooler time of year. Tinajas Altas, generally translated as "high tanks," are a series of natural, granite basins, one above the other, located in a steep defile in the east face of the Tinajas Altas Mountains (figure 1). Because they are located in this extremely arid part of the Sonoran Desert, the tanks— which collect water from rainfall and are nearly perennial—are a water source for the animals of the region. In the past, they were also a critical water source for humans. Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 1. Archaeologist Mary Charlotte Thurtle contemplating the lowest tank. For millennia, humans and wildlife have taken advantage of the water in these basins. Bits of evidence ranging from stone arrow points to pieces of pottery to tin cans tell us that people from different cultures and different eras have passed by. Native Americans, travelers to and from Mexico, and forty-niners on their way to the goldfields of California, for example, trekked along the infamous sandy track called the Camino del [End Page 264] Diablo that runs close to Tinajas Altas. A burial ground, more visible thirty years ago than today, at one time marked the graves or memorials of about sixty unfortunate travelers who arrived, mostly during the gold rush, only to find the water supply exhausted by previous travelers. Or, some of them may have died along the Camino, and their remains have been brought to the cemetery for burial. In recent years the area east of the tanks that used to be the cemetery has become the de facto parking lot for visitors to the tanks and has suffered considerable damage. From the time of statehood in 1912 until World War II these water-holes and millions of surrounding desert acres were property of the federal government. The large stand of organ pipe cactus in the eastern part of the region led it to become Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument. Another large section became the Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge, with...

Patrimonio cultural y turismo emergente: Villa Guillermina, de pueblo obrero a nuevo destino turístico. Un estudio de caso

In recent years the province of Santa Fe, has promoted a policy for the creation of new tourist destinations, with the purpose of contributing to local economic development. Villa Guillermina, located at the santafesina Cuna Boscosa, in the north of the province, integrates the circuit “Camino del Tanino- Pueblos Forestales” (Tanino Road - Forest Villages). The construction of the tourist destination is based on the appropriation of the historical cultural heritage of the forest villages, which emerged in the early twentieth century due to industrial forest activity.

From the Editor

From the Editor David J. Robinson Once again, here are eight studies on a wide range of topics covering issues from Mexico to Argentina, and a series of book and webpage reviews drawing attention to quite distinctive modes of presentation. Kathleen Farley examines the relevance of forest transition theory in three Ecuadorian plantations where rural landowners face opportunities and barriers in implementing what they perceive as distinctive pathways to change. Such challenges are echoed in Julie Kentnor's analysis of the role of cooperativism facing the problems of the impact of globalization in the wine industry of Argentina's Mendoza province. David Salisbury moves us north to examine a little-noted, but geopolitically significant process—the establishment of military settlements on the frontiers of the Peruvian Amazonia. Uti possidetis is still clearly relevant throughout the entire Amazonian region, even if these posts have little real value as nodes of economic development. Maria Perevochtchikova's detailed analysis of the disastrous floods of 2007 in Tabasco, Mexico, is accompanied by a new form of online presentation proposed earlier in JLAG-- our first video clip. This clip, kindly provided by a TV station, raises a new issue for geography graduate methods courses: are we training students how to make video and audio clips and animations in this new technological era? Do the field sketch-pad, camera, notebook and pencil suffice in a world of i-reporting when cheap video and audio recording methods allow us to see what's happening, and hear the people speak for themselves? What is it that "makes" a place? In essence, that is the central question of Dan Gade's essay on the city of Sucre, Bolivia. Efforts to describe the personality of place have a long-standing tradition, albeit now abandoned by most, in geography, and this study provides a refreshing glance back at the challenges of describing emotional reactions to a special place. If a town can be special, then how can a complex nation mold its identity? That is the central theme of Seth Dixon's fascinating account of the role of statuary and heritage formation in Mexico City. Iconographic representations of historic "latin" linkages are demonstrated to be of key significance in Mexico's political and cultural elite's view of themselves and their unwitting pueblo. Special places do not, of course, have only to be settlements, as Christian Stassig reports in his account of the ongoing study of the Panamanian Camino Real connecting the colonial Caribbean and Pacific ports. Historic routes (cf. El Camino del Inca) can be mapped, and now sold as tourist adventures: historical geography made live, and for some profitable. Jean-Yves Puyo opens new avenues of research by identifying in the French military archives abundant documentation related to the French intervention in the 1860s. Such archival materials will provide a significant addition to the riches of the well-known Mission Scientifique. [End Page 5] Del Editor Una vez más, aquí presentamos ocho estudios que están tocando temas desde México a Argentina, más una serie de resenas de interesante paginas Web y libros recientemente publicados. Kathleen Farley examina la relevancia de la teoría de la transición forestal en tres plantaciones ecuatorianas, donde los dueños de tierra confrontan las oportunidades y obstáculos para implementar lo que ellos perciben como caminos al cambio. Tales desafíos hacen resonancias en el análisis de Julie Kentnor sobre el rol de cooperativismo frente a los problemas en la industria vinícola argentina causados por el proceso de globalización. David Salisbury nos mueve al norte para examinar un proceso poco estudiado, pero significativo desde la perspective geopolítica—el establecimiento de postas/pueblos militares en las fronteras amazónicas del Peru. Uti possidetis es todavía muy relevante en toda Amazonía, aunque estas postas han tenido poco éxito como polos de desarrollo economico. El análisis detallado de María Perevochtchikova sobre las inundaciones desastrosas del 2007 en Tabasco, México, es acompañado por una nueva forma de presentación en línea, tal como se hizo la invitacion en estas páginas hace dos años: nuestro primer clip de video. El uso...

Contact dermatitis from an anti-haemorroidal cream containing ruscogenin

Auteur(s) : Susana Cordoba, Cristina Martinez-Moran, Almudena Hernandez-Nunez, Jesus Borbujo Dept of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada, Camino del Molino, 2, 28942 Fuenlabrada, Spain Ruscus aculeatus L. is a member of the Liliaceae family and is native to Mediterranean Europe and Africa. It has been widely used as a laxative and diuretic agent and as a vasoconstrictor in the topical treatment of varices and haemorrhoids. The pharmacological activity of Ruscus aculeatus [...]

Camino del Norte: How a Series of Watering Holes, Fords, and Dirt Trails Evolved into Interstate 35 in Texas

Camino del Norte: How a Series of Watering Holes, Fords, and Dirt Trails Evolved into Interstate 35 in Texas

Camino del Norte: How a Series of Watering Holes, Fords, and Dirt Trails Evolved into Interstate 35 in Texas (review)

Camino del Norte: How a Series of Watering Holes, Fords, and Dirt Trails Evolved into Interstate 35 in Texas (review)